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Health Effects of Peptides Extracted from Deer Antler. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14194183. [PMID: 36235835 PMCID: PMC9572057 DOI: 10.3390/nu14194183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Deer antler is widely used as a nutraceutical in Asian countries. In the past decades, deer antler peptides (DAPs) have received considerable attention because of their various biological properties such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-bone damage, anti-neurological disease, anti-tumor and immunomodulatory properties. This review describes the production methods of DAPs and the recent progress of research on DAPs, focusing on the physiological functions and their regulatory mechanisms.
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Jo K, Jang WY, Yun BS, Kim JS, Lee HS, Chang YB, Suh HJ. Effect of Deer Antler Extract on Muscle Differentiation and 5-Aminoimidazole-4-Carboxamide Ribonucleoside (AICAR)-Induced Muscle Atrophy in C2C12 Cells. Food Sci Anim Resour 2021; 41:623-635. [PMID: 34291211 PMCID: PMC8277185 DOI: 10.5851/kosfa.2021.e20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of deer antler extract on muscle differentiation and muscle atrophy
were evaluated to minimize muscle loss following aging. Various deer antler
extracts (HWE, hot water extract of deer antler; FE, HWE of fermented deer
antler; ET, enzyme-assisted extract of deer antler; UE, extract prepared by
ultrasonication of deer antler) were evaluated for their effect on muscle
differentiation and inhibition of 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleoside
(AICAR)-induced muscle atrophy in C2C12 cells. Morphological changes according
to the effect of antler extracts on muscle differentiation were confirmed by
Jenner-Giemsa staining. In addition, the expression levels of genes related to
muscle differentiation and atrophy were confirmed through qRT-PCR. In the
presence of antler extracts, the length and thickness of myotubes and myogenin
differentiation 1 (MyoD1) and myogenic factor 5 (Myf5) gene expression were
increased compared to those in the control group (CON). Gene expression of
AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), MyoD1, and myogenin, along with the muscle
atrophy factors muscle RING finger-1 (MuRF-1) and forkhead box O3a (FoxO3a) upon
addition of deer antler extracts to muscle-atrophied C2C12 cells was determined
by qRT-PCR after treatment with AICAR. The expression of MuRF-1 and FoxO3a
decreased in the groups treated with antler extracts compared to that in the
group treated with AICAR alone. In addition, gene expression of MyoD1 and
myogenin in the muscle atrophy cell model was significantly increased compared
that into the CON. Therefore, our findings indicate that antler extract can
increase the expression of MyoD1, Myf5 and myogenin, inhibit muscle atrophy, and
promote muscle differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyungae Jo
- Department of Integrated Biomedical and Life Sciences, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Woo Young Jang
- Department of Integrated Biomedical and Life Sciences, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Beom Sik Yun
- R D Center, Kwangdong Pharm Co., Ltd, Seoul 08381, Korea
| | - Jin Soo Kim
- R D Center, Kwangdong Pharm Co., Ltd, Seoul 08381, Korea
| | - Hyun-Sun Lee
- Agency for Korea National Food Cluster, Iksan 54576, Korea
| | - Yeok Boo Chang
- Department of Integrated Biomedical and Life Sciences, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Hyung Joo Suh
- Department of Integrated Biomedical and Life Sciences, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
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Chen K, Gao Y, Wang X, Cheng F, Haq SU, Liang Y, Yang Z, Li B, Liu Y, Wang Y, Liang J, Hao B. Regulation and analysis of the diversity of intestinal microbiota in SD rats by Danggui Buxue Tang (DBT) fermented with Bacillus subtilis. ANN MICROBIOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1186/s13213-020-01563-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Purpose
To investigate the effect of Danggui Buxue Tang (DBT) on intestinal microbiota diversity after fermentation by Bacillus subtilis.
Methods
B. subtilis was used to ferment DBT. Sprague Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into the following four groups with six rats in each group: the control group, DBT nonfermentation group, B. subtilis group, and DBT fermentation group. Rats were fed continuously for 14 days. The 16S rRNA of faecal samples was analysed by high-throughput Illumina sequencing.
Results
In total, 3483 operational taxonomical units (OTUs) were identified in this study, and 1236 OTUs were shared among all samples. Moreover, the most abundant phyla identified in this study were Bacteroidetes (29.65–38.19%) and Firmicutes (48.30–67.04%). The F/B ratios of the DBT nonfermentation group (1.07%) and the DBT fermentation group (1.78%) were slightly lower than those of the control group (2.29%). Lactobacillus was most upregulated in the DBT fermentation group (38.4%), followed by the DBT nonfermentation group (18.97%), control group (14.61%), and probiotics group (8.39%). Moreover, the pathogenic bacteria Alistipes and Parabacteroides were found to be downregulated in the DBT fermentation group (the percentages of Alistipes and Parabacteroides were as follows: control group, 8.09% and 0.16%; DBT nonfermentation group, 4.31% and 0.37%; DBT fermentation group, 1.96 and 0.09%; and probiotics group, 6.25% and 0.12%, respectively).
Conclusion
This study is the first to research systematically the effects of DBT on the diversity of rat intestinal microbiota before and after fermentation. The structural characteristics of complex bacterial community in each group were clearly analysed, and DBT significantly increases probiotics and inhibits pathogenic bacterial growth in the intestinal tract of rats after fermentation, which plays a significant role in maintaining the balance of the intestinal microbiota of the rats. This research provides new insights into the development and utilization of traditional Chinese medicine.
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Jung EY, Park Y, Woo MJ, Lee SH, Suh HJ. Hematopoietic effect of fermented deer antler extract in iron deficient diet-induced anemic rats. Chin J Integr Med 2016:10.1007/s11655-016-2598-7. [PMID: 27465425 DOI: 10.1007/s11655-016-2598-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the hematopoietic effects of fermented deer antler extract using a dietinduced anemic animal model to facilitate the utilization of fermented deer antler extract and its derived products. METHODS Thirty 3-week-old female Sprague-Dawley rats were treated for 5 weeks. The rats were randomly divided into 6 groups and treated as follows: control, saline; NFA200, non-fermented deer antler extract 200 mg/kg; NFA500, non-fermented deer antler extract 500 mg/kg; FAB200, fermented deer antler extract 200 mg/kg; FAB500, fermented deer antler extract 500 mg/kg; and PC, heme iron 0.2 mg/kg. Blood parameters, iron content in the liver and spleen, hepatic δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydrogenase (ALAD) activity and divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1) mRNA expression were analyzed. RESULTS No detectable significant differences were observed in blood parameters among groups. The decrease in the hepatic ALAD activity in anemic rats was significantly improved by fermented deer antler extract supplementation (P<0.05); however, non-fermented deer antler extract supplementation did not result in a significant improvement (P>0.05). The hepatic DMT1 mRNA expression level was increased significantly by supplementation with both the fermented deer antler extract and the non-fermented deer antler extract in a dose-dependent manner compared with nontreatment in anemic rats (P<0.05). CONCLUSION The hematopoietic activity induced by deer antler extract in dietinduced anemic rats might be increased through the fermentation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Young Jung
- Department of Home Economic Education, Jeonju University, Jeonju, 55069, Republic of Korea
| | - Yooheon Park
- Institute of Biotechnology and Medical Converged Science, Dongguk University, Goyang, 10326, Republic of Korea
| | - Moon Jea Woo
- Kwang-Dong Pharmaceutical Co., Siheung, 14980, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Hun Lee
- Kwang-Dong Pharmaceutical Co., Siheung, 14980, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Joo Suh
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
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Park Y, Choi HS, Lee HS, Suh HJ. Hematopoietic effect of deer antler extract fermented by Bacillus subtilis on murine marrow cells. Nutr Res Pract 2015; 9:451-8. [PMID: 26425273 PMCID: PMC4575956 DOI: 10.4162/nrp.2015.9.5.451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Revised: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES We examined the chemical composition and the effect of fermented deer antler on hematopoietic factors in bone marrow cells. MATERIALS/METHODS For the preparation of fermented deer antler extract (FAB), fermentation was carried out using Bacillus subtilis at 30℃ for 7 days. The hematopoietic effect of FAB was investigated hematopoietic factors in marrow cells. RESULTS The contents of total sugar, sulfated glycosaminoglycans, and uronic acid and the dry weight gradually increased with fermentation time. The sialic acid content (from 0.14 mg/mL to 0.54 mg/mL) was the highest on the 4th day of fermentation after which it decreased. The proliferating activity of bone marrow cells increased with fermentation times. The levels of various hematopoietic growth factors were determined to verify the beneficial effect of deer antler extract fermented by B. subtilis on hematopoiesis. FAB increased the number of stem cell factors and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor in bone marrow cells. In addition, FAB augmented the burst-forming unit erythroid and total colonies in splenocyte-conditioned medium compared with non-fermented antler extract (NFA). However, FAB did not affect the mRNA levels of erythropoietin, an important factor for erythropoiesis. CONCLUSIONS FAB, like NFA, did not directly affect hematopoiesis, but contributed to hematopoiesis by stimulating the production of hematopoietic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yooheon Park
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Korea University, 5 Anam-dong, Sungbuk-gu, Seoul 136-713, Korea
| | - Hyeon-Son Choi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Seoul Women's University, Seoul 139-774, Korea
| | - Hyun-Sun Lee
- Food Quality & Safety Center, Agency for Korea Food Cluster, Gwacheon 427-719, Korea
| | - Hyung Joo Suh
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Korea University, 5 Anam-dong, Sungbuk-gu, Seoul 136-713, Korea
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Jiang N, Zhang S, Zhu J, Shang J, Gao X. Hypoglycemic, Hypolipidemic and Antioxidant Effects of Peptides from Red Deer Antlers in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Mice. TOHOKU J EXP MED 2015; 236:71-9. [DOI: 10.1620/tjem.236.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ning Jiang
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Hubei University for Nationalities
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University
| | - Shuangjian Zhang
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University
| | - Jing Zhu
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University
| | - Jing Shang
- New Drug Screening Center, China Pharmaceutical University
| | - Xiangdong Gao
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University
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Jang S, Park ED, Suh HJ, Lee SH, Kim JS, Park Y. Enhancement of exercise endurance capacity by fermented deer antler in BALB/c mice. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 78:1716-22. [DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2014.930324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
To investigate the activity of fermented deer antler on exercise endurance capacity, we evaluated endurance capacity in five-week-old male BALB/c mice by administering the fermented deer antler extract (FA) or the non-fermented deer antler extract (NFA) and then subjected the mice to exercise in the form of swimming. The mice administered 500 mg/kg/day of FA showed a significant increase in swimming time compared with mice administered placebo (16.55 min vs. 21.64 min, P < 0.05). Serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), the marker of the liver and muscle damage, was significantly lower in FA groups. However, NFA groups did not show significantly different swimming time or serum LDH from that of the control group. Moreover, the FA-500 group had significantly higher hepatic superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity after forced swimming than the control and NFA groups (P < 0.05). These findings suggest that fermentation may increase the exercise endurance capacity of the deer antler.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seongho Jang
- Ourhome Co., Ltd Food R&D Center, Sungnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Eu Ddeum Park
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Joo Suh
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Public Health Science, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Hun Lee
- Kwang Dong Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Soo Kim
- Kwang Dong Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yooheon Park
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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