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Boyer E, Galán-Relaño Á, Romero-Salmoral A, Barraza P, Gómez-Gascón L, Tarradas C, Luque I, de Aguiar FC, Huerta Lorenzo B. Post-Antibiotic and Post-Antibiotic Sub-Minimum Inhibitory Concentration Effects of Carvacrol against Salmonella Typhimurium. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:2631. [PMID: 39335222 PMCID: PMC11429162 DOI: 10.3390/ani14182631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2024] [Revised: 09/04/2024] [Accepted: 09/06/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Carvacrol is a compound present in essential oils with proven antimicrobial activity against numerous pathogens. We firstly determine the post-antibiotic effect (PAE) of carvacrol (1×, 2×, 4× MIC) and post-antibiotic sub-minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) effect (1× + 0.25× MIC and 2× + 0.25× MIC) for two concentrations of Salmonella Typhimurium ATCC14028 (106 and 108 CFU/mL). Prior to testing, the minimum concentration and exposure time to achieve the bacterial inhibition (MIC 0.6 mg/mL and 10 min) were determined by broth microdilution and time-kill curve methods, respectively. At the MIC, carvacrol did not generate any PAE. At twice the MIC, the PAE was 2 h with the standard inoculum (106 CFU/mL) and 1 h with the high-density inoculum (108 CFU/mL). At 4× MIC concentrations, the PAE was higher in both cases > 43.5 h. Continuous exposure of post-antibiotic phase bacteria (1× and 2× MIC) to carvacrol at 0.25× MIC (0.15 mg/mL) resulted in an increase in PAE (PA-SME) above 43.5 h with both inocula. These results suggest that the PA-SME of carvacrol for S. Typhimurium can be significantly prolonged by increasing the sub-MICs, which would allow dose spacing, reduce adverse effects and improve its efficacy in the treatment of infected animals and as a disinfectant in agri-food facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Boyer
- Animal Health Department, Veterinary Faculty, University of Cordoba, 14014 Cordoba, Spain
| | - Ángela Galán-Relaño
- Animal Health Department, Veterinary Faculty, University of Cordoba, 14014 Cordoba, Spain
- Zoonotic and Emerging Diseases (ENZOEM), University of Cordoba, 14014 Cordoba, Spain
| | - Antonio Romero-Salmoral
- Animal Health Department, Veterinary Faculty, University of Cordoba, 14014 Cordoba, Spain
- Zoonotic and Emerging Diseases (ENZOEM), University of Cordoba, 14014 Cordoba, Spain
| | - Paula Barraza
- Animal Health Department, Veterinary Faculty, University of Cordoba, 14014 Cordoba, Spain
| | - Lidia Gómez-Gascón
- Animal Health Department, Veterinary Faculty, University of Cordoba, 14014 Cordoba, Spain
- Zoonotic and Emerging Diseases (ENZOEM), University of Cordoba, 14014 Cordoba, Spain
| | - Carmen Tarradas
- Animal Health Department, Veterinary Faculty, University of Cordoba, 14014 Cordoba, Spain
- Zoonotic and Emerging Diseases (ENZOEM), University of Cordoba, 14014 Cordoba, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Luque
- Animal Health Department, Veterinary Faculty, University of Cordoba, 14014 Cordoba, Spain
- Zoonotic and Emerging Diseases (ENZOEM), University of Cordoba, 14014 Cordoba, Spain
| | | | - Belén Huerta Lorenzo
- Animal Health Department, Veterinary Faculty, University of Cordoba, 14014 Cordoba, Spain
- Zoonotic and Emerging Diseases (ENZOEM), University of Cordoba, 14014 Cordoba, Spain
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Huerta Lorenzo B, Galán-Relaño Á, Barba-Sánchez E, Romero-Salmoral A, Solarte Portilla AL, Gómez-Gascón L, Astorga Márquez RJ. Potentiation of the Antimicrobial Effect of Oxytetracycline Combined with Cinnamon, Clove, Oregano, and Red Thyme Essential Oils against MDR Salmonella enterica Strains. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1347. [PMID: 38731351 PMCID: PMC11083648 DOI: 10.3390/ani14091347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Tetracyclines have a high resistance percentage in Salmonella spp. of both human and animal origin. Essential oils, such as cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum), clove (Eugenia caryophyllata), oregano (Origanum vulgare), and red thyme (Thymus zygis), have shown bactericidal activity against this bacterium. However, in many cases, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) exceeds the cytotoxicity limits. The objective of this study was to assess the in vitro efficacy of combining oxytetracycline with essential these oils against field multidrug-resistant (MDR) Salmonella enterica strains. The MIC of each product was determined using the broth microdilution method. The interaction was evaluated using the checkerboard method, by means of the fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICindex) determination. The results showed a positive interaction (synergy and additivity) between oxytetracycline and the four oils tested, resulting in a reduction in both products' MICs by 2 to 4 times their initial value, in the case of oils, and by 2 to 1024 times in the case of the antibiotic. The combination of oxytetracycline and cinnamon achieved the best results (FICindex 0.5), with a decrease in the antibiotic effective concentration to below the sensitivity threshold (MIC of the combined oxytetracycline 0.5 µg/mL). There was no antagonistic effect in any case, although differences in response were observed depending on the bacterial strain. The results of this study suggest that combining oxytetracycline with cinnamon oil could be an effective alternative for controlling tetracycline-resistant strains of Salmonella. However, its individual use should be further evaluated through in vitro susceptibility tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belén Huerta Lorenzo
- Animal Health Department, Veterinary Faculty, University of Cordoba, 14014 Cordoba, Spain; (B.H.L.); (E.B.-S.); (A.R.-S.); (A.L.S.P.); (L.G.-G.); (R.J.A.M.)
- Zoonotic and Emerging Diseases (ENZOEM), University of Cordoba, 14014 Cordoba, Spain
| | - Ángela Galán-Relaño
- Animal Health Department, Veterinary Faculty, University of Cordoba, 14014 Cordoba, Spain; (B.H.L.); (E.B.-S.); (A.R.-S.); (A.L.S.P.); (L.G.-G.); (R.J.A.M.)
- Zoonotic and Emerging Diseases (ENZOEM), University of Cordoba, 14014 Cordoba, Spain
| | - Emilio Barba-Sánchez
- Animal Health Department, Veterinary Faculty, University of Cordoba, 14014 Cordoba, Spain; (B.H.L.); (E.B.-S.); (A.R.-S.); (A.L.S.P.); (L.G.-G.); (R.J.A.M.)
| | - Antonio Romero-Salmoral
- Animal Health Department, Veterinary Faculty, University of Cordoba, 14014 Cordoba, Spain; (B.H.L.); (E.B.-S.); (A.R.-S.); (A.L.S.P.); (L.G.-G.); (R.J.A.M.)
- Zoonotic and Emerging Diseases (ENZOEM), University of Cordoba, 14014 Cordoba, Spain
| | - Ana L. Solarte Portilla
- Animal Health Department, Veterinary Faculty, University of Cordoba, 14014 Cordoba, Spain; (B.H.L.); (E.B.-S.); (A.R.-S.); (A.L.S.P.); (L.G.-G.); (R.J.A.M.)
- Mariana University, Calle 18 No. 34-104 Pasto (N), San Juan de Pasto 52001, Colombia
| | - Lidia Gómez-Gascón
- Animal Health Department, Veterinary Faculty, University of Cordoba, 14014 Cordoba, Spain; (B.H.L.); (E.B.-S.); (A.R.-S.); (A.L.S.P.); (L.G.-G.); (R.J.A.M.)
- Zoonotic and Emerging Diseases (ENZOEM), University of Cordoba, 14014 Cordoba, Spain
| | - Rafael J. Astorga Márquez
- Animal Health Department, Veterinary Faculty, University of Cordoba, 14014 Cordoba, Spain; (B.H.L.); (E.B.-S.); (A.R.-S.); (A.L.S.P.); (L.G.-G.); (R.J.A.M.)
- Zoonotic and Emerging Diseases (ENZOEM), University of Cordoba, 14014 Cordoba, Spain
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Antimicrobial and Cytotoxicity Activities of Medicinal Plants against Salmonella gallinarum Isolated from Chickens. Vet Med Int 2022; 2022:2294120. [PMID: 35265313 PMCID: PMC8901331 DOI: 10.1155/2022/2294120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Medicinal plants have been the good source of treatment for different ailments of humans as well as animals for centuries. However, in Tanzania, few plants were investigated for their efficacy against various diseases of chickens. In the present study, four medicinal plants were investigated against Salmonella gallinarum isolated from chickens. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) using the broth microdilution methods and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBCs) were used to evaluate the activities of plants against chicken salmonellosis. For the safety of chickens against the toxicity of plants, the cytotoxicity assay was determined using a brine shrimp lethality test. Aloe secundiflora leaf ethyl acetate (ALEA), Aloe rabaiensis leaf methanolic (ArM), Aloe rabaiensis leaf ethyl acetate (ArLEA), and Punica granatum leaf ethyl acetate (PGLEA) extracts exhibited the highest MIC (0.3906 mg/mL) and MBC (3.125 mg/mL), respectively. The Dolichos kilimandscharicus tuber ethyl acetate (DTEA) and Dolichos kilimandscharicus tuber pet ether (DTPE) extracts displayed MIC of 1.563 mg/mL and 12.50 mg/mL and MBC of 12.50 mg/mL and 25.50 mg/mL, respectively. The highest LC50 values exhibited in Dolichos kilimandscharicus ranged from 7.937 × 10−4 mg/mL to 7.242 × 10−2 mg/mL for pet ether and methanolic extracts, respectively, while ALEA extract exhibited LC50 of 7.645 × 10−3 mg/mL. Generally, the extracts with MIC 0.3906 mg/mL and MBC 3.125 mg/mL demonstrated the highest antibacterial activity with low toxicity efficient to manage chicken salmonellosis. Dolichos kilimandscharicus, which exhibited higher toxicity, warrants further investigation on insecticidal and anticancer agents.
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Thymus zygis Essential Oil: Phytochemical Characterization, Bioactivity Evaluation and Synergistic Effect with Antibiotics against Staphylococcus aureus. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11020146. [PMID: 35203749 PMCID: PMC8868214 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11020146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a nosocomial bacterium causing different infectious diseases, ranging from skin and soft-tissue infections to more serious and life-threatening infections such as sepsis, meningitis and endocarditis, which may be exacerbated by antibiotic resistance. Plant products may be seen as an alternative as antibacterial agents, namely, against S. aureus. Thus, the aim of this work was to characterize the chemical composition and evaluate the bioactive properties of the T. zygis essential oil (EO), with a focus on antimicrobial activity against S. aureus. Gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry was used to assess the chemical composition of the T. zygis EO, and the antioxidant activity was evaluated using the DPPH method and β-carotene-bleaching assay. The antimicrobial activity against S. aureus strains, the interaction with different antibiotics and the attenuation of this bacterium’s virulence were evaluated. The T. zygis EO showed antioxidant activity acting through two different mechanisms and antibacterial activity against S. aureus, with antibiofilm and antihaemolytic properties. This EO also demonstrated synergistic or additive interactions in combination with ampicillin, ciprofloxacin or vancomycin against S. aureus strains and, in some cases, changed the antibiotic-resistance phenotype from resistant to susceptible. Therefore, the present work demonstrates the good bioactive properties of the EO of T. zygis, mainly the antimicrobial activity against S. aureus, revealing its potential to be used as an antibacterial agent.
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de Aguiar FC, Solarte AL, Gómez-Gascón L, Galán-Relaño A, Luque I, Tarradas C, Rodríguez-Ortega MJ, Huerta B. Antimicrobial susceptibility of cinnamon and red and common thyme essential oils and their main constituent compounds against Streptococcus suis. Lett Appl Microbiol 2021; 74:63-72. [PMID: 34623693 DOI: 10.1111/lam.13582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus suis is an emerging zoonotic pathogen causing different diseases, in both humans and pigs. Generally, the control of this pathogen is based on antimicrobial therapy, but the development of bacterial resistance has led one to look for new options. In this sense, the essential oils (EOs) constitute a promising alternative. The activity of cinnamon, common thyme and red thyme EOs and their main active compounds (cinnamaldehyde and thymol) against S. suis isolates from pigs (n = 50) and humans (n = 6) was determined by the broth microdilution method. MIC50-90, MBC50-90 and the bactericidal index (BI) (minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC)/minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC)) were calculated. Also, the time-kill curve of each product against the S. suis P1/7 European reference strain was determined. No differences in the MIC or MBC values were observed between all the tested products, which suggest a homogeneous behaviour of S. suis, independently of their origin, organ of isolation or resistance profile. All the products showed a concentration-dependent and time-dependent killing activity and achieved the virtual eradication of S. suis at supra-inhibitory concentrations within the first 5 min of exposure, except cinnamaldehyde that showed only bacteriostatic effect. It suggests that these products could be utilized as antimicrobials in veterinary medicine for the control of this zoonotic pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- F C de Aguiar
- Animal Health Department, University of Cordoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - A L Solarte
- Medicine Faculty, University Cooperative of Colombia, Pasto, Colombia
| | - L Gómez-Gascón
- Animal Health Department, University of Cordoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - A Galán-Relaño
- Animal Health Department, University of Cordoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - I Luque
- Animal Health Department, University of Cordoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - C Tarradas
- Animal Health Department, University of Cordoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - M J Rodríguez-Ortega
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, University of Cordoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - B Huerta
- Animal Health Department, University of Cordoba, Córdoba, Spain
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Cao C, Niu Q, Chen J, Xu X, Sheng H, Cui S, Liu B, Yang B. Epidemiology and Characterization of CTX-M-55-Type Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase-Producing Salmonella enterica Serovar Enteritidis Isolated from Patients in Shanghai, China. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9020260. [PMID: 33513880 PMCID: PMC7912593 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9020260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis (ESBL-SE) in humans and foods has gained global attention. In particular, CTX-M-type ESBL-SE are increasingly being detected from various sample types. The aim of this study was to comprehensively analyze the epidemiology and characteristics of blaCTX-M-55-carrying ESBL-SE isolates of clinical origin in Shanghai, China. A total of 292 S. Enteritidis isolates were recovered from the feces and blood of outpatients and inpatients between 2006 and 2014. Overall, there was a high frequency of cefotaxime-resistant isolates (97.3%), which was significantly higher (p < 0.01) than that of isolates resistant to the other tested antibiotics. All S. Enteritidis isolates exhibited resistance to ≥1 antibiotic, and 98.0% were multidrug resistant. A total of 233 isolates were identified as ESBL-SE, 166 of which were CTX-M type. Six subtypes of CTX-M-encoding genes were detected, among which blaCTX-M-55 (91.6%, 152/166) was the most prevalent genotype. There was high genetic similarity among blaCTX-M-55-positive ESBL-SE. The blaCTX-M-55 gene in the ESBL-SE donor strains could be easily transferred into Enterobacteriaceae recipient strains. This study highlights that CTX-M-55 should be considered an important surveillance target in Shanghai, China. Cephalosporins, especially cefotaxime, must be used with caution in empirical treatment for Salmonella infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyang Cao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (C.C.); (Q.N.); (H.S.); (B.L.)
| | - Qinya Niu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (C.C.); (Q.N.); (H.S.); (B.L.)
| | - Jia Chen
- College of Chemical Technology, Shijiazhuang University, Shijiazhuang 050035, China;
| | - Xuebin Xu
- Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control & Prevention, Shanghai 200336, China;
| | - Huanjing Sheng
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (C.C.); (Q.N.); (H.S.); (B.L.)
| | - Shenghui Cui
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 100050, China;
| | - Bin Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (C.C.); (Q.N.); (H.S.); (B.L.)
| | - Baowei Yang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (C.C.); (Q.N.); (H.S.); (B.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +86-29-87092486
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Entrapment of a phage cocktail and cinnamaldehyde on sodium alginate emulsion-based films to fight food contamination by Escherichia coli and Salmonella Enteritidis. Food Res Int 2019; 128:108791. [PMID: 31955758 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2019.108791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Notwithstanding the implementation of good processing practices in food companies and appropriate washing of food products by the consumer, Salmonella and Escherichia coli outbreaks continue to occur. In this study, different combinations of bacteriophages (phages) and cinnamaldehyde (CNMA) were incorporated on sodium alginate emulsion-based films to impart them with antimicrobial activity towards S. Enteritidis and E. coli. Films were prepared by casting and they were characterized in terms of CNMA and/or phages loading, thickness, moisture content, water vapor permeability (WVP), swelling index (SW), chemical interactions by FTIR, surface morphology by SEM and antimicrobial performance. Results showed that phages incorporation was not compromised by CNMA as evidenced by their viability inside the films. Increasing CNMA concentration yielded formulations less heterogeneous and a higher amount of CNMA loaded. Films characterization revealed that, in general, phages incorporation did not introduce significant changes on films parameters while the presence of CNMA increased the roughness, thickness and swelling ability of films. Sodium alginate films incorporated with EC4 and φ135 phages displayed antimicrobial activity against E. coli and S. Enteritidis, respectively, while CNMA empowered the films with activity against both species. Combination of both phages with the higher concentration of CNMA resulted in a synergic antimicrobial effect against E. coli and a facilitative effect against Salmonella. Overall, incorporation of EC4 and φ135 phages together with CNMA on alginate emulsion-based films holds great potential to be further applied in food packaging to prevent food contamination.
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Solarte AL, Astorga RJ, de Aguiar FC, Tarradas C, Luque I, Gómez-Gascón L, Huerta B. Reduced Susceptibility of Salmonella Typhimurium Strains to Oregano Essential Oil and Enrofloxacin: An In Vitro Assay. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2019; 17:29-34. [PMID: 31710243 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2019.2635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Several European animal nutrition companies have incorporated essential oils (EOs) into animal feed as a result of the prohibition of antibiotics to promote animal growth. Previous studies of EOs have highlighted the absence of bacterial resistance for these substances, although most of the published works focus on studying their tolerance to subinhibitory doses. For this study, oregano essential oil (OEO) was chosen for its proven inhibitory and bactericidal activity. This study is an in vitro assay of the possible induction of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium strains with reduced susceptibility to OEO by mutation, seeking to calculate the mutant prevention concentration (MPC) since this is an important measurement for the control Salmonella's resistance to fluoroquinolones such as enrofloxacin (ENR), the treatment of choice for this infection. To establish the MPC, we used a bacterial inoculum ≥109 colony-forming unit (CFU)/mL and examined the bases for points of resistance to ENR and mutations of target genes of the quinolone resistance determining region (QRDR). The three strains of Salmonella Typhimurium used in this study showed an MPC of four times the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for ENR. In all cases, strains with reduced susceptibility to ENR were obtained, although none reached the point of resistance. The QRDR characterization region was in all cases of wild type (wt). Two of the strains tested with OEO grew at a concentration of 1 × MIC, which could be strains with reduced susceptibility, associated with mutation or not. In this case, the MPC was 2 × MIC. Once isolated and identified as Salmonella Typhimurium, the MIC against OEO of all strains obtained in the induction test indicated a possible reduction in susceptibility. However, the result obtained for both strains coincided with MIC of the original strains, rejecting a priori such a reduced susceptibility of Salmonella Typhimurium to OEO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Lucía Solarte
- Animal Health Department, Veterinary Faculty, Rabanales Campus, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain.,"International Excellence Agrifood Campus, CeiA3," University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain.,Office of the Vicerrector of Research, Universidad CESMAG, Pasto, Colombia
| | - Rafael Jesús Astorga
- Animal Health Department, Veterinary Faculty, Rabanales Campus, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain.,"International Excellence Agrifood Campus, CeiA3," University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Fabiana C de Aguiar
- Animal Health Department, Veterinary Faculty, Rabanales Campus, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain.,"International Excellence Agrifood Campus, CeiA3," University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Carmen Tarradas
- Animal Health Department, Veterinary Faculty, Rabanales Campus, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain.,"International Excellence Agrifood Campus, CeiA3," University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Luque
- Animal Health Department, Veterinary Faculty, Rabanales Campus, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain.,"International Excellence Agrifood Campus, CeiA3," University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Lidia Gómez-Gascón
- Animal Health Department, Veterinary Faculty, Rabanales Campus, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain.,"International Excellence Agrifood Campus, CeiA3," University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Belen Huerta
- Animal Health Department, Veterinary Faculty, Rabanales Campus, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain.,"International Excellence Agrifood Campus, CeiA3," University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
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