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Wu C, Ma H, Lu S, Shi X, Liu J, Yang C, Zhang R. Effects of bamboo leaf flavonoids on growth performance, antioxidants, immune function, intestinal morphology, and cecal microbiota in broilers. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2024; 104:7656-7667. [PMID: 38770921 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.13602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bamboo leaf flavonoids (BLF) are the main bioactive ingredients in bamboo leaves. They have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and other effects. In this study, the effects of dietary BLF on growth performance, immune response, antioxidant capacity, and intestinal microbiota of broilers were investigated. A total of 288 broilers were divided into three groups with eight replicates and 12 birds in each replicate. Broilers were fed a basic diet or the basic diet supplemented with 1000 or 2000 mg kg-1 BLF for 56 days. RESULTS The results showed that supplementation of BLF increased body weight (BW) and average daily weight gain (ADG), and reduced average daily feed intake (ADFI) (P < 0.05). The serum immunoglobulin A (IgA), immunoglobulin M (IgM), and interleukin 10 (IL-10) content of broilers in the BLF1000 group was increased and the interleukin 1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) content was decreased (P < 0.05). The levels of IgM and IL-10 in jejunum mucosa were found to be enhanced by BLF (P < 0.05). The BLF1000 group exhibited a significant reduction in the concentration of TNF-α (P < 0.05). Serum and jejunum mucosa total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) levels in the BLF1000 group were increased (P < 0.05). The serum catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) effects of the BLF1000 group and serum CAT effects of BLF2000 group were increased (P < 0.05). The CON group demonstrated a lower relative abundance of Christensenellaceae_R-7_group and Oscillibacter than the BLF group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Dietary BLF inclusion enhanced the growth performance, immune, and antioxidant functions, improved the intestinal morphology, and ameliorated the intestinal microflora structure in broiler. Adding 1000 mg kg-1 BLF to the broiler diet can be considered as an effective growth promoter. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health Inspection & Internet Technology, Zhejiang Agricultural and Forestry University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hui Ma
- College of Animal Science and Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health Inspection & Internet Technology, Zhejiang Agricultural and Forestry University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shuwan Lu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health Inspection & Internet Technology, Zhejiang Agricultural and Forestry University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xueyan Shi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health Inspection & Internet Technology, Zhejiang Agricultural and Forestry University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jinsong Liu
- Vegamax Green Animal Health products Key agricultural Enterprise Research Institute of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Vegamax Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Zhejiang, China
| | - Caimei Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health Inspection & Internet Technology, Zhejiang Agricultural and Forestry University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ruiqiang Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health Inspection & Internet Technology, Zhejiang Agricultural and Forestry University, Zhejiang, China
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Kim JH, Kim J. Comprehensive analysis of the chloroplast genome and phylogenetic relationships of Sasa quelpaertensis Nakai. Mitochondrial DNA B Resour 2024; 9:88-93. [PMID: 38222981 PMCID: PMC10786426 DOI: 10.1080/23802359.2023.2301017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Jeju-Joritdae (Sasa quelpaertensis Nakai) is a broad-leaved bamboo grass endemic to Mount Halla, Jeju Island, South Korea. In this study, we report the complete chloroplast genome sequence of S. quelpaertensis. Its chloroplast genome is 139,730 bp in size and consists of a large single-copy (LSC, 83,351 bp) region, one small single-copy (SSC, 12,788 bp) region, and two inverted repeats (IRs, 21,796 bp each). The chloroplast genome of S. quelpaertensis encodes 131 genes, including 86 protein-coding, 37 tRNA, and 8 rRNA genes. The overall GC content of the S. quelpaertensis chloroplast genome is 38.86%. Phylogenetic analysis using the chloroplast genome sequence showed that S. quelpaertensis is closely related to Sasa veitchii and Sasella kogasensis. These findings provide valuable genomic resources for future studies of the Sasa genus in South Korea and other countries encompassing its distribution area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Hee Kim
- Subtropical Horticulture Research Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongsik Kim
- Subtropical Horticulture Research Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju, Republic of Korea
- Faculty of Science Education, Jeju National University, Jeju, Republic of Korea
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Advanced Convergence Technology & Science, Jeju National University, Jeju, Republic of Korea
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Cheng Y, Wan S, Yao L, Lin D, Wu T, Chen Y, Zhang A, Lu C. Bamboo leaf: A review of traditional medicinal property, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and purification technology. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 306:116166. [PMID: 36649850 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.116166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Bamboos are perennial evergreen plants that belong to the subfamily Bambusoideae of the true grass family Poaceae, with more than thousands of species distributed around the world. They are used as a traditional medicine with demonstrated effects of anti-oxidation, free radical scavenging, anti-inflammatory, liver protection and ameliorating cognitive deficits. Bamboo leaf is mainly used for the treatment of atherosclerotic, diabetic and nervous system diseases. AIM OF THE STUDY This review aims to provide up-to-date information on the traditional medicinal properties, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and purification technologies of bamboo leaf. MATERIALS AND METHODS Relevant information on bamboo leaf was obtained by an online search of worldwide accepted scientific databases (Web of Science, ScienceDirect, Elsevier, SpringerLink, ACS Publications, Wiley Online Library and CNKI). RESULTS More than 100 chemical compounds, including flavonoids and flavonoid glycosides, volatile components, phenolic acids, polysaccharide, coenzyme Q10, phenylpropanoid and amino acids have been reported to be present. These compounds were usually extracted by column chromatography and membrane separation technologies. Preparative high performance liquid chromatography (PHPLC), high-speed counter-current chromatography (HSCCC), simulated moving bed chromatography (SMB) and dynamic axial compression chromatography (DAC) were the advanced separation technologies have been used to isolate C-glycosides from bamboo leaf flavonoid, the main bioactive ingredient of bamboo leaf. Currently, bamboo leaf is mainly used for the treatment of atherosclerotic, diabetic, hepatic diseases and nervous system related symptoms, which are attributed to the presence of bioactive components of bamboo leaf. CONCLUSIONS Phytochemical and pharmacological analyses of bamboo leaf have been revealed in recent studies. However, most of the pharmacological studies on bamboo leaf have focused on bamboo leaf flavonoids. Further studies need to pay more attention to other phytochemical components of bamboo leaf. In addition, there is lack of sufficient clinical data and toxicity studies on bamboo leaf. Therefore, more clinical and toxicity researches on this plant and constituents are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqian Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Resources Protection and Innovation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Siqi Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Resources Protection and Innovation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Linna Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Resources Protection and Innovation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Ding Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Resources Protection and Innovation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Tong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Resources Protection and Innovation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Yongjian Chen
- Zhejiang Limited Company of Science and Technology of SHENGSHI BIOLOGY, Huzhou, 313000, China
| | - Ailian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Resources Protection and Innovation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou, 311300, China.
| | - Chenfei Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Resources Protection and Innovation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou, 311300, China.
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The Effects of Drying Techniques on Phytochemical Contents and Biological Activities on Selected Bamboo Leaves. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27196458. [PMID: 36234995 PMCID: PMC9571890 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27196458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The therapeutic potential of bamboos has acquired global attention. Nonetheless, the biological activities of the plants are rarely considered due to limited available references in Sabah, Malaysia. Furthermore, the drying technique could significantly affect the retention and degradation of nutrients in bamboos. Consequently, the current study investigated five drying methods, namely, sun, shade, microwave, oven, and freeze-drying, of the leaves of six bamboo species, Bambusa multiplex, Bambusa tuldoides, Bambusa vulgaris, Dinochloa sublaevigata, Gigantochloa levis, and Schizostachyum brachycladum. The infused bamboo leaves extracts were analysed for their total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC). The antioxidant activities of the samples were determined via the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays, whereas their toxicities were evaluated through the brine shrimp lethality assay (BSLA). The chemical constituents of the samples were determined using liquid chromatography−tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The freeze-drying method exhibited the highest phytochemical contents and antioxidant activity yield, excluding the B. vulgaris sample, in which the microwave-dried sample recorded the most antioxidant and phytochemical levels. The TPC and TFC results were within the 2.69 ± 0.01−12.59 ± 0.09 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g and 0.77 ± 0.01−2.12 ± 0.01 mg quercetin equivalent (QE)/g ranges, respectively. The DPPH and ABTS IC50 (half-maximal inhibitory concentration) were 2.92 ± 0.01−4.73 ± 0.02 and 1.89−0.01 to 3.47 ± 0.00 µg/mL, respectively, indicating high radical scavenging activities. The FRAP values differed significantly between the drying methods, within the 6.40 ± 0.12−36.65 ± 0.09 mg Trolox equivalent (TE)/g range. The phytochemical contents and antioxidant capacities exhibited a moderate correlation, revealing that the TPC and TFC were slightly responsible for the antioxidant activities. The toxicity assessment of the bamboo extracts in the current study demonstrated no toxicity against the BSLA based on the LC50 (lethal concentration 50) analysis at >1000 µg/mL. LC-MS analysis showed that alkaloid and pharmaceutical compounds influence antioxidant activities, as found in previous studies. The acquired information might aid in the development of bamboo leaves as functional food items, such as bamboo tea. They could also be investigated for their medicinal ingredients that can be used in the discovery of potential drugs.
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Kimura I, Kagawa S, Tsuneki H, Tanaka K, Nagashima F. Multitasking bamboo leaf-derived compounds in prevention of infectious, inflammatory, atherosclerotic, metabolic, and neuropsychiatric diseases. Pharmacol Ther 2022; 235:108159. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2022.108159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Liu J, Cao J, Li Y, Guo F. Beneficial Flavonoid in Foods and Anti-obesity Effect. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2021.1923730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jingwen Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiaoxian Cao
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiming Li
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Fujiang Guo
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Park JY, Jang MG, Oh JM, Ko HC, Hur SP, Kim JW, Baek S, Kim SJ. Sasa quelpaertensis Leaf Extract Ameliorates Dyslipidemia, Insulin Resistance, and Hepatic Lipid Accumulation in High-Fructose-Diet-Fed Rats. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12123762. [PMID: 33297496 PMCID: PMC7762336 DOI: 10.3390/nu12123762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Increased dietary fructose consumption is closely associated with lipid and glucose metabolic disorders. Sasa quelpaertensis Nakai possesses various health-promoting properties, but there has been no research on its protective effect against fructose-induced metabolic dysfunction. In this study, we investigated the effects of S. quelpaertensis leaf extract (SQE) on metabolic dysfunction in high-fructose-diet-fed rats. Methods: Animals were fed a 46% carbohydrate diet, a 60% high-fructose diet, or a 60% high-fructose diet with SQE (500 mg/kg of body weight (BW)/day) in drinking water for 16 weeks. Serum biochemical parameters were measured and the effects of SQE on hepatic histology, protein expression, and transcriptome profiles were investigated. Results: SQE improved dyslipidemia and insulin resistance induced in high-fructose-diet-fed rats. SQE ameliorated the lipid accumulation and inflammatory response in liver tissues by modulating the expressions of key proteins related to lipid metabolism and antioxidant response. SQE significantly enriched the genes related to the metabolic pathway, namely, the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) signaling pathway and the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway. Conclusions: SQE could effectively prevent dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, and hepatic lipid accumulation by regulation of metabolism-related gene expressions, suggesting its role as a functional ingredient to prevent lifestyle-related metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Yong Park
- Department of Biology, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea; (J.Y.P.); (M.G.J.); (J.M.O.)
| | - Mi Gyeong Jang
- Department of Biology, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea; (J.Y.P.); (M.G.J.); (J.M.O.)
| | - Jung Min Oh
- Department of Biology, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea; (J.Y.P.); (M.G.J.); (J.M.O.)
| | - Hee Chul Ko
- Biotech Regional Innovation Center, Jeju Nation University, Jeju 63423, Korea; (H.C.K.); (J.-W.K.); (S.B.)
| | - Sung-Pyo Hur
- Jeju International Marine Science Research & Logistics Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology, Gujwa, Jeju 63349, Korea;
| | - Jae-Won Kim
- Biotech Regional Innovation Center, Jeju Nation University, Jeju 63423, Korea; (H.C.K.); (J.-W.K.); (S.B.)
| | - Songyee Baek
- Biotech Regional Innovation Center, Jeju Nation University, Jeju 63423, Korea; (H.C.K.); (J.-W.K.); (S.B.)
| | - Se-Jae Kim
- Department of Biology, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea; (J.Y.P.); (M.G.J.); (J.M.O.)
- Biotech Regional Innovation Center, Jeju Nation University, Jeju 63423, Korea; (H.C.K.); (J.-W.K.); (S.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-64-754-3529
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Madushani Herath KHIN, Cho J, Kim A, Eom TK, Kim JS, Kim JB, Doh YH, Jee Y. Phenolic acid and flavonoid-rich fraction of Sasa quelpaertensis Nakai leaves prevent alcohol induced fatty liver through AMPK activation. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2018; 224:335-348. [PMID: 29906537 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2018.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Sasa quelpaertensis Nakai is an edible dwarf bamboo cultivated mainly in Jeju Island, South Korea and its leaf displays various health-promoting properties including antioxidant scavenging. AIM OF THE STUDY In this study, we aimed at elucidating its hepatoprotective effect against alcohol-induced fatty liver. METHODS In in vitro study, we evaluated the cytotoxicity and hepatoprotective effect of different solvent fractions (aqua, butanol, chloroform, ethyl acetate and hexane) of 80% EtOH extract of S. quelpaertensis Nakai leaf. In vivo experiment performed using binge alcohol consumption model. RESULTS Although all five fractions (0-1000 µg/mL) were non-cytotoxic to HepG2 cells, only ethyl acetate fraction (SQEA), rich in phenolic acids such as p-coumaric acid and flavonoids particularly myristin, showed hepatoprotective effect against EtOH (400 mM) in HepG2 cells. Furthermore, SQEA significantly decreased the ethanol induced cell death and enhanced the cell proliferation. In in vivo experiment using binge consumption model (5 g of EtOH/kg body weight in every 12 h for 3 times), SQEA treatment (10, 50 and 100 mg/kg) markedly reduced the alcohol induced histopathological changes and serum EtOH content, and reversed the reduction of glutathione level in ethanol challenged livers. Further, it suppressed the expression of cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1). In particular, SQEA activated AMP activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathway, and decreased the expression of tumor necrosis factor receptor-1 (TNFR1), which attenuated lipogenesis via decreased expression of fatty acid synthase (FAS). Inhibited lipogenesis due to SQEA treatment directed towards decreased perilipin-2 expression. These results indicate that SQEA has hypolipidemic effect which is mediated by decreased oxidative stress, increased fatty acid oxidation response and decreased lipogenesis. CONCLUSION Our results suggest the possibility of developing SQEA as a natural hepatoprotective agent potent in attenuating alcohol-induced fatty liver.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jinhee Cho
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea.
| | - Areum Kim
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Advanced Convergence Technology & Science, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea.
| | - Tae Kil Eom
- Subtropical/Tropical Organism Gene Bank, SARI, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ju-Sung Kim
- Majors in Plant Resource and Environment, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, SARI, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jae-Bum Kim
- Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yang Hoi Doh
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea.
| | - Youngheun Jee
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Advanced Convergence Technology & Science, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea; Department of Veterinary Medicine and Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea.
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Upadhyay RK. Emerging risk biomarkers in cardiovascular diseases and disorders. J Lipids 2015; 2015:971453. [PMID: 25949827 PMCID: PMC4407625 DOI: 10.1155/2015/971453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Revised: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Present review article highlights various cardiovascular risk prediction biomarkers by incorporating both traditional risk factors to be used as diagnostic markers and recent technologically generated diagnostic and therapeutic markers. This paper explains traditional biomarkers such as lipid profile, glucose, and hormone level and physiological biomarkers based on measurement of levels of important biomolecules such as serum ferritin, triglyceride to HDLp (high density lipoproteins) ratio, lipophorin-cholesterol ratio, lipid-lipophorin ratio, LDL cholesterol level, HDLp and apolipoprotein levels, lipophorins and LTPs ratio, sphingolipids, Omega-3 Index, and ST2 level. In addition, immunohistochemical, oxidative stress, inflammatory, anatomical, imaging, genetic, and therapeutic biomarkers have been explained in detail with their investigational specifications. Many of these biomarkers, alone or in combination, can play important role in prediction of risks, its types, and status of morbidity. As emerging risks are found to be affiliated with minor and microlevel factors and its diagnosis at an earlier stage could find CVD, hence, there is an urgent need of new more authentic, appropriate, and reliable diagnostic and therapeutic markers to confirm disease well in time to start the clinical aid to the patients. Present review aims to discuss new emerging biomarkers that could facilitate more authentic and fast diagnosis of CVDs, HF (heart failures), and various lipid abnormalities and disorders in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Kant Upadhyay
- Department of Zoology, DDU Gorakhpur University, Gorakhpur 273009, India
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