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Fuller E, Germaine KJ, Rathore DS. The Good, the Bad, and the Useable Microbes within the Common Alder ( Alnus glutinosa) Microbiome-Potential Bio-Agents to Combat Alder Dieback. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2187. [PMID: 37764031 PMCID: PMC10535473 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11092187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Common Alder (Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn.) is a tree species native to Ireland and Europe with high economic and ecological importance. The presence of Alder has many benefits including the ability to adapt to multiple climate types, as well as aiding in ecosystem restoration due to its colonization capabilities within disturbed soils. However, Alder is susceptible to infection of the root rot pathogen Phytophthora alni, amongst other pathogens associated with this tree species. P. alni has become an issue within the forestry sector as it continues to spread across Europe, infecting Alder plantations, thus affecting their growth and survival and altering ecosystem dynamics. Beneficial microbiota and biocontrol agents play a crucial role in maintaining the health and resilience of plants. Studies have shown that beneficial microbes promote plant growth as well as aid in the protection against pathogens and abiotic stress. Understanding the interactions between A. glutinosa and its microbiota, both beneficial and pathogenic, is essential for developing integrated management strategies to mitigate the impact of P. alni and maintain the health of Alder trees. This review is focused on collating the relevant literature associated with Alder, current threats to the species, what is known about its microbial composition, and Common Alder-microbe interactions that have been observed worldwide to date. It also summarizes the beneficial fungi, bacteria, and biocontrol agents, underpinning genetic mechanisms and secondary metabolites identified within the forestry sector in relation to the Alder tree species. In addition, biocontrol mechanisms and microbiome-assisted breeding as well as gaps within research that require further attention are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Fuller
- EnviroCore, Dargan Research Centre, Department of Applied Science, South East Technological University, Kilkenny Road, R93 V960 Carlow, Ireland; (E.F.); (K.J.G.)
- Teagasc, Forestry Development Department, Oak Park Research Centre, R93 XE12 Carlow, Ireland
| | - Kieran J. Germaine
- EnviroCore, Dargan Research Centre, Department of Applied Science, South East Technological University, Kilkenny Road, R93 V960 Carlow, Ireland; (E.F.); (K.J.G.)
| | - Dheeraj Singh Rathore
- Teagasc, Forestry Development Department, Oak Park Research Centre, R93 XE12 Carlow, Ireland
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Neuroprotective Potential of Verbascoside Isolated from Acanthus mollis L. Leaves through Its Enzymatic Inhibition and Free Radical Scavenging Ability. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9121207. [PMID: 33266151 PMCID: PMC7759776 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9121207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The phenomenon of today’s ageing population has increased interest in the search for new active substances that delay the onset and development of neurodegenerative diseases. In this respect, the search for natural compounds, mainly phenolic compounds, with neuroprotective activity has become the focus of growing interest. Verbascoside is a phenylethanoid that has already presented several pharmacological activities. The purpose of this study is to isolate and identify verbascoside from Acanthus mollis leaves. Consequently, its neuroprotective ability through enzymatic inhibition and free radical scavenging ability has been analyzed both in vitro and in cell culture assays. The antioxidant capacity of verbascoside was evaluated in vitro through total antioxidant capacity, DPPH•, •OH, and O2•—scavenging activity assays. The effect of verbascoside on intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels of HepG2 and SH-SY5Y cell lines was studied in normal culture and under induced oxidative stress. The inhibitory ability of the phenylethanoid against several enzymes implied in neurodegenerative diseases (tyrosinase, MAO-A, and AChE) was analyzed in vitro. Verbascoside neuroprotective activity is at least in part related to its free radical scavenging ability. The effect of verbascoside on ROS production suggests its potential in the prevention of harmful cell redox changes and in boosting neuroprotection.
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Comparison of phenolic compounds profile and antioxidant properties of different sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) varieties. Food Chem 2018; 279:260-271. [PMID: 30611489 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
In the present work, three Spanish local varieties of Prunus avium (L.), as well as two foreign varieties were studied. The content of total phenols, flavonoids, anthocyanins, glucose and fructose of methanolic extracts from ripe fruits of each variety were analysed. A phytochemical profile of these cultivars was performed by UHPLC-qTOF-MS. The employed chromatographic method allowed a clear and rapid separation of the three main phenolic compound groups present in the extracts: hydroxycinnamic acids, anthocyanins and flavonoids. In addition, the extracts DPPH radical scavenging ability, as well as their capacity to affect xanthine/xanthine oxidase system, were determined. Finally, variations in ROS intracellular concentrations in HepG2 cell line cultures treated with cherry extracts were measured through DCFH-DA assay. All extracts showed a significant inhibitory effect on the xanthine/xanthine oxidase system. Differences between in vitro and in cell culture results evidence the interaction among the phenolic compounds of the extract.
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Choi SI, Lee JS, Lee S, Lee JH, Yang HS, Yeo J, Kim JY, Lee BY, Kang IJ, Lee OH. Radical scavenging-linked anti-adipogenic activity of Alnus firma extracts. Int J Mol Med 2017; 41:119-128. [PMID: 29115568 PMCID: PMC5746329 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2017.3221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to investigate the antioxidant activity and anti-adipogenic effect of extracts from Alnus firma (A. firma), which is an edible plant that grows in mountainous areas. The total phenolic, flavonoid and anthocyanin content as well as the antioxidant activity of a 70% ethanolic extract of A. firma (AFE) was assessed. Furthermore, the effects of AFE on lipid accumulation and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production during adipogenesis of 3T3-L1 cells were investigated. The results revealed that the total phenolic, flavonoid and pro-anthocyanidin content of AFE as 436.26±3.30 mg gallic acid equivalents/g, 73.82±0.54 mg quercetin equivalents/g and 149.25±6.06 mg catechin equivalents/g, respectively. In addition, AFE exerted significant antioxidant effects in terms of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl radical scavenging activity, 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothia-zoline-6-sulfonic acid) radical scavenging activity, reducing power, oxygen radical absorbance capacity and nitric oxide radical scavenging activity. As for its anti-adipogenic activity, AFE significantly inhibited ROS production and lipid accumulation during adipogenesis of 3T3-L1 cells compared with those in control cells. In addition, AFE regulated adipogenic transcription factors including peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ, CCAAT/enhance-binding protein α and adipocyte protein 2. These results indicated that A. firma is a potential candidate for a functional food supplement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Il Choi
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Seok Lee
- National Institute of Biological Resource, Incheon 22689, Republic of Korea
| | - Sarah Lee
- National Institute of Biological Resource, Incheon 22689, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Ha Lee
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Sun Yang
- National Institute of Biological Resource, Incheon 22689, Republic of Korea
| | - Joohong Yeo
- National Institute of Biological Resource, Incheon 22689, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Yea Kim
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Boo-Yong Lee
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, CHA University, Seongnam, Gyeonggi 13488, Republic of Korea
| | - Il-Jun Kang
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Ok-Hwan Lee
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24341, Republic of Korea
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Ren X, He T, Chang Y, Zhao Y, Chen X, Bai S, Wang L, Shen M, She G. The Genus Alnus, A Comprehensive Outline of Its Chemical Constituents and Biological Activities. Molecules 2017; 22:E1383. [PMID: 28825681 PMCID: PMC6152317 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22081383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The genus Alnus (Betulaceae) is comprised of more than 40 species. Many species of this genus have a long history of use in folk medicines. Phytochemical investigations have revealed the presence of diarylheptanoids, polyphenols, flavonoids, terpenoids, steroids and other compounds. Diarylheptanoids, natural products with a 1,7-diphenylheptane structural skeleton, are the dominant constituents in the genus, whose anticancer effect has been brought into focus. Pure compounds and crude extracts from the genus exhibit a wide spectrum of pharmacological activities both in vitro and in vivo. This paper compiles 273 naturally occurring compounds from the genus Alnus along with their structures and pharmacological activities, as reported in 138 references.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyang Ren
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China.
| | - Ting He
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China.
| | - Yanli Chang
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China.
| | - Yicheng Zhao
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China.
| | - Xiaoyi Chen
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China.
| | - Shaojuan Bai
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China.
| | - Le Wang
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China.
| | - Meng Shen
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China.
| | - Gaimei She
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China.
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Sahin Yaglıoglu A, Eser F, Tekin S, Onal A. Antiproliferative activities of several plant extracts from Turkey on rat brain tumor and human cervix carcinoma cell lines. FRONTIERS IN LIFE SCIENCE 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/21553769.2015.1089949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Mingarro DM, Plaza A, Galán A, Vicente JA, Martínez MP, Acero N. The effect of five Taraxacum species on in vitro and in vivo antioxidant and antiproliferative activity. Food Funct 2015; 6:2787-93. [DOI: 10.1039/c5fo00645g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Differences between antioxidant and cytotoxic activities have been found among five Taraxacum species.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Muñoz Mingarro
- Facultad de Farmacia
- Departamento de Química y Bioquímica
- Universidad CEU San Pablo
- Urb. Montepríncipe
- Madrid
| | - A. Plaza
- Facultad de Farmacia
- Departamento de CC Farmacéuticas y de la Salud Universidad CEU San Pablo
- Urb. Montepríncipe
- Madrid
- Spain
| | - A. Galán
- Facultad de Farmacia
- Departamento de CC Farmacéuticas y de la Salud Universidad CEU San Pablo
- Urb. Montepríncipe
- Madrid
- Spain
| | - J. A. Vicente
- Facultad de Farmacia
- Departamento de CC Farmacéuticas y de la Salud Universidad CEU San Pablo
- Urb. Montepríncipe
- Madrid
- Spain
| | - M. P. Martínez
- Facultad de Farmacia
- Departamento de Química y Bioquímica
- Universidad CEU San Pablo
- Urb. Montepríncipe
- Madrid
| | - N. Acero
- Facultad de Farmacia
- Departamento de CC Farmacéuticas y de la Salud Universidad CEU San Pablo
- Urb. Montepríncipe
- Madrid
- Spain
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León-Gonzalez AJ, Acero N, Muñoz-Mingarro D, López-Lázaro M, Martín-Cordero C. Cytotoxic activity of hirsutanone, a diarylheptanoid isolated from Alnus glutinosa leaves. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2014; 21:866-870. [PMID: 24581747 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2014.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2013] [Revised: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 01/26/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The low efficacy of cancer therapy for the treatment of patients with advanced disease makes the development of new anticancer agents necessary. Because natural products are a significant source of anticancer drugs, it is important to explore cytotoxic activity of novel compounds from natural origin. PURPOSE The aim of this work is to evaluate the cytotoxic capacity of hirsutanone, a diarylheptanoid isolated from Alnus glutinosa leaves. Hirsutanone cytotoxic way of action was also studied. MATERIAL AND METHODS The cytotoxic ability of Alnus glutinosa leaves ethyl acetate extract was studied over HeLa and PC-3 cell lines, with the MTT colorimetric assay. Hirsutanone was isolated from this extract using chromatographic methods, and its structure elucidated by spectroscopic analysis. HT-29 cell viability after hirsutanone treatment was determined using SRB assay. In order to understand hirsutanone way of action, cytotoxicity was evaluated adding the diarylheptanoid and antioxidants. DNA topoisomerase II (topo II) poison activity, was also evaluated using purified topo II and a supercoiled form of DNA that bears specific topo II recognition and binding region; topo II poisons stabilize normally transient DNA-topo II cleavage complexes, and lead an increased yield of linear form as a consequence of a lack of double-strand breaks rejoining. RESULTS The diarylheptanoid hirsutanone was isolated from Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn. (Betulaceae) leaves extract that showed cytotoxic activity against PC-3 and HeLa cell lines. Hirsutanone showed cytotoxic activity against HT-29 human colon carcinoma cells. Pre-treatment with the antioxidants NAC (N-acetylcysteine) and MnTMPyP (Mn(III)tetrakis-(1-methyl-4-pyridyl)porthyrin) reduced this activity, suggesting that reactive oxygen species (ROS) participate in hirsutanone-induced cancer cell death. Using human topo II and a DNA supercoiled form, hirsutanone was found to stabilize topo II-DNA cleavage complexes, acting as a topo II poison. CONCLUSION Our data suggest that, like curcumin, an induction of oxidative stress and topo II-mediated DNA damage may play a role in hirsutanone-induced cancer cell death. Since both compounds share similar structure and cytotoxic profile, and curcumin is in clinical trials for the treatment of cancer, our results warrant further studies to evaluate the anticancer potential of hirsutanone.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J León-Gonzalez
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sevilla University, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - N Acero
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, CEU San Pablo University, 28668 Madrid, Spain.
| | - D Muñoz-Mingarro
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, CEU San Pablo University, 28668 Madrid, Spain
| | - M López-Lázaro
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sevilla University, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - C Martín-Cordero
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sevilla University, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
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Weber RW. Allergen of the month--black alder. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2013; 110:A13. [PMID: 23706722 DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2013.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard W Weber
- National Jewish Health, 1400 Jackson Street, Room J326, Denver, CO 80206, USA
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