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Wen J, Li Z, Lv Y, Ding S, Zhu Y, Yang J, Tang J, Zhu M, Zhao Y, Zhao W. A subunit vaccine based on Brucella rBP26 induces Th1 immune responses and M1 macrophage activation. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2024; 56:879-891. [PMID: 38419498 DOI: 10.3724/abbs.2024023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Brucellosis is a global zoonotic infection caused by Brucella bacteria, which poses a significant burden on society. While transmission prevention is currently the most effective method, the absence of a licenced vaccine for humans necessitates the urgent development of a safe and effective vaccine. Recombinant protein-based subunit vaccines are considered promising options, and in this study, the Brucella BP26 protein is expressed using prokaryotic expression systems. The immune responses are evaluated using the well-established adjuvant CpG-ODN. The results demonstrate that rBP26 supplemented with a CpG adjuvant induces M1 macrophage polarization and stimulates cellular immune responses mediated by Th1 cells and CD8 + T cells. Additionally, it generates high levels of rBP26-specific antibodies in immunized mice. Furthermore, rBP26 immunization activates, proliferates, and produces cytokines in T lymphocytes while also maintaining immune memory for an extended period of time. These findings shed light on the potential biological function of rBP26, which is crucial for understanding brucellosis pathogenesis. Moreover, rBP26 holds promise as an effective subunit vaccine candidate for use in endemic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Wen
- School of Basic Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
- General Medicine Department, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Common Infectious Diseases, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Zihua Li
- School of Basic Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Common Infectious Diseases, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Yongxue Lv
- School of Basic Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Common Infectious Diseases, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Shuqin Ding
- School of Basic Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Common Infectious Diseases, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Yazhou Zhu
- School of Basic Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Common Infectious Diseases, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Jihui Yang
- School of Basic Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Common Infectious Diseases, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Jing Tang
- School of Basic Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Common Infectious Diseases, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Mingxing Zhu
- School of Basic Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Common Infectious Diseases, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Yinqi Zhao
- School of Basic Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Common Infectious Diseases, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- School of Basic Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Common Infectious Diseases, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Yinchuan 750004, China
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An R, Guo Y, Gao M, Wang J. Subcutaneous Streptococcus dysgalactiae GAPDH vaccine in mice induces a proficient innate immune response. J Vet Sci 2023; 24:e72. [PMID: 38031651 PMCID: PMC10556295 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.23103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) on the surface of Streptococcus dysgalactiae, coded with gapC, is a glycolytic enzyme that was reported to be a moonlighting protein and virulence factor. OBJECTIVE This study assessed GAPDH as a potential immunization candidate protein to prevent streptococcus infections. METHODS Mice were vaccinated subcutaneously with recombinant GAPDH and challenged with S. dysgalactiae in vivo. They were then evaluated using histological methods. rGAPDH of mouse bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) was evaluated using immunoblotting, reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay methods. RESULTS Vaccination with rGAPDH improved the survival rates and decreased the bacterial burdens in the mammary glands compared to the control group. The mechanism by which rGAPDH vaccination protects against S. dysgalactiae was investigated. In vitro experiments showed that rGAPDH boosted the generation of interleukin-10 and tumor necrosis factor-α. Treatment of BMDCs with TAK-242, a toll-like receptor 4 inhibitor, or C29, a toll-like receptor 2 inhibitor, reduced cytokines substantially, suggesting that rGAPDH may be a potential ligand for both TLR2 and TLR4. Subsequent investigations showed that rGAPDH may activate the phosphorylation of MAPKs and nuclear factor-κB. CONCLUSIONS GAPDH is a promising immunization candidate protein for targeting virulence and enhancing immune-mediated protection. Further investigations are warranted to understand the mechanisms underlying the activation of BMDCs by rGAPDH in a TLR2- and TLR4-dependent manner and the regulation of inflammatory cytokines contributing to mastitis pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran An
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150000, China
| | - Yongli Guo
- Department of Immunology, Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Infection and Immunity, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150000, China
| | - Mingchun Gao
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150000, China.
| | - Junwei Wang
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150000, China.
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Heng WT, Lim HX, Tan KO, Poh CL. Validation of Multi-epitope Peptides Encapsulated in PLGA Nanoparticles Against Influenza A Virus. Pharm Res 2023; 40:1999-2025. [PMID: 37344603 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-023-03540-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Influenza is a highly contagious respiratory disease which poses a serious threat to public health globally, causing severe diseases in 3-5 million humans and resulting in 650,000 deaths annually. The current licensed seasonal influenza vaccines lacked cross-reactivity against novel emerging influenza strains as they conferred limited neutralising capabilities. To address the issue, we designed a multi-epitope peptide-based vaccine delivered by the self-adjuvanting PLGA nanoparticles against influenza infections. METHODS A total of six conserved peptides representing B- and T-cell epitopes of Influenza A were identified and they were formulated in either incomplete Freund's adjuvant containing CpG ODN 1826 or being encapsulated in PLGA nanoparticles for the evaluation of immunogenicity in BALB/c mice. RESULTS The self-adjuvanting PLGA nanoparticles encapsulating the six conserved peptides were capable of eliciting the highest levels of IgG and IFN- γ producing cells. In addition, the immunogenicity of the six peptides encapsulated in PLGA nanoparticles showed greater humoral and cellular mediated immune responses elicited by the mixture of six naked peptides formulated in incomplete Freund's adjuvant containing CpG ODN 1826 in the immunized mice. Peptide 3 from the mixture of six peptides was found to exert necrotic effect on CD3+ T-cells and this finding indicated that peptide 3 should be removed from the nanovaccine formulation. CONCLUSION The study demonstrated the self-adjuvanting properties of the PLGA nanoparticles as a delivery system without the need for incorporation of toxic and costly conventional adjuvants in multi-epitope peptide-based vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Tzuen Heng
- Centre for Virus and Vaccine Research (CVVR), School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, No.5 Jalan Universiti, 47500, Petaling Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Hui Xuan Lim
- Centre for Virus and Vaccine Research (CVVR), School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, No.5 Jalan Universiti, 47500, Petaling Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Kuan Onn Tan
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, No.5 Jalan Universiti, 47500, Petaling Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Chit Laa Poh
- Centre for Virus and Vaccine Research (CVVR), School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, No.5 Jalan Universiti, 47500, Petaling Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
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Jan S, Fratzke AP, Felgner J, Hernandez-Davies JE, Liang L, Nakajima R, Jasinskas A, Supnet M, Jain A, Felgner PL, Davies DH, Gregory AE. Multivalent vaccines demonstrate immunogenicity and protect against Coxiella burnetii aerosol challenge. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1192821. [PMID: 37533862 PMCID: PMC10390735 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1192821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccines are among the most cost-effective public health measures for controlling infectious diseases. Coxiella burnetii is the etiological agent of Q fever, a disease with a wide clinical spectrum that ranges from mild symptoms, such as fever and fatigue, to more severe disease, such as pneumonia and endocarditis. The formalin-inactivated whole-cell vaccine Q-VAX® contains hundreds of antigens and confers lifelong protection in humans, but prior sensitization from infection or vaccination can result in deleterious reactogenic responses to vaccination. Consequently, there is great interest in developing non-reactogenic alternatives based on adjuvanted recombinant proteins. In this study, we aimed to develop a multivalent vaccine that conferred protection with reduced reactogenicity. We hypothesized that a multivalent vaccine consisting of multiple antigens would be more immunogenic and protective than a monovalent vaccine owing to the large number of potential protective antigens in the C. burnetii proteome. To address this, we identified immunogenic T and B cell antigens, and selected proteins were purified to evaluate with a combination adjuvant (IVAX-1), with or without C. burnetii lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in immunogenicity studies in vivo in mice and in a Hartley guinea pig intratracheal aerosol challenge model using C. burnetii strain NMI RSA 493. The data showed that multivalent vaccines are more immunogenic than monovalent vaccines and more closely emulate the protection achieved by Q-VAX. Although six antigens were the most immunogenic, we also discovered that multiplexing beyond four antigens introduces detectable reactogenicity, indicating that there is an upper limit to the number of antigens that can be safely included in a multivalent Q-fever vaccine. C. burnetii LPS also demonstrates efficacy as a vaccine antigen in conferring protection in an otherwise monovalent vaccine formulation, suggesting that its addition in multivalent vaccines, as demonstrated by a quadrivalent formulation, would improve protective responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Jan
- Vaccine Research & Development Center, Department of Physiology & Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Alycia P. Fratzke
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Bryan, TX, United States
- Department of Pathology, Charles River Laboratories, Reno, NV, United States
| | - Jiin Felgner
- Vaccine Research & Development Center, Department of Physiology & Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Jenny E. Hernandez-Davies
- Vaccine Research & Development Center, Department of Physiology & Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Li Liang
- Vaccine Research & Development Center, Department of Physiology & Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Rie Nakajima
- Vaccine Research & Development Center, Department of Physiology & Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Algimantas Jasinskas
- Vaccine Research & Development Center, Department of Physiology & Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Medalyn Supnet
- Vaccine Research & Development Center, Department of Physiology & Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Aarti Jain
- Vaccine Research & Development Center, Department of Physiology & Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Philip L. Felgner
- Vaccine Research & Development Center, Department of Physiology & Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - D. Huw Davies
- Vaccine Research & Development Center, Department of Physiology & Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Anthony E. Gregory
- Vaccine Research & Development Center, Department of Physiology & Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
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Wang B, Dong Y, Cen Y, Chen S, Wen X, Liu K, Wu S, Yu L, Yu Y, Zhu Z, Ma J, Song B, Cui Y. PEI-PLGA nanoparticles significantly enhanced the immunogenicity of IsdB 137-361 proteins from Staphylococcus aureus. Immun Inflamm Dis 2023; 11:e928. [PMID: 37506158 PMCID: PMC10336661 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Staphylococcus aureus seriously threatens human and animal health. IsdB137-361 of the iron surface determinant B protein (IsdB) from S. aureus exhibits the strong immunogenicity, but its immunoprotective effect is still to be further promoted. Because PEI-PLGA nanoparticles are generated by PEI conjugate with PLGA to develop great potential as a novel immune adjuvant, the immunogenicity of IsdB137-361 is likely be strengthened by PEI-PLGA. METHODS Here, PEI-PLGA nanoparticles containing IsdB137-361 proteins were prepared by optimizing the entrapment efficiency. Mice were immunized with IsdB137-361 -PEI-PLGA nanoparticles to assess their anti-S. aureus effects. The level of IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-17, and IL-10 cytokines from spleen lymphocytes in mice and generation of the antibodies against IsdB137-361 in serum was assessed by ELISA, the protective immune response was appraised by S. aureus challenge. RESULTS IsdB137-361 proteins loaded by PEI-PLGA were able to stimulate effectively the proliferation of spleen lymphocytes and increase the secretion of IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-17, and IL-10 cytokine from spleen lymphocytes, and significantly enhance generation of the antibodies against IsdB137-361 in serum, reduce the level of bacterial load in liver, spleen and kidney, and greatly improve the survival rate of mice after challenge. CONCLUSION These data showed that PEI-PLGA nanoparticles can significantly enhance the immunogenicity of IsdB137-361 proteins, and provide an important reference for the development of novel immune adjuvant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beiyan Wang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Yazun Dong
- College of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Yuwei Cen
- College of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Shujie Chen
- College of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Xue Wen
- Water Environmental Protection Research Institute of Daqing Oilfield Water Company, Daqing, China
| | - Kaiyue Liu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Shuangshuang Wu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Liquan Yu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Yongzhong Yu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Zhanbo Zhu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Jinzhu Ma
- College of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Baifen Song
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricul-tural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yudong Cui
- College of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
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Use of adjuvant ISA VG 71 to produce neutralizing egg yolk antibodies against bothropic venom. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 107:1947-1957. [PMID: 36723703 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12409-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The use of egg yolk antibodies-IgY technology-represents an alternative to the production of mammalian immunoglobulins and has several advantages regarding animal welfare and lower costs of production. The use of adjuvants to achieve the hyperimmunization of laying hens plays a key role in the success of the production of high levels of the antibodies. In the present work, two different adjuvant systems (Freund's adjuvants and MontanideTM ISA 71 VG) were compared to produce IgY anti-Bothrops alternatus. For the first immunization, formalin-inactivated Salmonella was added to MontanideTM ISA 71 VG to emulate Freund's complete adjuvant which includes a mycobacteria antigen. After eight immunizations, IgY produced by using either adjuvant was able to neutralize the lethal activity of the venom in a mouse model, but differences were found regarding the recognition of components of the venom between the two adjuvants tested. Overall, MontanideTM adjuvant used in this work could be a good alternative choice to produce antibodies capable of neutralizing the lethality of complex antigens. This adjuvant is commercially available and used in the formulation of several poultry vaccines and could be used for the IgY technology instead of traditional immunomodulators such as Freund's adjuvants. Key points • IgY extracts recognized major components of the venom.• Avidity indexes of the IgY extracts increased after the successive immunizations.• IgY obtained by two adjuvant systems neutralized the lethal activity of the venom.
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Gao F, Liu X, Dang Y, Duan P, Xu W, Zhang X, Wang S, Luo J, Li X. AddaVax-Adjuvanted H5N8 Inactivated Vaccine Induces Robust Humoral Immune Response against Different Clades of H5 Viruses. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10101683. [PMID: 36298548 PMCID: PMC9612011 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10101683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Since some cases of human infections with H5N8 avian influenza virus have been reported and caused great concern in recent years, it is important to develop an effective vaccine for human use to prevent a potential H5N8 pandemic. In the present study, a vaccine candidate virus based on newly human-infected A/Astrakhan/3212/2020 H5N8 virus was constructed by reverse genetics (RG) technology. The immunogenicity of H5N8 whole virion inactivated vaccine was evaluated by various doses of vaccine antigen formulated with squalene-based adjuvant (AddaVax), aluminum hydroxide (Al(OH)3) or without adjuvant in mice. The results showed AddaVax-adjuvanted H5N8 inactivated vaccine could stimulate the mice to produce a stronger protective immune response with higher titers of IgG antibodies, hemagglutination inhibition (HI), neuraminidase inhibition (NI) and microneutralization (MN) antibodies than vaccine formulations with Al(OH)3 adjuvant or without adjuvant, and achieve a dose-sparing effect. Moreover, the AddaVax-adjuvanted formulation also exhibited potent cross-reactive response in HI antibodies against different clades of H5 viruses. A significant correlation and a curve fitting among HI, NI and MN were found by the correlation analysis to predict the protective effect of the vaccine. With these findings, our study demonstrates that AddaVax adjuvant can enhance the immunogenicity of H5N8 inactivated vaccine remarkably, and proposes an effective strategy for dealing with a potential H5N8 virus pandemic.
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Nian X, Zhang J, Deng T, Liu J, Gong Z, Lv C, Yao L, Li J, Huang S, Yang X. AddaVax Formulated with PolyI:C as a Potential Adjuvant of MDCK-based Influenza Vaccine Enhances Local, Cellular, and Antibody Protective Immune Response in Mice. AAPS PharmSciTech 2021; 22:270. [PMID: 34766215 PMCID: PMC8584644 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-021-02145-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Poor immune responses to inactivated influenza vaccine can be improved by effective and safe adjuvants to increase antibody titers and cellular protective response. In our study, AddaVax and PolyI:C combined adjuvant (AP adjuvant) were used for influenza vaccine development. After immunizing BALB/c mice and Wistar rats intramuscularly, Split inactivated H3N2 vaccine adjuvanted with AP elicited higher serum hemagglutination-inhibition antibodies and IgG titers. We demonstrated that AP induced a transient innate immune cytokines production at the injection site, induced H3N2 uptake by DCs, increased recruitment of monocytes and DCs in LNs, and promoted H3N2 vaccine migration; AP facilitated vaccines to induce a vigorous adaptive immune response. Besides, AP showed good safety as shown by lymph nodes (LNs) size, spleens index of BALB/c mice, and weight changes and C-reaction protein level of BALB/c mice and Wistar rats after repeated administration of high-dose vaccine with or without adjuvant. These findings indicate that AP is a potential novel adjuvant and can be used as a safe and effective adjuvant for MDCK-based influenza inactivated vaccine to induce cellular and antibody protective response.
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Gestal MC, Johnson HM, Harvill ET. Immunomodulation as a Novel Strategy for Prevention and Treatment of Bordetella spp. Infections. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2869. [PMID: 31921136 PMCID: PMC6923730 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Well-adapted pathogens have evolved to survive the many challenges of a robust immune response. Defending against all host antimicrobials simultaneously would be exceedingly difficult, if not impossible, so many co-evolved organisms utilize immunomodulatory tools to subvert, distract, and/or evade the host immune response. Bordetella spp. present many examples of the diversity of immunomodulators and an exceptional experimental system in which to study them. Recent advances in this experimental system suggest strategies for interventions that tweak immunity to disrupt bacterial immunomodulation, engaging more effective host immunity to better prevent and treat infections. Here we review advances in the understanding of respiratory pathogens, with special focus on Bordetella spp., and prospects for the use of immune-stimulatory interventions in the prevention and treatment of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica C Gestal
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Hannah M Johnson
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Eric T Harvill
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
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