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Cheng Y, Wu M, Xiao L, Zhang M, Huang B, Cong F, Yi L. Identificationof a novel linear epitope on the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus nucleocapsid protein, as recognized by a specific monoclonal antibody. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1165396. [PMID: 37143683 PMCID: PMC10151797 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1165396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) remains one of the most threatening pathogens of swine. The nucleocapsid (N) protein is the major structural protein of the virus and has been used as a PRRSV diagnostic antigen due to its high level of inherent immunogenicity. Methods The recombinant PRRSV N protein was generated by the prokaryotic expressing system and used to immunized mice. Monoclonal antibodies against PRRSV were produced and validated by western blot analysis and indirect immunofluorescence analysis. In this study, the linear epitope of a specific monoclonal antibody mAb (N06) was subsequently identified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) using the synthesized overlapping peptides as antigens. Results According to the results of western blot analysis and indirect immunofluorescence analysis, mAb (N06) was capable of recognizing the native form as well as the denatured form of PRRSV N protein. The results of ELISA showed that mAb N06 recognized the epitope NRKKNPEKPHFPLATE, which was consistent with BCPREDS predictions of antigenicity. Conclusion All the data suggested that the mAb (N06) can be used as diagnostic reagents for PRRSV detection, while the recognized linear epitope can be useful in epitope-based vaccines development, which is helpful for the control of local PRRSV infections in swine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuening Cheng
- Institute of Special Economic Animal and Plant Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Miaoli Wu
- Guangdong Laboratory Animals Monitoring Institute and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animals, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Xiao
- Guangdong Laboratory Animals Monitoring Institute and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animals, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mengdi Zhang
- Guangdong Laboratory Animals Monitoring Institute and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animals, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bihong Huang
- Guangdong Laboratory Animals Monitoring Institute and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animals, Guangzhou, China
| | - Feng Cong
- Guangdong Laboratory Animals Monitoring Institute and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animals, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Feng Cong, ; Li Yi,
| | - Li Yi
- Institute of Special Economic Animal and Plant Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
- *Correspondence: Feng Cong, ; Li Yi,
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Dong S, Kong N, Shen H, Li Y, Qin W, Zhai H, Zhai X, Yang X, Ye C, Ye M, Liu C, Yu L, Zhen H, Tong W, Yu H, Zhang W, Tong G, Shan T. KLF16 inhibits PEDV replication by activating the type I IFN signaling pathway. Vet Microbiol 2022; 274:109577. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2022.109577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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Dong S, Kong N, Qin W, Zhai H, Zhai X, Yang X, Ye C, Ye M, Liu C, Yu L, Zheng H, Tong W, Yu H, Zhang W, Li Y, Tong G, Shan T. ATG4B hinders porcine epidemic diarrhea virus replication through interacting with TRAF3 and activating type-I IFN signaling. Vet Microbiol 2022; 273:109544. [PMID: 36049346 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2022.109544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/13/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy-related 4B (ATG4B) is found to exert a vital function in viral replication, although the mechanism through which ATG4B activates type-I IFN signaling to hinder viral replication remains to be explained, so far. The current work revealed that ATG4B was downregulated in porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV)-infected LLC-PK1 cells. In addition, ATG4B overexpression inhibited PEDV replication in both Vero cells and LLC-PK1 cells. On the contrary, ATG4B knockdown facilitated PEDV replication. Moreover, ATG4B was observed to hinder PEDV replication by activating type-I IFN signaling. Further detailed analysis revealed that the ATG4B protein targeted and upregulated the TRAF3 protein to induce IFN expression via the TRAF3-pTBK1-pIRF3 pathway. The above data revealed a novel mechanism underlying the ATG4B-mediated viral restriction, thereby providing novel possibilities for preventing and controlling PEDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujie Dong
- College of Animal Science, Tarim University, Xinjiang, China; Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Ning Kong
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenzhen Qin
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Huanjie Zhai
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xueying Zhai
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinyu Yang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Chenqian Ye
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Manqing Ye
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Changlong Liu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Lingxue Yu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao Zheng
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Wu Tong
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Hai Yu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen Zhang
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Youwen Li
- College of Animal Science, Tarim University, Xinjiang, China.
| | - Guangzhi Tong
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China.
| | - Tongling Shan
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China.
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Kong N, Meng Q, Jiao Y, Wu Y, Zuo Y, Wang H, Sun D, Dong S, Zhai H, Tong W, Zheng H, Yu H, Tong G, Xu Y, Shan T. Identification of a novel B-cell epitope in the spike protein of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus. Virol J 2020; 17:46. [PMID: 32245493 PMCID: PMC7119268 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-020-01305-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) infection causes an acute enteric tract infectious disease characterized by vomiting, anorexia, dehydration, weight loss and high mortality in neonatal piglets. During PEDV infection, the spike protein (S) is a major virion structural protein interacting with receptors and inducing neutralizing antibodies. However, the neutralizing B-cell epitopes within PEDV S protein have not been well studied. Methods To accurately identify the important immunodominant region of S1, the purified truncated S1 proteins (SA, SB, SC, SD and SE) were used to immunize BALB/c mice to prepare polyclonal antibodies. The antisera titers were determined by indirect ELISA, western blot and IFA after four immunizations to find the important immunodominant region of S1, and then purified the immunodominant region of S1 protein and immunized mice to generate the special antibodies, and then used recombinant peptides to determine the B-cell epitopes of monoclonal antibodies. Results Five antisera of recombinant proteins of the spike protein region of PEDV were generated and we found that only the polyclonal antibody against part of the S1 region (signed as SE protein, residues 666–789) could recognize the native PEDV. Purified SE protein was used to immunize BALB/c mice and generate mAb 2E10. Pepscan of the SE protein demonstrated that SE16 (722SSTFNSTREL731) is the minimal linear epitope required for reactivity with the mAb 2E10. Further investigation indicated that the epitope SE16 was localized on the surface of PEDV S protein in the 3D structure. Conclusions A mAb 2E10 that is specifically bound to PEDV was generated and identified a specific linear B-cell epitope (SE16, 722SSTFNSTREL731) of the mAb. The epitope region of PEDV S1 localized in the different regions in comparison with the earlier identified epitopes. These findings enhance the understanding of the PEDV spike protein structure for vaccine design and provide a potential use for developing diagnostic methods to detect PEDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Kong
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiong Meng
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,College of Life Science, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, China
| | - Yajuan Jiao
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongguang Wu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yewen Zuo
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Hua Wang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Dage Sun
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Sujie Dong
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Huanjie Zhai
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Wu Tong
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Zheng
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Hai Yu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangzhi Tong
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongjie Xu
- College of Life Science, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, China.
| | - Tongling Shan
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China. .,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People's Republic of China.
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Kong N, Shan T, Wang H, Jiao Y, Zuo Y, Li L, Tong W, Yu L, Jiang Y, Zhou Y, Li G, Gao F, Yu H, Zheng H, Tong G. BST2 suppresses porcine epidemic diarrhea virus replication by targeting and degrading virus nucleocapsid protein with selective autophagy. Autophagy 2019; 16:1737-1752. [PMID: 31868081 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2019.1707487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon-induced BST2 (bone marrow stromal cell antigen 2) inhibits viral replication by tethering enveloped virions to the cell surface to restrict viral release and by inducing the NFKB-dependent antiviral immune response. However, the mechanism by which BST2 uses the selective autophagy pathway to inhibit viral replication is poorly understood. In this study, we showed that BST2 expression was significantly increased during porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) infection of Vero cells by IRF1 targeting its promoter. We also showed that BST2 suppressed PEDV replication by binding and degrading the PEDV-encoded nucleocapsid (N) protein. The downregulation of N protein was blocked by macroautophagy/autophagy inhibitors but not a proteasome inhibitor, implying that the N protein was degraded via the selective autophagy pathway. Both the BST2 and N protein interacted with the E3 ubiquitin ligase MARCHF8/MARCH8 and the cargo receptor CALCOCO2/NDP52, and the ubiquitination of N protein was necessary for the degradation of N mediated by the BST2-MARCHF8 axis. The knockdown of MARCHF8 or ATG5 with small interfering RNAs blocked the selective autophagy pathway, rescued the protein abundance of PEDV N in 293T cells, and prevented the inhibition of PEDV replication by BST2 in Vero cells. Together, our data demonstrate the novel mechanism of BST2-mediated virus restriction, in which BST2 recruits MARCHF8 to catalyze the ubiquitination of the PEDV N protein. The ubiquitinated N protein is then recognized by CALCOCO2/NDP52, which delivers it to autolysosome for degradation through the selective autophagy pathway. Abbreviations: 3MA: 3-methyladenine; ATG: autophagy-related; Baf A1: bafilomycin A1; BST2: bone marrow stromal cell antigen 2; CALCOCO2/NDP52: calcium binding and coiled-coil domain 2; CC: coiled-coil; ChIP: chromatin immunoprecipitation; Co-IP: co-immunoprecipitation; CQ: chloroquine; CT: cytoplasmic tail; DAPI: 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole; GPI: glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol; hpi: hours post infection; IRF1: interferon regulatory factor 1; ISG: IFN-stimulated gene; MAP1LC3/LC3: microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3; MARCHF8/MARCH8: membrane-associated ring-CH-type finger 8; MOI: multiplicity of infection; N protein: nucleocapsid protein; PED: porcine epidemic diarrhea; PEDV: porcine epidemic diarrhea virus; RT: room temperature; siRNA: small interfering RNA; STAT: signal transducer and activator of transcription; TCID50: 50% tissue culture infectious doses; TM: transmembrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Kong
- Department of Swine Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Shanghai, PR China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonose, Yangzhou University , Yangzhou, PR China
| | - Tongling Shan
- Department of Swine Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Shanghai, PR China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonose, Yangzhou University , Yangzhou, PR China
| | - Hua Wang
- Department of Swine Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Shanghai, PR China
| | - Yajuan Jiao
- Department of Swine Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Shanghai, PR China
| | - Yewen Zuo
- Department of Swine Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Shanghai, PR China
| | - Liwei Li
- Department of Swine Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Shanghai, PR China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonose, Yangzhou University , Yangzhou, PR China
| | - Wu Tong
- Department of Swine Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Shanghai, PR China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonose, Yangzhou University , Yangzhou, PR China
| | - Lingxue Yu
- Department of Swine Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Shanghai, PR China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonose, Yangzhou University , Yangzhou, PR China
| | - Yifeng Jiang
- Department of Swine Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Shanghai, PR China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonose, Yangzhou University , Yangzhou, PR China
| | - Yanjun Zhou
- Department of Swine Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Shanghai, PR China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonose, Yangzhou University , Yangzhou, PR China
| | - Guoxin Li
- Department of Swine Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Shanghai, PR China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonose, Yangzhou University , Yangzhou, PR China
| | - Fei Gao
- Department of Swine Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Shanghai, PR China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonose, Yangzhou University , Yangzhou, PR China
| | - Hai Yu
- Department of Swine Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Shanghai, PR China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonose, Yangzhou University , Yangzhou, PR China
| | - Hao Zheng
- Department of Swine Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Shanghai, PR China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonose, Yangzhou University , Yangzhou, PR China
| | - Guangzhi Tong
- Department of Swine Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Shanghai, PR China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonose, Yangzhou University , Yangzhou, PR China
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Monoclonal Antibody Against Bone Marrow Stromal Cell Antigen 2 Protein of Swine. Monoclon Antib Immunodiagn Immunother 2016; 35:178. [PMID: 27328062 DOI: 10.1089/mab.2016.0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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