1
|
Abouammoh MA, Alsarhani WK, Aljasser A, Gikandi PW, Al-Mezaine HS, Abu El-Asrar AM. Clinical Findings Predicting Posttraumatic Endophthalmitis after Repair of Open Globe Injuries. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 2024; 32:912-918. [PMID: 36508696 DOI: 10.1080/09273948.2022.2150226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To evaluate risk factors for developing endophthalmitis after repair of open globe injuries. METHODS Retrospective chart analysis of 1303 patients from May 1996 till December 2019. RESULTS All patients received prophylactic intravenous broad-spectrum antibiotics for 5-7 days. Endophthalmitis was clinically suspected in 37 (2.8%) eyes and was culture proven in 14 of these eyes (1.1%). Univariate analysis identified poor initial visual acuity at presentation, rural setting of injury, contaminated wound and lens injury as significant predictors for the development of clinically suspected endophthalmitis. Intravitreal antibiotics at the time of primary repair in eyes with high-risk characteristics decreased risk of developing endophthalmitis (OR: 2.28;95% CI,1.07-4.86; p = .033). CONCLUSIONS Poor initial visual acuity, rural setting of injury, contaminated wound, and lens injury increased risk of suspected posttraumatic endophthalmitis. Prophylactic intravitreal antibiotics at the time of primary repair in eyes with high-risk characteristics reduced the risk of posttraumatic endophthalmitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marwan A Abouammoh
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Waleed K Alsarhani
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulrahman Aljasser
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Priscilla W Gikandi
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hani S Al-Mezaine
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed M Abu El-Asrar
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Dr. Nasser Al-Rashid Research Chair in Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Durand ML, Barshak MB, Sobrin L. Eye Infections. N Engl J Med 2023; 389:2363-2375. [PMID: 38118024 DOI: 10.1056/nejmra2216081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marlene L Durand
- From the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital (M.L.D., M.B.B.), and the Infectious Disease Service (M.L.D., M.B.B.) and the Department of Ophthalmology (M.L.D., L.S.), Massachusetts Eye and Ear - both in Boston
| | - Miriam B Barshak
- From the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital (M.L.D., M.B.B.), and the Infectious Disease Service (M.L.D., M.B.B.) and the Department of Ophthalmology (M.L.D., L.S.), Massachusetts Eye and Ear - both in Boston
| | - Lucia Sobrin
- From the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital (M.L.D., M.B.B.), and the Infectious Disease Service (M.L.D., M.B.B.) and the Department of Ophthalmology (M.L.D., L.S.), Massachusetts Eye and Ear - both in Boston
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kolosionek T, Sultan DA, Tsay K, Schultz KL, MacKenzie RS, Elliott NC. Spontaneous globe rupture in a patient with extensive ocular surgical history. Am J Emerg Med 2023; 67:195.e1-195.e3. [PMID: 36964114 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajem.2023.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Globe rupture is visually dramatic in appearance for emergency clinicians and is a sight-threatening injury for the patient. It requires prompt ophthalmologic surgical intervention for optimal outcomes. Cases are typically the result of ocular trauma; however, this case highlights a rare instance of spontaneous globe rupture in a patient with an extensive ocular surgical history.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Kolosionek
- Department of Emergency and Hospital Medicine, Lehigh Valley Health Network, USF Morsani College of Medicine, Allentown, PA, United States of America.
| | - Danielle A Sultan
- Department of Emergency and Hospital Medicine, Lehigh Valley Health Network, USF Morsani College of Medicine, Allentown, PA, United States of America.
| | - Katherine Tsay
- Department of Emergency and Hospital Medicine, Lehigh Valley Health Network, USF Morsani College of Medicine, Allentown, PA, United States of America.
| | - Kristine L Schultz
- Department of Emergency and Hospital Medicine, Lehigh Valley Health Network, USF Morsani College of Medicine, Allentown, PA, United States of America.
| | - Richard S MacKenzie
- Department of Emergency and Hospital Medicine, Lehigh Valley Health Network, USF Morsani College of Medicine, Allentown, PA, United States of America.
| | - Nicole C Elliott
- Department of Emergency and Hospital Medicine, Lehigh Valley Health Network, USF Morsani College of Medicine, Allentown, PA, United States of America.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Pelletier J, Koyfman A, Long B. High risk and low prevalence diseases: Open globe injury. Am J Emerg Med 2023; 64:113-120. [PMID: 36516669 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajem.2022.11.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Open globe injury (OGI) is a rare but serious condition that carries with it a high rate of morbidity. OBJECTIVE This review highlights the pearls and pitfalls of OGI, including presentation, diagnosis, and management in the emergency department (ED) based on current evidence. DISCUSSION OGI refers to full-thickness injury to the layers of the eye. OGI can be caused by blunt or sharp trauma, and subtypes include penetration, perforation, intraocular foreign body (IOFB), globe rupture, or mixed types. OGI is more common in males and usually secondary to work-related injury, but in women it is most commonly associated with falls. Emergency clinicians should first assess for and manage other critical, life-threatening injuries. Following this assessment, a thorough eye examination is necessary. Computed tomography (CT) may suggest the disease, but it cannot definitively exclude the diagnosis. While point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) is highly sensitive and specific for some findings in OGI, its use is controversial due to potential globe content extrusion. Management includes protecting the affected eye from further injury, preventing Valsalva maneuvers that could extrude ocular contents, updating tetanus vaccination status, administering broad-spectrum antibiotics, and ophthalmology consultation for surgical intervention to prevent the sequelae of blindness and endophthalmitis. CONCLUSION An understanding of OGI can assist emergency clinicians in diagnosing and managing this sight-threatening traumatic process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Pelletier
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Alex Koyfman
- Department of Emergency Medicine, UT Southwestern, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Brit Long
- SAUSHEC, Department of Emergency Medicine, Brooke Army Medical Center, Fort Sam Houston, TX, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Fell D, Blomquist PH. Antibiotic Protocols for Endophthalmitis Prophylaxis Following Open-Globe Repair: A Survey of U.S. Residency Programs. JOURNAL OF ACADEMIC OPHTHALMOLOGY (2017) 2023; 15:e86-e90. [PMID: 38737164 PMCID: PMC10804764 DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-1768024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
Purpose To assess the various approaches to endophthalmitis prevention following traumatic open-globe injury (OGI) repair. Methods A research electronic data capture (REDCap) questionnaire evaluating the usage of antibiotics and steroids in patients with OGI was distributed to program directors of all U.S. ophthalmology residency programs using the Association of University Professors of Ophthalmology program directors' listserv. Completed questionnaires were analyzed for treatment patterns. Results The REDCap questionnaire was distributed to 111 programs, with 32 residency programs responding. Two responses were excluded. Ninety percent (27/30) of included programs used perioperative intravenous (IV) antibiotics, with 78% (21/27) of those giving one dose only. At the time of surgery, 27% (8/30) of programs gave intravitreal antibiotics and 60% (18/30) gave subconjunctival antibiotics. Postoperatively, 100% (30/30) gave topical antibiotics and 97% (29/30) gave topical steroids. Only 53% of responders discharged patients on oral antibiotics. Of the three programs who did not use IV antibiotics, all three gave intravitreal therapy and one also discharged patients on oral antibiotics. Conclusion There is a large variation in practice patterns for endophthalmitis prophylaxis among residency programs. Further investigation is needed to compare rates of endophthalmitis between these protocols and establish a safe and minimally burdensome standard of care.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Fell
- Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Preston H. Blomquist
- Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Fridie L, Michael Tzizik D. Traumatic Injuries of the Eye, Ear, Nose, and Throat. PHYSICIAN ASSISTANT CLINICS 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cpha.2022.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
7
|
Van Swol JM, Myers WK, Beall JA, Atteya MM, Blice JP. Post-traumatic endophthalmitis prophylaxis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Ophthalmic Inflamm Infect 2022; 12:39. [DOI: 10.1186/s12348-022-00317-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Purpose
The goal of this study is to determine if certain aspects of endophthalmitis prophylaxis strategies are superior to others.
Design
This investigation is a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Methods
All studies specifying a type of prophylaxis strategy and resulting rates of endophthalmitis were included. Time course, method of administration, and antibiotic regimen, and confounding factors were collected and included for meta-regression.
Results
Time courses greater than 24 h did not significantly improve outcomes. Likewise, intraocular and/or intravenous antibiotic administration methods did not significantly outperform oral administration. No antibiotic regimens performed differently from vancomycin/ ≥ 3rd generation cephalosporin except for ciprofloxacin monotherapy which yielded significantly worse outcomes.
Conclusions
Future antibiotic strategies should strongly consider the risks of antibiotic treatment > 24 h and administration methods other than the oral antibiotic forms. In addition, providers should be wary of using ciprofloxacin monotherapy for endophthalmitis prophylaxis when treating open globe injuries.
Collapse
|
8
|
Yan H, Yang K, Ma Z, Kuhn F, Zhang W, Wang Z, Hu Y, Lu H, Shigeo Y, Sobaci G, Ozdek S, Forlini M, Huang B, Hui Y, Zhang M, Xu G, Wei W, Jiang Y, Park D, Fernandes RB, He Y, Rousselot A, Hoskin A, Sundar G, Liu Y, Wang Y, Shen L, Chen H, Chen H, Han G, Jiang R, Jin X, Lin J, Luo J, Wang Z, Wei Y, Wen Y, Xie Z, Wang Y, Yang X, Yu W, Zheng Z, Sun X, Liang J, Liu Q, Yu J, Wei S, Li Z, Chen L, Wang X, Wei L, Zhang H, Chen S, Liu Y, Guo X, Liu S, Xu X, Tao Y, Chen Y, Chen Y. Guideline for the treatment of no light perception eyes induced by mechanical ocular trauma. J Evid Based Med 2022; 15:302-314. [PMID: 36151612 PMCID: PMC9826528 DOI: 10.1111/jebm.12496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Severe mechanical ocular trauma with no light perception (NLP) predicts a poor prognosis of visual acuity and enucleation of the eyeball. Since the innovative treatment concept of exploratory vitreoretinal surgery has developed and treatment technology has advanced, the outcomes of severe ocular trauma treatment in NLP patients have greatly improved. However, there remains a lack of unified standards for the determination, surgical indication, and timing of vitrectomy in NLP eye treatment. To address these problems, we aimed to create evidence-based medical guidelines for the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of mechanical ocular trauma with NLP. Sixteen relevant recommendations for mechanical ocular trauma with NLP were obtained, and a consensus was reached. Each recommendation was explained in detail to guide the treatment of mechanical ocular trauma associated with NLP.
Collapse
|
9
|
Surgical Antimicrobial Prophylaxis in Patients of Neonatal and Pediatric Age Subjected to Eye Surgery: A RAND/UCLA Appropriateness Method Consensus Study. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11050561. [PMID: 35625205 PMCID: PMC9137626 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11050561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Ocular surgery encompasses a wide range of procedures, including surgery of the tear ducts, eyelid, cornea and conjunctiva, lens, ocular muscle, and vitreoretinal and iris surgery. Operations are also performed for the removal of tumors, repairs of ocular trauma and, finally, corneal transplantation. Antibiotic prophylaxis for the prevention of surgical site infections (SSIs) in ocular surgery is a complex field in which shared lines of action are absent. In light of the scarcity of shared evidence in the use of ocular antimicrobial prophylaxis for the pediatric population, this consensus document aims to provide clinicians with a series of recommendations on antimicrobial prophylaxis for patients of neonatal and pediatric age undergoing eye surgery. The following scenarios are considered: (1) intraocular surgery; (2) extraocular surgery; (3) ocular trauma; (4) ocular neoplasm; (5) ocular surface transplantations; (6) corneal grafts. This work has been made possible by the multidisciplinary contribution of experts belonging to the most important Italian scientific societies and represents, in our opinion, the most complete and up-to-date collection of recommendations regarding clinical actions in the peri-operative environment in eye surgery. The application of uniform and shared protocols aims to improve surgical practice, through the standardization of procedures, with a consequent reduction of SSIs, also limiting the phenomenon of antimicrobial resistance.
Collapse
|
10
|
Bai L, Lei F, Luo R, Fei Q, Zheng Z, He N, Gui S. Development of a thermosensitive in-situ gel formulations of vancomycin hydrochloride: design, preparation, in vitro and in vivo evaluation. J Pharm Sci 2022; 111:2552-2561. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2022.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
11
|
Weinert MC, Armstrong GW. Infectious Disease Prevention and Management in Traumatic Open Globe Injuries. Int Ophthalmol Clin 2022; 62:19-40. [PMID: 35325908 DOI: 10.1097/iio.0000000000000406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
12
|
Miller SC, Fliotsos MJ, Justin GA, Yonekawa Y, Chen A, Hoskin AK, Blanch RJ, Cavuoto K, Meeralakshmi P, Low R, Gardiner M, Liu TYA, Agrawal R, Woreta FA, The International Globe And Adnexal Trauma Epidemiology Study Igates. Global Current Practice Patterns for the Management of Open Globe Injuries. Am J Ophthalmol 2022; 234:259-273. [PMID: 34416182 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2021.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine global current practice patterns for the management of open globe injuries and identify areas of variation. DESIGN Cross-sectional survey. METHODS An online survey assessed global management paradigms for open globe injuries from August 2020 to January 2021. Responses were collected from experts at eye trauma centers and emergency departments worldwide who manage ≥1 open globe injury per month. The survey assessed the use/selection of antibiotics and steroids, procedural and imaging decisions, and admission practices for open globe injuries. RESULTS Responses were received from representatives of 36 of 42 institutions (85.7%), of which 33 (78.6%) had sufficient trauma volume to be included. Included responses were distributed across North America (n=12, 36.4%), Asia (n=12, 36.4%), South America (n=4, 12.1%), Africa (n=3, 9.1%), Europe (n=1, 3.0%), and Australia (n=1, 3.0%). Preoperative systemic antibiotics for open globe injuries were administered by 75.8% (n = 25/33) of institutions, while 30.3% (n = 10/33) administered preoperative topical antibiotics. Intraoperative ophthalmic antibiotics for open globe injuries were used by 54.5% (n = 18/33) of experts. Most institutions also administered postoperative systemic antibiotics (n = 23 [69.7%]) and topical steroids (n = 29 [87.9%]), although specific medication choices diverged. At 19 responding centers (61.3% of the 31 that had trainees), residents participated in surgical repairs. Many institutions discharged patients after repair, but 54.5% (n = 18/33) of locations routinely admitted them for observation. CONCLUSIONS Preferred management practices for open globe injuries vary widely. To ensure the highest standard of care for all patients, evidence-based international guidelines for the treatment of these injuries are needed.
Collapse
|
13
|
A New Treatment Experience in Pseudomonas Keratitis: Topical Meropenem and Cefepime. Eye Contact Lens 2021; 47:174-179. [PMID: 33196501 DOI: 10.1097/icl.0000000000000745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare the efficacy of topical meropenem and cefepime treatments with respect to moxifloxacin as new treatment options in an experimental Pseudomonas keratitis model. METHODS Twenty-four rabbits in which keratitis are induced using Pseudomonas aeruginosa were divided into four groups according to treatment options. A solution of 50 mg/mL meropenem was prepared and topically applied to the first group, 50 mg/mL cefepime solution to the second group, topical 0.5% moxifloxacin drop to the third group, and topical isotonic (0.9% saline) solution to the fourth (control) group. The eyes were examined before and after treatment to score the clinical severity. After the subjects were sacrificed, their corneas were excised. To determine the efficacy of treatments, clinical score, bacterial load, and histopathological and immunohistochemical findings were evaluated. RESULTS When the three treatment groups were compared, there was a significant difference in the colony-forming unit (CFU) value, polymorph-nuclear leukocyte (PMNL) infiltration, and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 immunoreactivity (P=0.022, P=0.038, and P=0.037, respectively). The CFU values, PMNL infiltration scores and MMP-9 immunoreactivity were significantly lower in the meropenem and moxifloxacin groups compared with the cefepime group (P<0.05 for all). There was no significant difference between the meropenem and moxifloxacin groups in respect of the CFU values, PMNL infiltration, and MMP-9 immunoreactivity (P=0.842, P=0.784, and P=0.699, respectively). CONCLUSION The results of our study indicate that topical meropenem is at least as effective as topical moxifloxacin in the treatment of Pseudomonas keratitis. The meropenem and moxifloxacin are safer and suitable in the limited corneal invasion than cefepime. Thus, topical meropenem may be an alternative drug in the treatment of this condition. Clinical studies are needed to be conducted to assess this possibility more accurately.
Collapse
|
14
|
Abouammoh MA, Al-Mousa A, Gogandi M, Al-Mezaine H, Osman E, Alsharidah AM, Al-Kharashi A, Abu El-Asrar AM. Prophylactic intravitreal antibiotics reduce the risk of post-traumatic endophthalmitis after repair of open globe injuries. Acta Ophthalmol 2018; 96:e361-e365. [PMID: 28771946 DOI: 10.1111/aos.13531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate efficacy of prophylactic intravitreal antibiotics in reducing incidence of endophthalmitis after repair of open globe injuries. At King Abdulaziz University Hospital, a standard protocol of intravenous vancomycin and ceftazidime was used in all cases. METHODS Charts of 353 patients who presented between January 2010 and January 2014 with open globe injury were retrospectively reviewed. In addition, the standard protocol in this cohort included prophylactic intravitreal antibiotics in high-risk cases at time of primary repair. High-risk cases were identified based on the presence of one or more of the following risk factors: dirty wound, retained intra-ocular foreign body (IOFB), rural setting, delayed primary repair of >24 hr and ruptured lens capsule. Rate of endophthalmitis in this recent cohort was compared with that of a previous cohort admitted for primary repair between May 1996 and May 2008 (641 patients). In the previous cohort, protocol did not include prophylactic intravitreal antibiotics. RESULTS Rates of clinically suspected endophthalmitis and culture-positive endophthalmitis were higher in previous cohort (24 of 641 eyes; 3.7% and 12 of 641 eyes; 1.9%, respectively) compared to recent cohort (six of 353 eyes; 1.7% and two of 353 eyes; 0.6%, respectively). In high-risk groups, rates of suspected endophthalmitis and culture-positive endophthalmitis were higher in previous cohort (19 of 345 eyes; 5.5% and 12 of 345 eyes; 3.5%, respectively) compared to the recent cohort (five of 200 eyes; 2.5% and two of 200 eyes; 1.0%, respectively). CONCLUSION Prophylactic intravitreal antibiotics reduce risk of endophthalmitis after repair of open globe injuries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marwan A. Abouammoh
- Department of Ophthalmology; College of Medicine; King Saud University; Riyadh Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah Al-Mousa
- Department of Ophthalmology; College of Medicine; King Saud University; Riyadh Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Gogandi
- Department of Ophthalmology; College of Medicine; King Saud University; Riyadh Saudi Arabia
| | - Hani Al-Mezaine
- Department of Ophthalmology; College of Medicine; King Saud University; Riyadh Saudi Arabia
| | - Essam Osman
- Department of Ophthalmology; College of Medicine; King Saud University; Riyadh Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Abdullah Al-Kharashi
- Department of Ophthalmology; College of Medicine; King Saud University; Riyadh Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed M. Abu El-Asrar
- Department of Ophthalmology; College of Medicine; King Saud University; Riyadh Saudi Arabia
- Dr. Nasser Al-Rashid Research Chair in Ophthalmology; King Saud University; Riyadh Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|