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Yu Z, Wang Q, Pinilla-Redondo R, Madsen JS, Clasen KAD, Ananbeh H, Olesen AK, Gong Z, Yang N, Dechesne A, Smets B, Nesme J, Sørensen SJ. Horizontal transmission of a multidrug-resistant IncN plasmid isolated from urban wastewater. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 271:115971. [PMID: 38237397 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.115971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are considered reservoirs of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). Given that plasmid-mediated horizontal gene transfer plays a critical role in disseminating ARGs in the environment, it is important to inspect the transfer potential of transmissible plasmids to have a better understanding of whether these mobile ARGs can be hosted by opportunistic pathogens and should be included in One Health's considerations. In this study, we used a fluorescent-reporter-gene based exogenous isolation approach to capture extended-spectrum beta-lactamases encoding mobile determinants from sewer microbiome samples that enter an urban water system (UWS) in Denmark. After screening and sequencing, we isolated a ∼73 Kbp IncN plasmid (pDK_DARWIN) that harboured and expressed multiple ARGs. Using a dual fluorescent reporter gene system, we showed that this plasmid can transfer into resident urban water communities. We demonstrated the transfer of pDK_DARWIN to microbiome members of both the sewer (in the upstream UWS compartment) and wastewater treatment (in the downstream UWS compartment) microbiomes. Sequence similarity search across curated plasmid repositories revealed that pDK_DARWIN derives from an IncN backbone harboured by environmental and nosocomial Enterobacterial isolates. Furthermore, we searched for pDK_DARWIN sequence matches in UWS metagenomes from three countries, revealing that this plasmid can be detected in all of them, with a higher relative abundance in hospital sewers compared to residential sewers. Overall, this study demonstrates that this IncN plasmid is prevalent across Europe and an efficient vector capable of disseminating multiple ARGs in the urban water systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuofeng Yu
- Section of Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Qinqin Wang
- Section of Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rafael Pinilla-Redondo
- Section of Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jonas Stenløkke Madsen
- Section of Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kamille Anna Dam Clasen
- Section of Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hanadi Ananbeh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic; Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkynova 123, CZ-612 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Asmus Kalckar Olesen
- Section of Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Zhuang Gong
- Section of Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nan Yang
- Section of Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Arnaud Dechesne
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Bygningstorvet 115, DK-2800 Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Barth Smets
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Bygningstorvet 115, DK-2800 Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Joseph Nesme
- Section of Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Søren Johannes Sørensen
- Section of Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Song HJ, Moon DC, Kim SJ, Mechesso AF, Choi JH, Boby N, Kang HY, Na SH, Yoon SS, Lim SK. Antimicrobial Resistance Profiles and Molecular Characteristics of Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase-Producing Escherichia coli Isolated from Healthy Cattle and Pigs in Korea. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2023; 20:7-16. [PMID: 36577050 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2022.0051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial-resistant bacteria isolated from food animals pose a major health threat to the public on this planet. This study aimed to determine the susceptibility profiles of Escherichia coli isolated from cattle and pig fecal samples and investigate the molecular characteristics of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing E. coli using gene identification, conjugation, and Southern blot approach. Overall 293 E. coli were recovered from cattle (120 isolates) and pigs (173 isolates) in 7 provinces of Korea during 2017-2018. Ampicillin, chloramphenicol, streptomycin, and sulfisoxazole resistance rates were the highest in pigs' isolates (>60%, p ≤ 0.001) compared to that in cattle (3-39%). Multidrug resistance (MDR) was higher in pig isolates (73%) than in cattle (31%), and the MDR profile usually includes streptomycin, sulfisoxazole, and tetracycline. Resistance to critically important antimicrobials such as ceftiofur, colistin, and ciprofloxacin was higher in weaners than those from finishers in pigs. The qnrS gene was detected in 13% of the pig isolates. Eight isolates from pigs and one isolate from cattle were identified as ESBL-producers and ESBL genes belonged to blaCTX-M-55 (n = 4), blaCTX-M-14 (n = 3), and blaCTX-M-65 (n = 2). Notably, the blaCTX-M-65 and qnrS1 genes were found to be carried together in an identical plasmid (IncHI2) in two isolates from finisher pigs. The blaCTX-M-carrying isolates belonged to phylogenetic groups B1 (n = 4), B2 (n = 2), A (n = 2), and D (n = 1). The blaCTX-M genes and non-β-lactam resistance traits were transferred to the E. coli J53 recipient from seven blaCTX-M-positive strains isolated from pigs. The blaCTX-M genes belonged to the IncI1α, IncFII, and IncHI2 plasmids and are also associated with the ISEcp1, IS26, IS903, and orf477 elements. These findings suggested the possibility of blaCTX-M-carrying E. coli transmission to humans through direct contact with cattle and pigs or contamination of food products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Ju Song
- Bacterial Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Chan Moon
- Bacterial Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon-si, Republic of Korea.,Division of Antimicrobial Resistance, Centre for Infectious Diseases Research, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Su-Jeong Kim
- Bacterial Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Abraham Fikru Mechesso
- Bacterial Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon-si, Republic of Korea.,Department of Pathology and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Ji-Hyun Choi
- Bacterial Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Naila Boby
- Bacterial Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Young Kang
- Division of Antimicrobial Resistance, Centre for Infectious Diseases Research, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Seok-Hyeon Na
- Division of Antimicrobial Resistance, Centre for Infectious Diseases Research, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Soon-Seek Yoon
- Bacterial Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Suk-Kyung Lim
- Bacterial Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon-si, Republic of Korea
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Vereecke N, Van Hoorde S, Sperling D, Theuns S, Devriendt B, Cox E. Virotyping and genetic antimicrobial susceptibility testing of porcine ETEC/STEC strains and associated plasmid types. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1139312. [PMID: 37143544 PMCID: PMC10151945 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1139312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) infections are the most common cause of secretory diarrhea in suckling and post-weaning piglets. For the latter, Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) also cause edema disease. This pathogen leads to significant economic losses. ETEC/STEC strains can be distinguished from general E. coli by the presence of different host colonization factors (e.g., F4 and F18 fimbriae) and various toxins (e.g., LT, Stx2e, STa, STb, EAST-1). Increased resistance against a wide variety of antimicrobial drugs, such as paromomycin, trimethoprim, and tetracyclines, has been observed. Nowadays, diagnosing an ETEC/STEC infection requires culture-dependent antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) and multiplex PCRs, which are costly and time-consuming. Methods Here, nanopore sequencing was used on 94 field isolates to assess the predictive power, using the meta R package to determine sensitivity and specificity and associated credibility intervals of genotypes associated with virulence and AMR. Results Genetic markers associated with resistance for amoxicillin (plasmid-encoded TEM genes), cephalosporins (ampC promoter mutations), colistin (mcr genes), aminoglycosides (aac(3) and aph(3) genes), florfenicol (floR), tetracyclines (tet genes), and trimethoprim-sulfa (dfrA genes) could explain most acquired resistance phenotypes. Most of the genes were plasmid-encoded, of which some collocated on a multi-resistance plasmid (12 genes against 4 antimicrobial classes). For fluoroquinolones, AMR was addressed by point mutations within the ParC and GyrA proteins and the qnrS1 gene. In addition, long-read data allowed to study the genetic landscape of virulence- and AMR-carrying plasmids, highlighting a complex interplay of multi-replicon plasmids with varying host ranges. Conclusion Our results showed promising sensitivity and specificity for the detection of all common virulence factors and most resistance genotypes. The use of the identified genetic hallmarks will contribute to the simultaneous identification, pathotyping, and genetic AST within a single diagnostic test. This will revolutionize future quicker and more cost-efficient (meta)genomics-driven diagnostics in veterinary medicine and contribute to epidemiological studies, monitoring, tailored vaccination, and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick Vereecke
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
- PathoSense BV, Lier, Belgium
- *Correspondence: Nick Vereecke,
| | - Sander Van Hoorde
- Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | | | - Sebastiaan Theuns
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Bert Devriendt
- Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Eric Cox
- Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS) Analysis of Virulence and AMR Genes in Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase (ESBL)-Producing Escherichia coli from Animal and Environmental Samples in Four Italian Swine Farms. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11121774. [PMID: 36551431 PMCID: PMC9774568 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11121774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Whole genome sequencing (WGS) is a powerful tool to analyze bacterial genomes rapidly, and can be useful to study and detect AMR genes. We carried out WGS on a group of Escherichia coli (n = 30), sampled from healthy animals and farm environment in four pigsties in northern Italy. Two × 250bp paired end sequencing strategy on Illumina MiSeq™ was used. We performed in silico characterization of E. coli isolates through the web tools provided by the Center for Genomic Epidemiology (cge.cbs.dtu.dk/services/) to study AMR and virulence genes. Bacterial strains were further analyzed to detect phenotypic antimicrobial susceptibility against several antimicrobials. Data obtained from WGS were compared to phenotypic results. All 30 strains were MDR, and they were positive for the genes blaCTX-M and blaTEM as verified by PCR. We observed a good concordance between phenotypic and genomic results. Different AMR determinants were identified (e.g., qnrS, sul, tet). Potential pathogenicity of these strains was also assessed, and virulence genes were detected (e.g., etsC, gad, hlyF, iroN, iss), mostly related to extraintestinal E. coli pathotypes (UPEC/APEC). However, enterotoxin genes, such as astA, ltcA and stb were also identified, indicating a possible hybrid pathogenic nature. Various replicons associated to plasmids, previously recovered in pathogenic bacteria, were identified (e.g., IncN and IncR plasmid), supporting the hypothesis that our strains were pathogenic. Eventually, through WGS it was possible to confirm the phenotypic antibiotic resistance results and to appreciate the virulence side of our ESBL-producing E. coli. These findings highlight the need to monitor commensal E. coli sampled from healthy pigs considering a One Health perspective.
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Detection of Acquired Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Domestic Pig (Sus scrofa) and Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio) Intestinal Samples by Metagenomics Analyses in Hungary. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11101441. [PMID: 36290099 PMCID: PMC9598914 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11101441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was metagenomics analyses of acquired antibiotic-resistance genes (ARGs) in the intestinal microbiome of two important food-animal species in Hungary from a One Health perspective. Intestinal content samples were collected from 12 domestic pigs (Sus scrofa) and from a common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Shotgun metagenomic sequencing of DNA purified from the intestinal samples was performed on the Illumina platform. The ResFinder database was applied for detecting acquired ARGs in the assembled metagenomic contigs. Altogether, 59 acquired ARG types were identified, 51 genes from domestic pig and 12 genes from the carp intestinal microbiome. ARG types belonged to the antibiotic classes aminoglycosides (27.1%), tetracyclines (25.4%), β-lactams (16.9%), and others. Of the identified ARGs, tet(E), a blaOXA-48-like β-lactamase gene, as well as cphA4, ampS, aadA2, qnrS2, and sul1, were identified only in carp but not in swine samples. Several of the detected acquired ARGs have not yet been described from food animals in Hungary. The tet(Q), tet(W), tet(O), and mef(A) genes detected in the intestinal microbiome of domestic pigs had also been identified from free-living wild boars in Hungary, suggesting a possible relationship between the occurrence of acquired ARGs in domestic and wild animal populations.
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Storey N, Cawthraw S, Turner O, Rambaldi M, Lemma F, Horton R, Randall L, Duggett NA, AbuOun M, Martelli F, Anjum MF. Use of genomics to explore AMR persistence in an outdoor pig farm with low antimicrobial usage. Microb Genom 2022; 8:000782. [PMID: 35344479 PMCID: PMC9176276 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.000782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Food animals may be reservoirs of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) passing through the food chain, but little is known about AMR prevalence in bacteria when selective pressure from antimicrobials is low or absent. We monitored antimicrobial-resistant Escherichia coli over 1 year in a UK outdoor pig farm with low antimicrobial usage (AMU) compared to conventional pig farms in the United Kingdom. Short and selected long-read whole-genome sequencing (WGS) was performed to identify AMR genes, phylogeny and mobile elements in 385 E. coli isolates purified mainly from pig and some seagull faeces. Generally, low levels of antimicrobial-resistant E. coli were present, probably due to low AMU. Those present were likely to be multi-drug resistant (MDR) and belonging to particular Sequence Types (STs) such as ST744, ST88 or ST44, with shared clones (<14 Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) apart) isolated from different time points indicating epidemiological linkage within pigs of different ages, and between pig and the wild bird faeces. Although importance of horizontal transmission of AMR is well established, there was limited evidence of plasmid-mediated dissemination between different STs. Non-conjugable MDR plasmids or large AMR gene-bearing transposons were stably integrated within the chromosome and remained associated with particular STs/clones over the time period sampled. Heavy metal resistance genes were also detected within some genetic elements. This study highlights that although low levels of antimicrobial-resistant E. coli correlates with low AMU, a basal level of MDR E. coli can still persist on farm potentially due to transmission and recycling of particular clones within different pig groups. Environmental factors such as wild birds and heavy metal contaminants may also play important roles in the recycling and dissemination, and hence enabling persistence of MDR E. coli. All such factors need to be considered as any rise in AMU on low usage farms, could in future, result in a significant increase in their AMR burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel Storey
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London WC1N 3JH, UK
| | - Shaun Cawthraw
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Olivia Turner
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Margherita Rambaldi
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
- University of Bologna, Via Zamboni, 33, 40126 Bologna BO, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Lemma
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Robert Horton
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Luke Randall
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Nicholas A. Duggett
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
- Teeside University, Campus Heart, Middlesbrough TS1 3BX, UK
| | - Manal AbuOun
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Francesca Martelli
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Muna F. Anjum
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
- *Correspondence: Muna F. Anjum,
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Plasmid Replicon Diversity of Clinical Uropathogenic Escherichia coli Isolates from Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. JOURNAL OF PURE AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.22207/jpam.16.1.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to identify and compare the plasmid replicons of clinical uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) isolates, involving extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-positive and ESBL-negative, E. coli ST131 and non-ST131 and various ST131 subclones. Plasmid replicon typing on 24 clinical UPEC isolates was carried out using polymerase chain reaction-based replicon typing. A statistical analysis was performed to assess the associations between plasmid replicon types and ESBL carriage, and to evaluate the link between ST131 isolates and high replicon carriage. Eight replicons, I1α, N2, Iγ, X1, FIIS, K, FIA, and FII were detected. The FII was the most common replicon identified here. ESBL-positive E. coli isolates were highly associated with I1α, N2, Iγ, X1, and FIIS replicons, while FIA was present only in ESBL-negative group. ST131 isolates were highly associated with I1α and N2 replicons compared to non-ST131. No link was found between replicon carriage and the number or type of ESBLs in E. coli isolates. The diversity observed in replicon patterns of our clinical E. coli isolates indicates that they might be originated from different sources. The presence of replicons reported previously in animal sources suggests a possible transfer of antimicrobial resistance between animal and human bacterial isolates.
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Chen K, Chan EWC, Chen S. Evolution and transmission of a conjugative plasmid encoding both ciprofloxacin and ceftriaxone resistance in Salmonella. Emerg Microbes Infect 2019; 8:396-403. [PMID: 30896347 PMCID: PMC6455229 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2019.1585965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Ceftriaxone and ciprofloxacin are the drugs of choice in treatment of invasive Salmonella infections. This study discovered a novel type of plasmid, pSa44-CIP-CRO, which was recovered from a S. London strain isolated from meat product and comprised genetic determinants that encoded resistance to both ciprofloxacin and ceftriaxone. This plasmid could be resolved into two daughter plasmids and co-exist with such daughter plasmids in a dynamic form in Salmonella; yet it was only present as a single plasmid in Escherichia coli. One daughter plasmid, pSa44-CRO, was found to carry the blaCTX-M-130 gene, which encodes resistance to ceftriaxone, whereas the other plasmid, pSa44-CIP, carried multiple PMQR genes such as qnrB6-aac(6')-Ib-cr, which mediated resistance to ciprofloxacin. These two daughter plasmids could be integrated into one single plasmid through ISPa40 mediated homologous recombination. Mouse infection and treatment experiments showed that carriage of plasmid, pSa44-CIP-CRO by S. typhimurium led to the impairment of treatment by ciprofloxacin or cefitiofur, a veterinary drug with similar properties as ceftriaxone. In conclusion, dissemination of such conjugative plasmids impairs current choices of treatment for life-threatening Salmonella infection and hence constitutes a serious public health threat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaichao Chen
- a Shenzhen Key Lab for Food Biological Safety Control, Food Safety and Technology Research Center, Hong Kong PolyU Shen Zhen Research Institute , Shenzhen , People's Republic of China.,b Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology , State Key Lab of Chirosciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University , Kowloon , Hong Kong
| | - Edward Wai Chi Chan
- a Shenzhen Key Lab for Food Biological Safety Control, Food Safety and Technology Research Center, Hong Kong PolyU Shen Zhen Research Institute , Shenzhen , People's Republic of China.,b Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology , State Key Lab of Chirosciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University , Kowloon , Hong Kong
| | - Sheng Chen
- a Shenzhen Key Lab for Food Biological Safety Control, Food Safety and Technology Research Center, Hong Kong PolyU Shen Zhen Research Institute , Shenzhen , People's Republic of China.,b Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology , State Key Lab of Chirosciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University , Kowloon , Hong Kong
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Rozwandowicz M, Brouwer MSM, Fischer J, Wagenaar JA, Gonzalez-Zorn B, Guerra B, Mevius DJ, Hordijk J. Plasmids carrying antimicrobial resistance genes in Enterobacteriaceae. J Antimicrob Chemother 2019; 73:1121-1137. [PMID: 29370371 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkx488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 501] [Impact Index Per Article: 100.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is constantly evolving and horizontal gene transfer through plasmids plays a major role. The identification of plasmid characteristics and their association with different bacterial hosts provides crucial knowledge that is essential to understand the contribution of plasmids to the transmission of AMR determinants. Molecular identification of plasmid and strain genotypes elicits a distinction between spread of AMR genes by plasmids and dissemination of these genes by spread of bacterial clones. For this reason several methods are used to type the plasmids, e.g. PCR-based replicon typing (PBRT) or relaxase typing. Currently, there are 28 known plasmid types in Enterobacteriaceae distinguished by PBRT. Frequently reported plasmids [IncF, IncI, IncA/C, IncL (previously designated IncL/M), IncN and IncH] are the ones that bear the greatest variety of resistance genes. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of all known AMR-related plasmid families in Enterobacteriaceae, the resistance genes they carry and their geographical distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Rozwandowicz
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - M S M Brouwer
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - J Fischer
- Department of Biological Safety, Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, BfR, Berlin, Germany
| | - J A Wagenaar
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - B Gonzalez-Zorn
- Department of Animal Health and VISAVET, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - B Guerra
- Department of Biological Safety, Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, BfR, Berlin, Germany
| | - D J Mevius
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - J Hordijk
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Identification and Characterization of Conjugative Plasmids That Encode Ciprofloxacin Resistance in Salmonella. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2018; 62:AAC.00575-18. [PMID: 29760137 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00575-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to characterize novel conjugative plasmids that encode transferable ciprofloxacin resistance in Salmonella In this study, 157 nonduplicated Salmonella isolates were recovered from food products, of which 55 were found to be resistant to ciprofloxacin. Interestingly, 37 of the 55 CiprSalmonella isolates (67%) did not harbor any mutations in the quinolone resistance-determining regions (QRDR). Six Salmonella isolates were shown to carry two novel types of conjugative plasmids that could transfer the ciprofloxacin resistance phenotype to Escherichia coli J53 (azithromycin resistant [Azir]). The first type of conjugative plasmid belonged to the ∼110-kb IncFIB-type conjugative plasmids carrying qnrB-bearing and aac(6')-Ib-cr-bearing mobile elements. Transfer of the plasmid between E. coli and Salmonella could confer a ciprofloxacin MIC of 1 to 2 μg/ml. The second type of conjugative plasmid belonged to ∼240-kb IncH1/IncF plasmids carrying a single PMQR gene, qnrS Importantly, this type of conjugative ciprofloxacin resistance plasmid could be detected in clinical Salmonella isolates. The dissemination of these conjugative plasmids that confer ciprofloxacin resistance poses serious challenges to public health and Salmonella infection control.
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Abstract
The increase in bacteria harboring antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global problem because there is a paucity of antibiotics available to treat multidrug-resistant bacterial infections in humans and animals. Detection of AMR present in bacteria that may pose a threat to veterinary and public health is routinely performed using standardized phenotypic methods. Molecular methods are often used in addition to phenotypic methods but are set to replace them in many laboratories due to the greater speed and accuracy they provide in detecting the underlying genetic mechanism(s) for AMR. In this article we describe some of the common molecular methods currently used for detection of AMR genes. These include PCR, DNA microarray, whole-genome sequencing and metagenomics, and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry. The strengths and weaknesses of these methods are discussed, especially in the context of implementing them for routine surveillance activities on a global scale for mitigating the risk posed by AMR worldwide. Based on current popularity and ease of use, PCR and single-isolate whole-genome sequencing seem irreplaceable.
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Identification and characterization of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance determinants in Enterobacteriaceae isolated from healthy poultry in Brazil. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2018; 60:66-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2018.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Revised: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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13
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Jones-Dias D, Manageiro V, Graça R, Sampaio DA, Albuquerque T, Themudo P, Vieira L, Ferreira E, Clemente L, Caniça M. QnrS1- and Aac(6')-Ib-cr-Producing Escherichia coli among Isolates from Animals of Different Sources: Susceptibility and Genomic Characterization. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:671. [PMID: 27242699 PMCID: PMC4876607 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica and Escherichia coli can inhabit humans and animals from multiple origins. These bacteria are often associated with gastroenteritis in animals, being a frequent cause of resistant zoonotic infections. In fact, bacteria from animals can be transmitted to humans through the food chain and direct contact. In this study, we aimed to assess the antibiotic susceptibility of a collection of S. enterica and E. coli recovered from animals of different sources, performing a genomic comparison of the plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR)-producing isolates detected. Antibiotic susceptibility testing revealed a high number of non-wild-type isolates for fluoroquinolones among S. enterica recovered from poultry isolates. In turn, the frequency of non-wild-type E. coli to nalidixic acid and ciprofloxacin was higher in food-producing animals than in companion or zoo animals. Globally, we detected two qnrS1 and two aac(6′)-Ib-cr in E. coli isolates recovered from animals of different origins. The genomic characterization of QnrS1-producing E. coli showed high genomic similarity (O86:H12 and ST2297), although they have been recovered from a healthy turtle dove from a Zoo Park, and from a dog showing symptoms of infection. The qnrS1 gene was encoded in a IncN plasmid, also carrying blaTEM−1−containing Tn3. Isolates harboring aac(6′)-Ib-cr were detected in two captive bottlenose dolphins, within a time span of two years. The additional antibiotic resistance genes of the two aac(6′)-Ib-cr-positive isolates (blaOXA−1, blaTEM−1,blaCTX−M−15, catB3, aac(3)-IIa, and tetA) were enclosed in IncFIA plasmids that differed in a single transposase and 60 single nucleotide variants. The isolates could be assigned to the same genetic sublineage—ST131 fimH30-Rx (O25:H4), confirming clonal spread. PMQR-producing isolates were associated with symptomatic and asymptomatic hosts, which highlight the aptitude of E. coli to act as silent vehicles, allowing the accumulation of antibiotic resistance genes, mobile genetic elements and other relevant pathogenicity determinants. Continuous monitoring of health and sick animals toward the presence of PMQR should be strongly encouraged in order to restrain the clonal spread of these antibiotic resistant strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Jones-Dias
- National Reference Laboratory of Antibiotic Resistances and Healthcare Associated Infections, Department of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo JorgeLisbon, Portugal; Centre for the Studies of Animal Science, Institute of Agrarian and Agri-Food Sciences and Technologies, Oporto UniversityOporto, Portugal
| | - Vera Manageiro
- National Reference Laboratory of Antibiotic Resistances and Healthcare Associated Infections, Department of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo JorgeLisbon, Portugal; Centre for the Studies of Animal Science, Institute of Agrarian and Agri-Food Sciences and Technologies, Oporto UniversityOporto, Portugal
| | - Rafael Graça
- National Reference Laboratory of Antibiotic Resistances and Healthcare Associated Infections, Department of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Daniel A Sampaio
- Innovation and Technology Unit, Human Genetics Department, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Teresa Albuquerque
- Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Patrícia Themudo
- Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Luís Vieira
- Innovation and Technology Unit, Human Genetics Department, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Eugénia Ferreira
- National Reference Laboratory of Antibiotic Resistances and Healthcare Associated Infections, Department of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo JorgeLisbon, Portugal; Centre for the Studies of Animal Science, Institute of Agrarian and Agri-Food Sciences and Technologies, Oporto UniversityOporto, Portugal
| | - Lurdes Clemente
- Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Manuela Caniça
- National Reference Laboratory of Antibiotic Resistances and Healthcare Associated Infections, Department of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo JorgeLisbon, Portugal; Centre for the Studies of Animal Science, Institute of Agrarian and Agri-Food Sciences and Technologies, Oporto UniversityOporto, Portugal
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14
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Lin D, Chen K, Wai-Chi Chan E, Chen S. Increasing prevalence of ciprofloxacin-resistant food-borne Salmonella strains harboring multiple PMQR elements but not target gene mutations. Sci Rep 2015; 5:14754. [PMID: 26435519 PMCID: PMC4648336 DOI: 10.1038/srep14754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluoroquinolone resistance in Salmonella has become increasingly prevalent in recent years. To probe the molecular basis of this phenomenon, the genetic and phenotypic features of fluoroquinolone resistant Salmonella strains isolated from food samples were characterized. Among the 82 Salmonella strains tested, resistance rate of the three front line antibiotics of ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin and azithromycin was 10%, 39% and 25% respectively, which is significantly higher than that reported in other countries. Ciprofloxacin resistant strains typically exhibited cross-resistance to multiple antibiotics including ceftriaxone, primarily due to the presence of multiple PMQR genes and the blaCTX-M-65, blaCTX-M-55blaCMY-2 and blaCMY-72 elements. The prevalence rate of the oqxAB and aac(6’)-Ib-cr genes were 91% and 75% respectively, followed by qnrS (66%), qnrB (16%) and qnrD (3%). The most common PMQR combination observable was aac(6’)-Ib-cr-oqxAB-qnrS2, which accounted for 50% of the ciprofloxacin resistant strains. Interestingly, such isolates contained either no target mutations or only a single gyrA mutation. Conjugation and hybridization experiments suggested that most PMQR genes were located either in the chromosome or a non-transferrable plasmid. To summarize, findings in this work suggested that PMQRs greatly facilitate development of fluoroquinolone resistance in Salmonella by abolishing the requirement of target gene mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dachuan Lin
- Food Safety and Technology Research Center, Hong Kong PolyU Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, P. R. China.,State Key Lab of Chirosciences, Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Kaichao Chen
- Food Safety and Technology Research Center, Hong Kong PolyU Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, P. R. China.,State Key Lab of Chirosciences, Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Edward Wai-Chi Chan
- Food Safety and Technology Research Center, Hong Kong PolyU Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, P. R. China.,State Key Lab of Chirosciences, Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Sheng Chen
- Food Safety and Technology Research Center, Hong Kong PolyU Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, P. R. China.,State Key Lab of Chirosciences, Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR
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15
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Jerzsele Á, Pásztiné-Gere E. Evaluating synergy between marbofloxacin and gentamicin in Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains isolated from dogs with otitis externa. Acta Microbiol Immunol Hung 2015; 62:45-55. [PMID: 25823453 DOI: 10.1556/amicr.62.2015.1.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine antimicrobial susceptibility of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains to marbofloxacin and gentamicin, and investigate the possible synergistic, additive, indifferent or antagonistic effects between the two agents. P. aeruginosa strains can develop resistance quickly against certain antibiotics if used alone, thus the need emerges to find synergistic combinations. A total of 68 P. aeruginosa strains isolated from dogs were examined. In order to describe interactions between marbofloxacin and gentamicin the checkerboard microdilution method was utilized. The MICs (minimum inhibitory concentrations) for marbofloxacin and gentamicin were in the range 0.25-64 mg/L and 0.25-32 mg/L, respectively. The combination of marbofloxacin and gentamicin was more effective with a MIC range of 0.031-8 mg/L and a MIC90 of 1 mg/L, compared to 16 mg/L for marbofloxacin alone and 8 mg/L for gentamicin alone. The FIC (fractional inhibitory concentration) indices ranged from 0.0945 (pronounced synergy) to 1.0625 (indifference). Synergy between marbofloxacin and gentamicin was found in 33 isolates. The mean FIC index is 0.546, which represents a partial synergistic/additive effect close to the full synergy threshold. In vitro results indicate that marbofloxacin and gentamicin as partially synergistic agents may prove clinically useful in combination therapy against P. aeruginosa infections. Although marbofloxacin is not used in the human practice, the interactions between fluoroquinolones and aminoglycosides may have importance outside the veterinary field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ákos Jerzsele
- 1 Szent István University Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences István u. 2 H-1078 Budapest Hungary
| | - Erzsébet Pásztiné-Gere
- 1 Szent István University Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences István u. 2 H-1078 Budapest Hungary
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Foley SL, Johnson TJ, Ricke SC, Nayak R, Danzeisen J. Salmonella pathogenicity and host adaptation in chicken-associated serovars. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2013; 77:582-607. [PMID: 24296573 PMCID: PMC3973385 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00015-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Enteric pathogens such as Salmonella enterica cause significant morbidity and mortality. S. enterica serovars are a diverse group of pathogens that have evolved to survive in a wide range of environments and across multiple hosts. S. enterica serovars such as S. Typhi, S. Dublin, and S. Gallinarum have a restricted host range, in which they are typically associated with one or a few host species, while S. Enteritidis and S. Typhimurium have broad host ranges. This review examines how S. enterica has evolved through adaptation to different host environments, especially as related to the chicken host, and continues to be an important human pathogen. Several factors impact host range, and these include the acquisition of genes via horizontal gene transfer with plasmids, transposons, and phages, which can potentially expand host range, and the loss of genes or their function, which would reduce the range of hosts that the organism can infect. S. Gallinarum, with a limited host range, has a large number of pseudogenes in its genome compared to broader-host-range serovars. S. enterica serovars such as S. Kentucky and S. Heidelberg also often have plasmids that may help them colonize poultry more efficiently. The ability to colonize different hosts also involves interactions with the host's immune system and commensal organisms that are present. Thus, the factors that impact the ability of Salmonella to colonize a particular host species, such as chickens, are complex and multifactorial, involving the host, the pathogen, and extrinsic pressures. It is the interplay of these factors which leads to the differences in host ranges that we observe today.
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Szmolka A, Nagy B. Multidrug resistant commensal Escherichia coli in animals and its impact for public health. Front Microbiol 2013; 4:258. [PMID: 24027562 PMCID: PMC3759790 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2013.00258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Accepted: 08/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
After the era of plentiful antibiotics we are alarmed by the increasing number of antibiotic resistant strains. The genetic flexibility and adaptability of Escherichia coli to constantly changing environments allows to acquire a great number of antimicrobial resistance mechanisms. Commensal strains of E. coli as versatile residents of the lower intestine are also repeatedly challenged by antimicrobial pressures during the lifetime of their host. As a consequence, commensal strains acquire the respective resistance genes, and/or develop resistant mutants in order to survive and maintain microbial homeostasis in the lower intestinal tract. Thus, commensal E. coli strains are regarded as indicators of antimicrobial load on their hosts. This chapter provides a short historic background of the appearance and presumed origin and transfer of antimicrobial resistance genes in commensal intestinal E. coli of animals with comparative information on their pathogenic counterparts. The dynamics, development, and ways of evolution of resistance in the E. coli populations differ according to hosts, resistance mechanisms, and antimicrobial classes used. The most frequent tools of E. coli against a variety of antimicrobials are the efflux pumps and mobile resistance mechanisms carried by plasmids and/or other transferable elements. The emergence of hybrid plasmids (both resistance and virulence) among E. coli is of further concern. Co-existence and co-transfer of these "bad genes" in this huge and most versatile in vivo compartment may represent an increased public health risk in the future. Significance of multidrug resistant (MDR) commensal E. coli seem to be highest in the food animal industry, acting as reservoir for intra- and interspecific exchange and a source for spread of MDR determinants through contaminated food to humans. Thus, public health potential of MDR commensal E. coli of food animals can be a concern and needs monitoring and more molecular analysis in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Béla Nagy
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of SciencesBudapest, Hungary
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Prevalence of β-Lactamase and 16S rRNA Methylase Genes Among ClinicalEscherichia coliIsolates Carrying Plasmid-Mediated Quinolone Resistance Genes from Animals. Microb Drug Resist 2013; 19:237-45. [DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2012.0179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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19
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Tamang MD, Nam HM, Chae MH, Kim SR, Gurung M, Jang GC, Jung SC, Lim SK. Prevalence of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance determinants among Escherichia coli isolated from food animals in Korea. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2012. [PMID: 23186547 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2012.1225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) determinants in Escherichia coli isolated from food-producing animals and to characterize the PMQR-positive isolates. A total of 365 E. coli isolates which were either nalidixic acid resistant and ciprofloxacin susceptible (NAL(R)-CIP(S); n=185), or nalidixic acid and ciprofloxacin resistant (NAL(R)-CIP(R); n=180) were assessed for the presence of PMQR determinants by polymerase chain reaction. PMQR-positive isolates were further characterized by mutation analysis within the quinolone resistance-determining region (QRDR) of gyrA, gyrB, parC, and parE, phylogenetic group analysis, and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Fourteen NAL(R)-CIP(S) (n=8) and NAL(R)-CIP(R) (n=6) E. coli isolates were positive for PMQR genes. Among them, qnrB4, qnrS1, and aac(6')-Ib-cr genes were detected in two (0.5%), eight (2.2%), and four (1.1%) isolates, respectively. None of the isolates harbored qnrA, qnrC, qnrD, and qepA genes. All but one PMQR-positive isolates harbored one or more point mutations in the QRDR of gyrA, and five of these isolates had additional mutations in the parC gene. Furthermore, one isolate each had additional substitutions in gyrB and parE genes, respectively. The most prevalent mutation was Ser83-Leu within the QRDR of gyrA. Phylogenetic analysis identified three major phylogenetic lineages, with phylogroups A (n=7) and D (n=4) being the most common phylogroups. None of the isolates belonged to virulent phylogroup B2. PFGE demonstrated that a combination of clonal and horizontal gene transmission is disseminating PMQR genes among the veterinary E. coli isolates in Korea. To our knowledge, this is the first report of occurrence of qnrB, qnrS, and aac(6')-Ib-cr genes in E. coli isolated from food-producing animals in Korea. Isolation of PMQR genes from food animals is a matter of concern since they could be transmitted to humans via food animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Migma Dorji Tamang
- Bacterial Disease Division, Animal, Plant, and Fisheries Quarantine and Inspection Agency, Anyang, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
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Dolejska M, Villa L, Hasman H, Hansen L, Carattoli A. Characterization of IncN plasmids carrying blaCTX-M-1 and qnr genes in Escherichia coli and Salmonella from animals, the environment and humans. J Antimicrob Chemother 2012; 68:333-9. [DOI: 10.1093/jac/dks387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Nógrády N, Király M, Davies R, Nagy B. Multidrug resistant clones of Salmonella Infantis of broiler origin in Europe. Int J Food Microbiol 2012; 157:108-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2012.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2011] [Revised: 04/08/2012] [Accepted: 04/10/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Poirel L, Cattoir V, Nordmann P. Plasmid-Mediated Quinolone Resistance; Interactions between Human, Animal, and Environmental Ecologies. Front Microbiol 2012; 3:24. [PMID: 22347217 PMCID: PMC3270319 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2012.00024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2011] [Accepted: 01/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Resistance to quinolones and fluoroquinolones is being increasingly reported among human but also veterinary isolates during the last two to three decades, very likely as a consequence of the large clinical usage of those antibiotics. Even if the principle mechanisms of resistance to quinolones are chromosome-encoded, due to modifications of molecular targets (DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV), decreased outer-membrane permeability (porin defect), and overexpression of naturally occurring efflux, the emergence of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) has been reported since 1998. Although these PMQR determinants confer low-level resistance to quinolones and/or fluoroquinolones, they are a favorable background for selection of additional chromosome-encoded quinolone resistance mechanisms. Different transferable mechanisms have been identified, corresponding to the production of Qnr proteins, of the aminoglycoside acetyltransferase AAC(6′)-Ib-cr, or of the QepA-type or OqxAB-type efflux pumps. Qnr proteins protect target enzymes (DNA gyrase and type IV topoisomerase) from quinolone inhibition. The AAC(6′)-Ib-cr determinant acetylates several fluoroquinolones, such as norfloxacin and ciprofloxacin. Finally, the QepA and OqxAB efflux pumps extrude fluoroquinolones from the bacterial cell. A series of studies have identified the environment to be a reservoir of PMQR genes, with farm animals and aquatic habitats being significantly involved. In addition, the origin of the qnr genes has been identified, corresponding to the waterborne species Shewanella sp. Altogether, the recent observations suggest that the aquatic environment might constitute the original source of PMQR genes, that would secondly spread among animal or human isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Poirel
- INSERM U914 « Emerging Resistance to Antibiotics», Service de Bactériologie-Virologie, hôpital de Bicêtre, Assistance Publique/Hôpitaux de Paris, Faculté de Médecine Paris-Sud, Université Paris XI K.-Bicêtre, France
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