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Beauverd M, Mazzoli M, Pralong J, Tomczyk M, Eychmüller S, Gaertner J. Palliative sedation - revised recommendations. Swiss Med Wkly 2024; 154:3590. [PMID: 38579308 DOI: 10.57187/s.3590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Palliative sedation is defined as the monitored use of medications intended to induce a state of decreased or absent awareness (unconsciousness) to relieve the burden of otherwise intractable suffering in a manner ethically acceptable to the patient, their family, and healthcare providers. In Switzerland, the prevalence of continuous deep sedation until death increased from 4.7% in 2001 to 17.5% of all deceased in 2013, depending on the research method used and on regional variations. Yet, these numbers may be overestimated due to a lack of understanding of the term "continuous deep sedation" by for example respondents of the questionnaire-based study. Inadequately trained and inexperienced healthcare professionals may incorrectly or inappropriately perform palliative sedation due to uncertainties regarding its definitions and practice. Therefore, the expert members of the Bigorio group and the authors of this manuscript believe that national recommendations should be published and made available to healthcare professionals to provide practical, terminological, and ethical guidance. The Bigorio group is the working group of the Swiss Palliative Care Society whose task is to publish clinical recommendations at a national level in Switzerland. These recommendations aim to provide guidance on the most critical questions and issues related to palliative sedation. The Swiss Society of Palliative Care (palliative.ch) mandated a writing board comprising four clinical experts (three physicians and one ethicist) and two national academic experts to revise the 2005 Bigorio guidelines. A first draft was created based on a narrative literature review, which was internally reviewed by five academic institutions (Lausanne, Geneva, Bern, Zürich, and Basel) and the heads of all working groups of the Swiss Society of Palliative Care before finalising the guidelines. The following themes are discussed regarding palliative sedation: (a) definitions and clinical aspects, (b) the decision-making process, (c) communication with patients and families, (d) patient monitoring, (e) pharmacological approaches, and (f) ethical and controversial issues. Palliative sedation must be practised with clinical and ethical accuracy and competence to avoid harm and ethically questionable use. Specialist palliative care teams should be consulted before initiating palliative sedation to avoid overlooking other potential treatment options for the patient's symptoms and suffering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Beauverd
- Service de soins palliatifs et de support, Département de médecine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Martyna Tomczyk
- Institute of Humanities in Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Steffen Eychmüller
- Universitäres Zentrum für Palliative Care (UZP), Inselspital, University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jan Gaertner
- Palliative Care Center Hildegard, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel, Switzerland
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Fredheim OM, Materstvedt LJ, Skulberg I, Magelssen M. Ought the level of sedation to be reduced during deep palliative sedation? A clinical and ethical analysis. BMJ Support Palliat Care 2024; 13:e984-e989. [PMID: 34686524 PMCID: PMC10850687 DOI: 10.1136/bmjspcare-2021-003081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Deep palliative sedation (DPS) is applied as a response to refractory suffering at the end of life when symptoms cannot be relieved in an awake state. DPS entails a dilemma of whether to provide uninterrupted sedation-in which case DPS would turn into deep and continuous palliative sedation (DCPS) -to minimise the risk that any further intolerable suffering will occur or whether to pause sedation to avoid unnecessary sedation. DPS is problematic in that it leaves the patient 'socially dead' by eradicating their autonomy and conscious experiences. AIM To perform a normative ethical analysis of whether guidelines should recommend attempting to elevate consciousness during DPS. DESIGN A structured analysis based on the four principles of healthcare ethics and consideration of stakeholders' interests. RESULTS When DPS is initiated it reflects that symptom relief is valued above the patient's ability to exercise autonomy and experience social interaction. However, if a decrease in symptom burden occurs, waking could be performed without patients experiencing suffering. Such pausing of deep sedation would satisfy the principles of autonomy and beneficence. Certain patients require substantial dose increases to maintain sedation. Waking such patients risks causing distressing symptoms. This does not happen if deep sedation is kept uninterrupted. Thus, the principle of non-maleficence points towards not pausing sedation. The authors' clinical ethics analysis demonstrates why other stakeholders' interests do not appear to override arguments in favour of providing uninterrupted sedation. CONCLUSION Stopping or pausing DPS should always be considered, but should not be routinely attempted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olav Magnus Fredheim
- Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Palliative Medicine, Akershus University Hospital, Lorenskog, Norway
- National Competence Centre for Complex Symptom Disorders, Department of Pain and Complex Disorders, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Lars Johan Materstvedt
- Department of Philosophy and Religious Studies, Faculty of Humanities, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
- Glasgow End of Life Studies Group, School of Interdisciplinary Studies, University of Glasgow, Dumfries Campus, Dumfries, Scotland, UK
| | - Ingeborg Skulberg
- Department of Palliative Medicine, Akershus University Hospital, Lorenskog, Norway
| | - Morten Magelssen
- Centre for Medical Ethics, Institute of Health and Society, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- MF Norwegian School of Theology, Religion and Society, Oslo, Norway
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Dieudonné Rahm N, Kemicha T, Papasokrati L, Pautex S. Long-Term Dexmedetomidine Use and Safety Profile in Palliative Care: A Case Report. J Palliat Med 2023. [PMID: 36603112 DOI: 10.1089/jpm.2022.0496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a lack of report of conscious sedation used as a last resort therapy for alleviating severe symptoms. To achieve this goal, dexmedetomidine appears to be a promising option. We report a case of successful two-month long treatment of intravenous (IV) dexmedetomidine added to hydromorphone for intractable cancer pain, restlessness, severe sleep disorder, anxiety, and craving symptoms in a 40-year-old man with active polysubstance use, receiving escalating doses of opioids for intractable abdominal cancer pain together with benzodiazepines. Under dexmedetomidine infusion at 1.2 μg/kg/hour, his symptoms markedly decreased. He could sleep at night and find respite during the day while continuing walking, eating, and other activities. Long-term conscious sedation with IV dexmedetomidine was well tolerated. We did not observe anxiety or agitation rebound during short periods of discontinuation of the infusion. Neither side effects nor tolerance were observed over time. Further research is needed to investigate the indications for conscious sedation and analgesia with dexmedetomidine in palliative patients with a prognosis that is longer than few weeks or uncertain.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Dieudonné Rahm
- Division of Palliative Medicine, Department of Rehabilitation and Geriatrics, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Tijani Kemicha
- Division of Palliative Medicine, Department of Rehabilitation and Geriatrics, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Lida Papasokrati
- Division of Palliative Medicine, Department of Rehabilitation and Geriatrics, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sophie Pautex
- Division of Palliative Medicine, Department of Rehabilitation and Geriatrics, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
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Belar A, Arantzamendi M, Payne S, Preston N, Rijpstra M, Hasselaar J, Radbruch L, Vanderelst M, Ling J, Centeno C. How to measure the effects and potential adverse events of palliative sedation? An integrative review. Palliat Med 2021; 35:295-314. [PMID: 33307989 PMCID: PMC7897792 DOI: 10.1177/0269216320974264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Palliative sedation is the monitored use of medications intended to relieve refractory suffering. The assessment of palliative sedation has been focused on the assess of the level of consciousness but a more comprehensive approach to assessment is needed. AIM To understand how the potential effects and possible adverse events of palliative sedation in Palliative Care patients are measured. DESIGN Integrative review of most recent empirical research. DATA SOURCES Cochrane Library, Embase, Medline, PubMed, and CINAHL were searched (2010-2020) using the terms sedation, palliative care, terminal care, assessment. Limits included studies in English and adults. Inclusion criteria were: scientific assessment papers, effects and complications of palliative sedation; patients with incurable illness. RESULTS Out of 588 titles, 26 fulfilled inclusion criteria. The Discomfort Scale-Dementia of Alzheimer Type and Patient Comfort Score were used to assess comfort. The Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale and The Ramsay Sedation Scale are the most used to measure its effect. Refractory symptoms were assessed through multi-symptom or specific scales; except for psychological or existential distress. Delirium was assessed using the Memorial Delirium Assessment Scale and pain through the Critical Care Pain Observation Tool. The use of technical approaches to monitor effects is upcoming. There is lack of measurement of possible adverse events and variability in timing measurement. CONCLUSIONS There are palliative care validated instruments to assess the sedation effect but this review shows the need for a more standardized approach when assessing it. Instruments should be used within an experienced and trained expert, providing a holistic assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alazne Belar
- Institute for Culture and Society-ATLANTES, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- IdISNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - María Arantzamendi
- Institute for Culture and Society-ATLANTES, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- IdISNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Sheila Payne
- Division of Health Research, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | - Nancy Preston
- Division of Health Research, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | - Maaike Rijpstra
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Pain, Palliative Medicine, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Hasselaar
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Pain, Palliative Medicine, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Lukas Radbruch
- Department of Palliative Medicine, Universitaetsklinikum Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Michael Vanderelst
- Department of Oncology, Laboratory of experimental radiotherapy, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Flanders, Belgium
| | - Julie Ling
- European Association of Palliative Care, Vilvoorde, Belgium
| | - Carlos Centeno
- Institute for Culture and Society-ATLANTES, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- IdISNA, Pamplona, Spain
- Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Departamento Medicina Paliativa, Pamplona, Spain
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Zielińska A, Włodarczyk M, Makaro A, Sałaga M, Fichna J. Management of pain in colorectal cancer patients. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2020; 157:103122. [PMID: 33171427 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2020.103122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review we focus on the pathophysiology of CRC-related pain and discuss currently applied pain management. Pain is a symptom reported by over 70 % of colorectal cancer (CRC) patients. It remains a feared and debilitating consequence of both cancer and cancer-related treatment. There are many options for pain management in CRC, consisting of intravenous, oral or topical medications. In order to address the full spectrum of pain, proper treatment should address the nociceptive, neuropathic and/or psychogenic pain component. Currently available methods do not bring pain relief to satisfying number of patients and, if used improperly, can cause a number of complications. Therefore, future treatments should focus primarily on alleviating pain, but also on reducing possible side effects. In this article we cover recent and promising pharmacological and non- pharmacological developments emerging in the field of CRC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Zielińska
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Poland
| | - Marcin Włodarczyk
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Poland; Department of General and Colorectal Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Poland
| | - Adam Makaro
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Poland
| | - Maciej Sałaga
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Poland
| | - Jakub Fichna
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Poland.
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Twycross R. A Response to Clinical Patterns of Continuous and Intermittent Palliative Sedation in Patients With Terminal Cancer: A Descriptive, Observational Study by Young-Woong Won Et Al. J Pain Symptom Manage 2020; 59:e1-e2. [PMID: 32007487 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2020.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Booker R, Bruce A. Palliative sedation and medical assistance in dying: Distinctly different or simply semantics? Nurs Inq 2019; 27:e12321. [PMID: 31756038 PMCID: PMC9285680 DOI: 10.1111/nin.12321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Medical assistance in dying (MAiD) and palliative sedation (PS) are both legal options in Canada that may be considered by patients experiencing intolerable and unmanageable suffering. A contentious, lively debate has been ongoing in the literature regarding the similarities and differences between MAiD and PS. The aim of this paper is to explore the propositions that MAiD and PS are essentially similar and conversely that MAiD and PS are distinctly different. The relevance of such a debate is apparent for clinicians and patients alike. Understanding the complex and multi‐faceted nuances between PS and MAiD allows patients and caregivers to make more informed decisions pertaining to end‐of‐life care. It is hoped that this paper will also serve to foster further debate and consideration of the issues associated with PS and MAiD with a view to improve patient care and the quality of both living and dying in Canada.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reanne Booker
- Palliative and End-of-Life Care Services, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Tom Baker Cancer Centre, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Anne Bruce
- School of Nursing, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
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Fischer T, Hosie A, Luckett T, Agar M, Phillips J. Strategies for Pain Assessment in Adult Patients With Delirium: A Scoping Review. J Pain Symptom Manage 2019; 58:487-502.e11. [PMID: 31195076 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2019.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Pain and delirium are highly prevalent in the same patient groups. Disturbances in attention, awareness, and cognition are characteristics for delirium and can compromise pain assessment. OBJECTIVES The aim of this review was to examine and map models and understandings of pain and delirium as well as pain assessment instruments and strategies for adult patients with delirium. METHODS A scoping review of all publications that reported on pain assessment in adult patients with delirium was conducted with no time and language constraints, searching Medline, CINAHL, Scopus, Embase, and PsycINFO and systematically assessing for inclusion. Standardized data extraction and a narrative synthesis followed. RESULTS A total of 90 publications were included in the final analysis. Despite being recommended for practice, no evidence for the use of self-report or behavioral pain assessment instruments in patients with delirium was identified, with the exception of limited evidence for the validity of the Critical Care Pain Observation Tool and Behavioral Pain Scale in delirious intensive care patients. Proxy ratings of pain and comprehensive pain assessment hierarchies were also recommended, but not supported by evidence. Current models and/or understandings of pain and delirium were not applied in most publications. CONCLUSION The current literature is insufficient to guide clinical practice in pain assessment in patients with delirium. Future research will be needed to address the validity of existing pain assessment instruments, apply theoretical and conceptual understandings of pain and delirium, and build on prior studies to close evidence gaps.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Annmarie Hosie
- IMPACCT-Improving Palliative, Aged and Chronic Care through Clinical Research and Translation, Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, Australia
| | - Tim Luckett
- IMPACCT-Improving Palliative, Aged and Chronic Care through Clinical Research and Translation, Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, Australia
| | - Meera Agar
- IMPACCT-Improving Palliative, Aged and Chronic Care through Clinical Research and Translation, Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, Australia
| | - Jane Phillips
- IMPACCT-Improving Palliative, Aged and Chronic Care through Clinical Research and Translation, Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, Australia
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Won YW, Chun HS, Seo M, Kim RB, Kim JH, Kang JH. Clinical Patterns of Continuous and Intermittent Palliative Sedation in Patients With Terminal Cancer: A Descriptive, Observational Study. J Pain Symptom Manage 2019; 58:65-71. [PMID: 31026509 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2019.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 04/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Limited information is available regarding the detailed clinical patterns of palliative sedation (PS), that is, the symptom control rate, salvage medication, and the effectiveness of intermittent PS (IPS) versus continuous PS (CPS). OBJECTIVES The primary aim was to investigate clinical outcomes of PS in a real clinical setting. METHODS Clinical information was prospectively collected for patients who were treated according to a prescribed protocol and assessment tools in a hospice unit affiliated with a tertiary cancer center between September 2015 and March 2017. Data were analyzed retrospectively. Midazolam was used as the first medication for PS, and propofol and phenobarbital were subsequently used as salvage medications. Indications of PS, the depth of sedation, the quality of sleep, and the level of consciousness were assessed. RESULTS A total of 306 patients were enrolled, 89 of whom (29.1%) received PS. No difference in survival time was found between patients with and without PS (median survival, 34.0 vs 25.0 days, P = 0.109). Delirium was the most common indication of PS. The symptoms of 73 (82.0%) of 89 patients with PS were relieved with midazolam. Twelve (75.0%) of 16 midazolam-failure patients responded to propofol, five of whom (31%) exhibited respiratory depression. Of the 89 patients receiving PS, 61 (68.5%) received IPS and 28 patients (31.5%) received CPS. The median survival times from PS initiation to death were six days in the IPS group and one day in the CPS group (P < 0.001). Interestingly, consciousness levels were significantly improved after IPS in the delirium group compared with those in the other group (41.7% vs 16.7%, P = 0.002). CONCLUSION The refractory symptoms of end-of-life patients with cancer can ultimately be relieved with various medications for PS. IPS may improve the consciousness level of patients with delirium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Woong Won
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hanyang University Guri Hospital, Guri, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Sook Chun
- Department of Nursing, Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Minjeong Seo
- College of Nursing, Gerontological Health Research Center in Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Rock Bum Kim
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Environmental Health, Institute of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Hoon Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Hun Kang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Jinju, Republic of Korea; Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea.
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Ciancio AL, Mirza RM, Ciancio AA, Klinger CA. The Use of Palliative Sedation to Treat Existential Suffering: A Scoping Review on Practices, Ethical Considerations, and Guidelines. J Palliat Care 2019; 35:13-20. [DOI: 10.1177/0825859719827585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Context: Though palliative sedation has been recognized as an acceptable practice in Canada for many years now, there is a lack of clinical research and guidelines pertaining to its use as a treatment of existential refractory symptoms in the terminally ill. Objectives: This scoping review aimed to survey the literature surrounding palliative sedation and existential suffering and to inform research, policy, and practice. Methods: To address the main research question: Is palliative sedation an acceptable intervention to treat existential refractory symptoms in adults aged 65 and older? a scoping review following Arksey and O’Malley’s framework was performed, spanning electronic databases of the peer reviewed and grey literature. Articles were screened for inclusion, and a thematic content analysis allowed for a summary of key findings. Results: Out of 427 search results, 71 full text articles were obtained, 20 of which were included. Out of these articles, four themes were identified as key findings. These included: (1) Ethical considerations; (2) The role of the health care provider; looking specifically at the impact on nurses; (3) The need for multidisciplinary care teams; and (4) Existential suffering’s connection to religiosity and spirituality. Conclusion: Palliative sedation to treat existential refractory symptoms was labelled a controversial practice. A shortage of evidence-based resources limits the current literature’s ability to inform policy and clinical practice. There is a need for both qualitative and quantitative multi-center research so health care professionals and regional-level institutions have firm roots to establish proper policy and practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allysa L. Ciancio
- Health Studies Program, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Raza M. Mirza
- Institute for Life Course and Aging, Factor-Inwentash Faculty of Social Work, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- National Initiative for the Care of the Elderly (NICE), Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Amy A. Ciancio
- Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton General Hospital, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christopher A. Klinger
- Institute for Life Course and Aging, Factor-Inwentash Faculty of Social Work, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- National Initiative for the Care of the Elderly (NICE), Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Translational Research Program, Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Abstract
'Palliation sedation' is a widely used term to describe the intentional administration of sedatives to reduce a dying person's consciousness to relieve intolerable suffering from refractory symptoms. Research studies generally focus on either 'continuous sedation until death' or 'continuous deep sedation'. It is not always clear whether instances of secondary sedation (i.e. caused by specific symptom management) have been excluded. Continuous deep sedation is controversial because it ends a person's 'biographical life' (the ability to interact meaningfully with other people) and shortens 'biological life'. Ethically, continuous deep sedation is an exceptional last resort measure. Studies suggest that continuous deep sedation has become 'normalized' in some countries and some palliative care services. Of concern is the dissonance between guidelines and practice. At the extreme, there are reports of continuous deep sedation which are best described as non-voluntary (unrequested) euthanasia. Other major concerns relate to its use for solely non-physical (existential) reasons, the under-diagnosis of delirium and its mistreatment, and not appreciating that unresponsiveness is not the same as unconsciousness (unawareness). Ideally, a multiprofessional palliative care team should be involved before proceeding to continuous deep sedation. Good palliative care greatly reduces the need for continuous deep sedation.
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Eun Y, Hong IW, Bruera E, Kang JH. Qualitative Study on the Perceptions of Terminally Ill Cancer Patients and Their Family Members Regarding End-of-Life Experiences Focusing on Palliative Sedation. J Pain Symptom Manage 2017; 53:1010-1016. [PMID: 28192224 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2016.12.353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Revised: 10/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Patients with terminal cancer experience refractory symptoms in the last days of life. Although palliative sedation (PS) is recommended for patients suffering unbearable symptoms with imminent death, it requires clear communication between physicians and patients/caregivers. Understanding the demands and perceptions of patients and caregivers in the end-of-life phase are needed for effective communication. OBJECTIVE To explore patient experiences regarding end-of-life status and PS. METHODS The study was performed between October and December, 2013 with eligible terminal cancer patients and their families in a non-religious, tertiary healthcare facility in Korea. Eligibility criteria were a hospitalized cancer patient with a life expectancy of less than three months and who had never experienced PS. Data were collected via face-to-face in-depth interviews and analyzed using the constant comparative method of qualitative analysis. Saturation was achieved after conducting interviews with 13 patients or care-giving family members. RESULTS Enrolled patients raised the following issues: 1) simultaneously harboring the hope of prolonging life and wishing for a peaceful death, 2) experiencing difficulties in having honest conversations with caregivers regarding death, 3) possessing insufficient knowledge and information regarding PS, and 4) hoping for the decision on PS to be made before suffering becomes too great. CONCLUSION Terminally ill cancer patients and their caregivers expressed conflicting desires in hoping to prolong life and simultaneously wishing to experience a peaceful death. Improvements in the communications that occur among physicians, patients, and caregivers on the issues of prognosis and PS are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Eun
- College of Nursing, Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Korea
| | - In-Wha Hong
- Department of Nursing, Gyeongnam Provincial Geochang College, Korea
| | - Eduardo Bruera
- Department of Palliative Care and Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jung Hun Kang
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Korea.
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