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Kaufman R, Jun AS. Emerging alternatives to keratoplasty for corneal endothelial cell dysfunction. Curr Opin Ophthalmol 2024; 35:415-422. [PMID: 38941153 DOI: 10.1097/icu.0000000000001071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/30/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW While effective for treating endothelial dysfunction, keratoplasty has shortcomings including limited access to donor tissue for much of the world. Thus, alternative strategies are under development. This review explores the main advancements achieved in this field during 2022-2023. RECENT FINDINGS Recent publications further support the validity of intracameral cultivated allogeneic endothelial cell injection and Descemet stripping only, while emphasizing the benefits of adjunctive Rho-associated kinase inhibitor (ROCKi) therapy. New donor-independent artificial implants, such as EndoArt, show favorable results. Multiple pharmacologic agents, especially ROCKi, show promise as monotherapies, yet none are currently approved for human treatment. Multiple regenerative and genetic therapies are being investigated but all are still in preclinical stages. SUMMARY A plethora of innovative alternatives to keratoplasty for endothelial disease is in development. Among these, surgical methods are still the mainstay of treatment and closest to clinical application, though further studies to establish their benefits over keratoplasty are needed. Albeit promising, pharmacologic, regenerative, and genetic approaches require validation and are farther from clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ron Kaufman
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Albert S Jun
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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2
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Suanno G, Genna VG, Maurizi E, Dieh AA, Griffith M, Ferrari G. Cell therapy in the cornea: The emerging role of microenvironment. Prog Retin Eye Res 2024; 102:101275. [PMID: 38797320 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2024.101275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
The cornea is an ideal testing field for cell therapies. Its highly ordered structure, where specific cell populations are sequestered in different layers, together with its accessibility, has allowed the development of the first stem cell-based therapy approved by the European Medicine Agency. Today, different techniques have been proposed for autologous and allogeneic limbal and non-limbal cell transplantation. Cell replacement has also been attempted in cases of endothelial cell decompensation as it occurs in Fuchs dystrophy: injection of cultivated allogeneic endothelial cells is now in advanced phases of clinical development. Recently, stromal substitutes have been developed with excellent integration capability and transparency. Finally, cell-derived products, such as exosomes obtained from different sources, have been investigated for the treatment of severe corneal diseases with encouraging results. Optimization of the success rate of cell therapies obviously requires high-quality cultured cells/products, but the role of the surrounding microenvironment is equally important to allow engraftment of transplanted cells, to preserve their functions and, ultimately, lead to restoration of tissue integrity and transparency of the cornea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Suanno
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy; Eye Repair Unit, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Eleonora Maurizi
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine ''S. Ferrari'', University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Anas Abu Dieh
- Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - May Griffith
- Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
| | - Giulio Ferrari
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy; Eye Repair Unit, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Ophthalmology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.
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3
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Yang GN, Sun YBY, Roberts PK, Moka H, Sung MK, Gardner-Russell J, El Wazan L, Toussaint B, Kumar S, Machin H, Dusting GJ, Parfitt GJ, Davidson K, Chong EW, Brown KD, Polo JM, Daniell M. Exploring single-cell RNA sequencing as a decision-making tool in the clinical management of Fuchs' endothelial corneal dystrophy. Prog Retin Eye Res 2024; 102:101286. [PMID: 38969166 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2024.101286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024]
Abstract
Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) has enabled the identification of novel gene signatures and cell heterogeneity in numerous tissues and diseases. Here we review the use of this technology for Fuchs' Endothelial Corneal Dystrophy (FECD). FECD is the most common indication for corneal endothelial transplantation worldwide. FECD is challenging to manage because it is genetically heterogenous, can be autosomal dominant or sporadic, and progress at different rates. Single-cell RNA sequencing has enabled the discovery of several FECD subtypes, each with associated gene signatures, and cell heterogeneity. Current FECD treatments are mainly surgical, with various Rho kinase (ROCK) inhibitors used to promote endothelial cell metabolism and proliferation following surgery. A range of emerging therapies for FECD including cell therapies, gene therapies, tissue engineered scaffolds, and pharmaceuticals are in preclinical and clinical trials. Unlike conventional disease management methods based on clinical presentations and family history, targeting FECD using scRNA-seq based precision-medicine has the potential to pinpoint the disease subtypes, mechanisms, stages, severities, and help clinicians in making the best decision for surgeries and the applications of therapeutics. In this review, we first discuss the feasibility and potential of using scRNA-seq in clinical diagnostics for FECD, highlight advances from the latest clinical treatments and emerging therapies for FECD, integrate scRNA-seq results and clinical notes from our FECD patients and discuss the potential of applying alternative therapies to manage these cases clinically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gink N Yang
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Level 7, Peter Howson Wing, 32 Gisborne Street, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne and Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Yu B Y Sun
- Department of Anatomy and Development Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Philip Ke Roberts
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University Vienna, 18-20 Währinger Gürtel, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hothri Moka
- Mogrify Limited, 25 Cambridge Science Park Milton Road, Milton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Min K Sung
- Mogrify Limited, 25 Cambridge Science Park Milton Road, Milton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jesse Gardner-Russell
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Level 7, Peter Howson Wing, 32 Gisborne Street, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne and Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Layal El Wazan
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Level 7, Peter Howson Wing, 32 Gisborne Street, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne and Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Bridget Toussaint
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Level 7, Peter Howson Wing, 32 Gisborne Street, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne and Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Satheesh Kumar
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Level 7, Peter Howson Wing, 32 Gisborne Street, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne and Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Heather Machin
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Level 7, Peter Howson Wing, 32 Gisborne Street, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne and Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Lions Eye Donation Service, Level 7, Smorgon Family Wing, 32 Gisborne Street, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Gregory J Dusting
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Level 7, Peter Howson Wing, 32 Gisborne Street, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne and Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Geraint J Parfitt
- Mogrify Limited, 25 Cambridge Science Park Milton Road, Milton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Kathryn Davidson
- Department of Anatomy and Development Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Elaine W Chong
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Level 7, Peter Howson Wing, 32 Gisborne Street, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne and Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Ophthalmology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Karl D Brown
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Level 7, Peter Howson Wing, 32 Gisborne Street, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne and Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jose M Polo
- Department of Anatomy and Development Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Mark Daniell
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Level 7, Peter Howson Wing, 32 Gisborne Street, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne and Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Lions Eye Donation Service, Level 7, Smorgon Family Wing, 32 Gisborne Street, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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Kahale F, Alemi H, Naderi A, Deshpande N, Lee S, Wang S, Singh RB, Dohlman T, Yin J, Jurkunas U, Dana R. Neuropeptide alpha-Melanocyte stimulating hormone preserves corneal endothelial morphology in a murine model of Fuchs dystrophy. Sci Rep 2024; 14:18842. [PMID: 39138334 PMCID: PMC11322312 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-69416-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy is a heterogenous disease with multifactorial etiology, and genetic, epigenetic, and exogenous factors contributing to its pathogenesis. DNA damage plays a significant role, with ultraviolet-A (UV-A) emerging as a key contributing factor. We investigate the potential application of neuropeptide α-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH) in mitigating oxidative stress induced endothelial damage. First, we examined the effects of α-MSH on a cultured human corneal endothelial cell line (HCEnC-21T) exposed to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) induced oxidative DNA damage. We performed immunofluorescence and flow cytometry to assess DNA damage and cell death in the cultured cells. Additionally, we used an established mouse model that utilizes ultraviolet light to induce corneal endothelial cell damage resulting in decreased CEnC number, increased cell size variability, and decreased percentage of hexagonal cells. This endothelial decompensation leads to an increase in corneal thickness. Following UV-A exposure, the mice were systemically treated with α-MSH, either immediately after exposure (early treatment) or beginning two weeks post-exposure (delayed treatment). To evaluate treatment efficacy, we analyzed CEnC density and morphology using in vivo confocal microscopy, and central corneal thickness using anterior segment optical coherence tomography. Our findings demonstrated that α-MSH treatment effectively protects HCEnC-21T from free-radical induced oxidative DNA damage and subsequent cell death. In vivo, α-MSH treatment, mitigated the loss of CEnC density, deterioration of cell morphology and suppression of the resultant corneal swelling. These results underline the potential application of α-MSH as a therapeutic agent for mitigating corneal endothelial damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Kahale
- Laboratory of Corneal Immunology, Transplantation and Regeneration, Department of Ophthalmology, Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, 20 Staniford Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Hamid Alemi
- Laboratory of Corneal Immunology, Transplantation and Regeneration, Department of Ophthalmology, Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, 20 Staniford Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Amirreza Naderi
- Laboratory of Corneal Immunology, Transplantation and Regeneration, Department of Ophthalmology, Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, 20 Staniford Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Neha Deshpande
- Laboratory of Corneal Immunology, Transplantation and Regeneration, Department of Ophthalmology, Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, 20 Staniford Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Seokjoo Lee
- Laboratory of Corneal Immunology, Transplantation and Regeneration, Department of Ophthalmology, Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, 20 Staniford Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Shudan Wang
- Laboratory of Corneal Immunology, Transplantation and Regeneration, Department of Ophthalmology, Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, 20 Staniford Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Rohan Bir Singh
- Laboratory of Corneal Immunology, Transplantation and Regeneration, Department of Ophthalmology, Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, 20 Staniford Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Thomas Dohlman
- Laboratory of Corneal Immunology, Transplantation and Regeneration, Department of Ophthalmology, Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, 20 Staniford Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Jia Yin
- Laboratory of Corneal Immunology, Transplantation and Regeneration, Department of Ophthalmology, Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, 20 Staniford Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Ula Jurkunas
- Laboratory of Corneal Immunology, Transplantation and Regeneration, Department of Ophthalmology, Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, 20 Staniford Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Reza Dana
- Laboratory of Corneal Immunology, Transplantation and Regeneration, Department of Ophthalmology, Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, 20 Staniford Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.
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Mercado C, Hernández C, Lopez-Rojas C, De La Sen-Corcuera B, Anitua E, Barraquer JI, Gutiérrez A, Otero E, Sabater AL. Safety of intraoperative autologous plasma incubation of corneal grafts for reducing endothelial cell loss: a pilot study. Front Med (Lausanne) 2024; 11:1368117. [PMID: 39188872 PMCID: PMC11345243 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2024.1368117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Background/aims Corneal endothelial cell loss contributes to transplant failure. Autologous plasma products (APP) activate salvaging pathways that can prevent oxidative stress perioperatively. This study aimed to evaluate the safety of intraoperative incubation of full-thickness corneal grafts in platelet-rich plasma (aPRP) and plasma rich in growth factors (PRGF-Endoret) in mitigating postoperative corneal endothelial cell loss (ECL). Methods Pilot study including patients undergoing penetrating keratoplasty (PK) for various indications between June 2021 and December 2022. Patients were randomly assigned to receive either aPRP or PRGF-Endoret incubation, while those who declined intervention served as the control group. Demographic and clinical data were collected, including preoperative and postoperative endothelial cell count, intraocular pressure, pachymetry, and adverse reactions. Results Thirty individuals who underwent PK completed follow-up: eight from the aPRP group, 10 from the PRGF-Endoret group, and 12 from the control group. No adverse events related to APP treatment were recorded. In the first and third postoperative months, the APP group had significantly lower ECL percentages (37% vs. 25%, p = 0.02, and 44% vs. 33%, p = 0.02, respectively); this trend was maintained in the sixth month. When stratified, the PRGF-Endoret group showed significant differences in ECL reduction compared to controls at both time points (p = 0.03 and p = 0.05, respectively). The aPRP group showed a similar statistically significant outcome exclusively on the third postoperative month (p = 0.04). APP tended to reduce corneal edema faster than controls. Hexagonality was significantly better in the APP groups in the first and third months, particularly in the PRGF-Endoret group (p < 0.005). Conclusion Preoperative incubation with APP is safe and promotes better endothelial cell quality and quantity in the early postoperative period following PK. These findings suggest a potential clinical benefit in enhancing graft outcomes and warrant further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Mercado
- Escuela Superior de Oftalmología, Instituto Barraquer de América, Bogota, Colombia
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Cesar Hernández
- Escuela Superior de Oftalmología, Instituto Barraquer de América, Bogota, Colombia
| | - Carolina Lopez-Rojas
- Escuela Superior de Oftalmología, Instituto Barraquer de América, Bogota, Colombia
| | - Borja De La Sen-Corcuera
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine and Oral Implantology, Vitoria, Spain
- Biotechnology Institute (BTI), Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Eduardo Anitua
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine and Oral Implantology, Vitoria, Spain
- Biotechnology Institute (BTI), Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | | | - Angela Gutiérrez
- Escuela Superior de Oftalmología, Instituto Barraquer de América, Bogota, Colombia
| | - Ernesto Otero
- Escuela Superior de Oftalmología, Instituto Barraquer de América, Bogota, Colombia
| | - Alfonso L. Sabater
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
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Rowe-Rendleman C, Eveleth D, Goldberg JL, Jurkunas U, Okumura N, Dawson D, Sawant OB. Development of Anterior Segment Focused Biologic Therapies to Regenerate Corneal Tissue for the Treatment of Disease: Drug Development Experience. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2023; 39:551-562. [PMID: 37733302 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2023.0044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
On February 24-27, 2021, the Association for Ocular Pharmacology and Therapeutics (AOPT) held its 15th biennial scientific meeting online. The meeting was organized by Dr. Sanjoy Bhattacharya of the University of Miami in conjunction with the board of trustees of the AOPT. The 3-day conference was attended by academic scientists, clinicians, and industry and regulatory professionals. The theme of the meeting was Restoring Vision through Regeneration and it was sponsored, in part, by the National Institutes of Health, Bright Focus, Regeneron, and Santen (USA). During the 3 days of the meeting, presentations from several sessions explored different aspects of regenerative medicine in ophthalmology, including optic nerve regeneration, drugs and devices in glaucoma, retinal neuroprotection and plasticity, visual perception, and degeneration of trabecular meshwork. This article summarizes the proceedings of the session on corneal regenerative medicine research and discusses emerging concepts in drug development for corneal epithelial and endothelial regeneration. Since the meeting in 2021, several of these concepts have advanced to clinical-stage therapies, but so far as of 2023, none has been approved by regional regulatory authorities in the United States. One form of corneal endothelial cell therapy has been approved in Japan and only for bullous keratopathy. Ongoing work is proceeding in the United States and other countries. Clinical Registration No: National Clinical Trials 04894110, 04812667; Japan Registry for Clinical Trials a031210199.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ula Jurkunas
- Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | - Onkar B Sawant
- Center for Vision and Eye Banking Research, Eversight, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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Pizzuto S, Duffey G, Weant J, Eveleth D. Acceleration of Regeneration of the Corneal Endothelial Layer After Descemet Stripping Induced by the Engineered FGF TTHX1114 in Human Corneas in Organ Culture. Cornea 2023; 42:232-242. [PMID: 35942526 PMCID: PMC9797199 DOI: 10.1097/ico.0000000000003098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Revised: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Descemet stripping only (DSO, descemetorhexis without endothelial keratoplasty) is increasing in clinical use but can impose long recovery times. The objective of this research was to determine whether TTHX1114, an engineered analog of FGF1, could accelerate healing in corneas after DSO. METHODS Corneas obtained from eye banks were placed into suspension culture and subjected to DSO with a procedure comparable with that used clinically. The healing of the stripped area and the regeneration of the corneal endothelial cell (CEC) layer were evaluated intermittently for 14 days using trypan blue staining, alizarin red staining, and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Corneas subjected to DSO showed about 30% of the stripped area healed after 14 days in culture while those treated with TTHX1114 healed 81%. The healed area was similar in both normal corneas and corneas judged by the eye banks to be dystrophic. The regeneration of the endothelial layer in the stripped area was substantially more complete in TTHX1114-treated corneas, most of which demonstrated a contiguous monolayer of CECs expressing ZO-1 at the cell-cell junctions. In corneas not subject to DSO, incorporation of EdU, a marker of proliferation, was stimulated by TTHX1114 treatment. CONCLUSIONS The corneal organ culture model recapitulated clinical observations of DSO, only with much more rapid recovery. Within the immediate postsurgical time frame of 2 weeks, treatment with TTHX1114 stimulated near-total regeneration of the CEC layer, suggesting that TTHX1114 may be useful as an adjunct to DSO.
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Ornitz DM, Itoh N. New developments in the biology of fibroblast growth factors. WIREs Mech Dis 2022; 14:e1549. [PMID: 35142107 PMCID: PMC10115509 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family is composed of 18 secreted signaling proteins consisting of canonical FGFs and endocrine FGFs that activate four receptor tyrosine kinases (FGFRs 1-4) and four intracellular proteins (intracellular FGFs or iFGFs) that primarily function to regulate the activity of voltage-gated sodium channels and other molecules. The canonical FGFs, endocrine FGFs, and iFGFs have been reviewed extensively by us and others. In this review, we briefly summarize past reviews and then focus on new developments in the FGF field since our last review in 2015. Some of the highlights in the past 6 years include the use of optogenetic tools, viral vectors, and inducible transgenes to experimentally modulate FGF signaling, the clinical use of small molecule FGFR inhibitors, an expanded understanding of endocrine FGF signaling, functions for FGF signaling in stem cell pluripotency and differentiation, roles for FGF signaling in tissue homeostasis and regeneration, a continuing elaboration of mechanisms of FGF signaling in development, and an expanding appreciation of roles for FGF signaling in neuropsychiatric diseases. This article is categorized under: Cardiovascular Diseases > Molecular and Cellular Physiology Neurological Diseases > Molecular and Cellular Physiology Congenital Diseases > Stem Cells and Development Cancer > Stem Cells and Development.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Ornitz
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Nobuyuki Itoh
- Kyoto University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sakyo, Kyoto, Japan
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Wang Y, Jin C, Tian H, Xu J, Chen J, Hu S, Li Q, Lu L, Ou Q, Xu GT, Cui H. CHIR99021 balance TGFβ1 induced human corneal endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition to favor corneal endothelial cell proliferation. Exp Eye Res 2022; 219:108939. [PMID: 35150734 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2022.108939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 01/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Corneal endothelial cells (CECs) play a major role in the maintenance of stromal hydration via the barrier and pump function for clear vision. Adult CEC cannot regenerate after injury. CECs cultured in vitro can undergo mitosis but may undergo corneal endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EnMT) and lose their endothelial characteristics. In this study, we examined the effects of CHIR99201 on transforming growth factor beta-1(TGFβ1)-induced EnMT in human CEC (hCECs) lines. CHIR99021 kept hCECs in the hexagonal shape and could downregulate the EnMT markers alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and fibronectin (FN1), meanwhile maintained the hCECs function markers Na+/K+-ATPase and zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) at levels comparable to those in the normal control. Interestingly, we found that the combination of CHIR99021 and TGFβ1 at appropriate concentrations would significantly promote the proliferation and migration of hCECs. These effects may be related to the inhibition of RhoA or Rac1, as well as the activation of Wnt and Erk pathway, with a calcium homeostasis. Our findings indicate that CHIR99021 inhibit EnMT and that the combination of CHIR99021 and TGFβ1 may provide new ideas for corneal endothelial regeneration and wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiran Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology of Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200123, China
| | - Caixia Jin
- Department of Ophthalmology of Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Haibin Tian
- Department of Ophthalmology of Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingying Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology of Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology of Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200123, China
| | - Shuqin Hu
- Department of Ophthalmology of Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200123, China
| | - Qian Li
- Department of Ophthalmology of Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200123, China
| | - Lixia Lu
- Department of Ophthalmology of Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qingjian Ou
- Department of Ophthalmology of Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Guo-Tong Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology of Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Hongping Cui
- Department of Ophthalmology of Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200123, China.
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10
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Dhanushkodi NR, Srivastava R, Coulon PGA, Prakash S, Roy S, Bagnol D, David ED, BenMohamed L. Healing of Ocular Herpetic Disease Following Treatment With an Engineered FGF-1 Is Associated With Increased Corneal Anti-Inflammatory M2 Macrophages. Front Immunol 2021; 12:673763. [PMID: 34054858 PMCID: PMC8158292 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.673763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) infects the cornea and caused blinding ocular disease. In the present study, we evaluated whether and how a novel engineered version of fibroblast growth factor-1 (FGF-1), designated as TTHX1114, would reduce the severity of HSV-1-induced and recurrent ocular herpes in the mouse model. The efficacy of TTHX1114 against corneal keratopathy was assessed in B6 mice following corneal infection with HSV-1, strain McKrae. Starting day one post infection (PI), mice received TTHX1114 for 14 days. The severity of primary stromal keratitis and blepharitis were monitored up to 28 days PI. Inflammatory cell infiltrating infected corneas were characterized up to day 21 PI. The severity of recurrent herpetic disease was quantified in latently infected B6 mice up to 30 days post-UVB corneal exposure. The effect of TTHX1114 on M1 and M2 macrophage polarization was determined in vivo in mice and in vitro on primary human monocytes-derived macrophages. Compared to HSV-1 infected non-treated mice, the infected and TTHX1114 treated mice exhibited significant reduction of primary and recurrent stromal keratitis and blepharitis, without affecting virus corneal replication. The therapeutic effect of TTHX1114 was associated with a significant decrease in the frequency of M1 macrophages infiltrating the cornea, which expressed significantly lower levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. This polarization toward M2 phenotype was confirmed in vitro on human primary macrophages. This pre-clinical finding suggests use of this engineered FGF-1 as a novel immunotherapeutic regimen to reduce primary and recurrent HSV-1-induced corneal disease in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisha R Dhanushkodi
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, School of Medicine, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Ruchi Srivastava
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, School of Medicine, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Pierre-Gregoire A Coulon
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, School of Medicine, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Swayam Prakash
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, School of Medicine, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Soumyabrata Roy
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, School of Medicine, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Didier Bagnol
- Trefoil Therapeutics, Inc., San Diego, CA, United States
| | | | - Lbachir BenMohamed
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, School of Medicine, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States.,Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States.,School of Medicine, Institute for Immunology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
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Weant J, Eveleth DD, Subramaniam A, Jenkins-Eveleth J, Blaber M, Li L, Ornitz DM, Alimardanov A, Broadt T, Dong H, Vyas V, Yang X, Bradshaw RA. Regenerative responses of rabbit corneal endothelial cells to stimulation by fibroblast growth factor 1 (FGF1) derivatives, TTHX1001 and TTHX1114. Growth Factors 2021; 39:14-27. [PMID: 34879776 DOI: 10.1080/08977194.2021.2012468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Utilising rabbit corneal endothelial cells (CEC) in three different paradigms, two human FGF1 derivatives (TTHX1001 and TTHX1114), engineered to exhibit greater stability, were tested as proliferative agents. Primary CECs and mouse NIH 3T3 cells treated with the two FGF1 derivatives showed equivalent EC50 ranges (3.3-24 vs.1.9-16. ng/mL) and, in organ culture, chemically lesioned corneas regained half of the lost endothelial layer in three days after treatment with the FGF1 derivatives as compared to controls. In vivo, following cryolesioning, the CEC monolayer, as judged by specular microscopy, regenerated 10-11 days faster when treated with TTHX1001. Over two weeks, all treated eyes showed clearing of opacity about twice that of untreated controls. In all three rabbit models, both FGF1 derivatives were effective in inducing CEC proliferation over control conditions, supporting the prediction that these stabilised FGF1 derivatives can potentially regenerate corneal endothelial deficits in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Michael Blaber
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, USA
| | - Ling Li
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - David M Ornitz
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Asaf Alimardanov
- Therapeutics Development Branch, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Trevor Broadt
- Biopharmaceutical Development Program, Advanced Technology Research Facility, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research (FNLCR), Leidos Biomedical Research Inc, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Hui Dong
- Biopharmaceutical Development Program, Advanced Technology Research Facility, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research (FNLCR), Leidos Biomedical Research Inc, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Vinay Vyas
- Biopharmaceutical Development Program, Advanced Technology Research Facility, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research (FNLCR), Leidos Biomedical Research Inc, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Xiaoyi Yang
- Biopharmaceutical Development Program, Advanced Technology Research Facility, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research (FNLCR), Leidos Biomedical Research Inc, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Ralph A Bradshaw
- Trefoil Therapeutics, Inc, San Diego, CA, USA
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
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