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Sandrasaigaran P, Mohan S, Segaran NS, Lee TY, Radu S, Hasan H. Prevalence of multi-antimicrobial resistant non-typhoidal Salmonella isolated from filth flies at wet markets in Klang, Malaysia, and their survival in the simulated gastric fluid. Int J Food Microbiol 2023; 407:110390. [PMID: 37722349 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2023.110390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
Filth flies at wet markets can be a vector harbouring multiple antimicrobial-resistant (MAR) nontyphoidal Salmonella (NTS), and such strains are a significant threat to public health as they may cause severe infections in humans. This study aims to investigate the prevalence of antimicrobial-resistant NTS, especially Salmonella Enteritidis and S. Typhimurium harboured by filth flies at wet markets, and investigate their survival in the simulated gastric fluid (SGF). Filth flies (n = 90) were captured from wet markets in Klang, Malaysia, and processed to isolate Salmonella spp. The isolates (n = 16) were identified using the multiplex-touchdown PCR and assessed their antimicrobial susceptibility against 11 antimicrobial agents. Finally, three isolates with the highest MAR index were subjected to SGF survival tests. It was observed that 17.8 % of flies (n = 16/90) harbouring Salmonella, out of which 10 % (n = 9/90) was S. Enteritidis, 2.2 % (n = 2/90) was S. Typhimurium, and 5.6 % was unidentified serotypes of Salmonella enterica subsp. I. 43.8 % (n = 7/16) were confirmed as MAR, and they were observed to be resistant against ampicillin, chloramphenicol, kanamycin, streptomycin, and nalidixic acid. Three strains, F35, F75, and F85 demonstrated the highest MAR index and were able to survive (>6-log10) in the SGF (180 min), indicating their potential virulence and invasiveness. This study provides significant insights into the prevalence and severity of MAR nontyphoidal Salmonella harboured by filth flies in wet markets, which may help inform strategies for controlling the spread and outbreak of foodborne disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratheep Sandrasaigaran
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Manipal International University, Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia; Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Shuvarnah Mohan
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Manipal International University, Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia
| | - Nithiyha Sandara Segaran
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Manipal International University, Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia
| | - Tze Yan Lee
- School of Liberal Arts, Science and Technology (PUScLST), Perdana University, Wisma Chase Perdana, Changkat Semantan Damansara Heights, 50490 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Son Radu
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Hanan Hasan
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Halal Products Research Institute, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
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Olaru ID, Walther B, Schaumburg F. Zoonotic sources and the spread of antimicrobial resistance from the perspective of low and middle-income countries. Infect Dis Poverty 2023; 12:59. [PMID: 37316938 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-023-01113-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antimicrobial resistance is an increasing challenge in low and middle-income countries as it is widespread in these countries and is linked to an increased mortality. Apart from human and environmental factors, animal-related drivers of antimicrobial resistance in low- and middle-income countries have special features that differ from high-income countries. The aim of this narrative review is to address the zoonotic sources and the spread of antimicrobial resistance from the perspective of low- and middle-income countries. MAIN BODY Contamination with extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli is highest in poultry (Africa: 8.9-60%, Asia: 53-93%) and there is a risk to import ESBL-producing E. coli through poultry meat in Africa. In aquacultures, the proportion of ESBL-producers among E. coli can be high (27%) but the overall low quality of published studies limit the general conclusion on the impact of aquacultures on human health. ESBL-producing E. coli colonization of wildlife is 1-9% in bats or 2.5-63% birds. Since most of them are migratory animals, they can disperse antimicrobial resistant bacteria over large distances. So-called 'filth flies' are a relevant vector not only of enteric pathogens but also of antimicrobial resistant bacteria in settings where sanitary systems are poor. In Africa, up to 72.5% of 'filth flies' are colonized with ESBL-producing E. coli, mostly conferred by CTX-M (24.4-100%). While methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus plays a minor role in livestock in Africa, it is frequently found in South America in poultry (27%) or pork (37.5-56.5%) but less common in Asia (poultry: 3%, pork: 1-16%). CONCLUSIONS Interventions to contain the spread of AMR should be tailored to the needs of low- and middle-income countries. These comprise capacity building of diagnostic facilities, surveillance, infection prevention and control in small-scale farming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioana D Olaru
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.
| | - Birgit Walther
- Advanced Light and Electron Microscopy, Robert Koch-Institute, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Environmental Hygiene, German Environment Agency, Berlin, Germany
| | - Frieder Schaumburg
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
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Nayduch D, Neupane S, Pickens V, Purvis T, Olds C. House Flies Are Underappreciated Yet Important Reservoirs and Vectors of Microbial Threats to Animal and Human Health. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11030583. [PMID: 36985156 PMCID: PMC10054770 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11030583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
House flies are well recognized as filth-associated organisms and public nuisances. House flies create sanitation issues when they bridge the gap between microbe-rich breeding environments and animal/human habitations. Numerous scientific surveys have demonstrated that house flies harbor bacterial pathogens that pose a threat to humans and animals. More extensive and informative surveys incorporating next-generation sequencing technologies have shown that house fly carriage of pathogens and harmful genetic elements, such as antimicrobial resistance genes, is more widespread and dangerous than previously thought. Further, there is a strong body of research confirming that flies not only harbor but also transmit viable, and presumably infectious, bacterial pathogens. Some pathogens replicate and persist in the fly, permitting prolonged shedding and dissemination. Finally, although the drivers still have yet to be firmly determined, the potential range of dissemination of flies and their associated pathogens can be extensive. Despite this evidence, the house flies’ role as reservoirs, disseminators, and true, yet facultative, vectors for pathogens have been greatly underestimated and underappreciated. In this review, we present key studies that bolster the house fly’s role both an important player in microbial ecology and population biology and as transmitters of microbial threats to animal and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Nayduch
- Arthropod-Borne Animal Diseases Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 1515 College Avenue, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA
- Correspondence: (D.N.); (C.O.)
| | - Saraswoti Neupane
- Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Victoria Pickens
- Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Tanya Purvis
- Arthropod-Borne Animal Diseases Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 1515 College Avenue, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA
| | - Cassandra Olds
- Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
- Correspondence: (D.N.); (C.O.)
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4
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Rawat N, Sabu B, Jamwal R, Devi PP, Yadav K, Raina HS, Rajagopal R. Understanding the role of insects in the acquisition and transmission of antibiotic resistance. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 858:159805. [PMID: 36461578 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance (AR) is a global healthcare threat that requires a comprehensive assessment. Poorly regulated antibiotic stewardship in clinical and non-clinical settings has led to a horizontal dissemination of AR. A variety of often neglected elements facilitate the circulation of AR from antibiotic sinks like concentrated animal feeding operations and healthcare settings to other environments that include healthy human communities. Insects are one of those elements that have received underwhelming attention as vectors of AR, despite their well-known role in transmitting clinically relevant pathogens. We here make an exhaustive attempt to highlight the role of insects as zoonotic reservoirs of AR by discussing the available literature and deriving realistic inferences. We review the AR associated with insects housing various human-relevant environments, namely, animal farm industry, edible-insects enterprise, healthcare institutes, human settlements, agriculture settings and the wild. We also provide evidence-based accounts of the events of the transmission of AR from insects to humans. We evaluate the clinical threats associated with insect-derived AR and propose the adoption of more sophisticated strategies to understand and mitigate future AR concerns facilitated by insects. Future works include a pan-region assessment of insects for AR in the form of AR bacteria (ARB) and AR determinants (ARDs) and the introduction of modern techniques like whole-genome sequencing, metagenomics, and in-silico modelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitish Rawat
- Gut Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Room No. 117, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Benoy Sabu
- Gut Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Room No. 117, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Rohit Jamwal
- Gut Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Room No. 117, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Pukhrambam Pushpa Devi
- Gut Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Room No. 117, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Karuna Yadav
- Gut Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Room No. 117, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Harpreet Singh Raina
- Gut Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Room No. 117, Delhi 110007, India; Department of Zoology, Sri Guru Teg Bahadur Khalsa College, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Raman Rajagopal
- Gut Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Room No. 117, Delhi 110007, India.
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5
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Usui M, Tamura Y, Asai T. Current status and future perspective of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria and resistance genes in animal-breeding environments. J Vet Med Sci 2022; 84:1292-1298. [PMID: 35871558 PMCID: PMC9523292 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.22-0253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence and spread of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria (ARB) and antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) are a global public health concern. ARB are transmitted directly or indirectly
from animals to humans. The importance of environmental transmission of ARB and ARGs has recently been demonstrated, given the relationships between compost, livestock wastewater, insects,
and wildlife. In addition, companion animals and their surrounding environments (veterinary hospitals and homes with companion animals) should be considered owing to their close relationship
with humans. This review discusses the current status and future perspectives of ARB and ARGs in animal-breeding environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaru Usui
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Food Safety, Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University
| | - Yutaka Tamura
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Food Safety, Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University
| | - Tetsuo Asai
- Department of Applied Veterinary Science, The United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Gifu University
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6
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Ott LC, Mellata M. Models for Gut-Mediated Horizontal Gene Transfer by Bacterial Plasmid Conjugation. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:891548. [PMID: 35847067 PMCID: PMC9280185 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.891548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of new antimicrobial resistant and virulent bacterial strains may pose a threat to human and animal health. Bacterial plasmid conjugation is a significant contributor to rapid microbial evolutions that results in the emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AR). The gut of animals is believed to be a potent reservoir for the spread of AR and virulence genes through the horizontal exchange of mobile genetic elements such as plasmids. The study of the plasmid transfer process in the complex gut environment is limited due to the confounding factors that affect colonization, persistence, and plasmid conjugation. Furthermore, study of plasmid transfer in the gut of humans is limited to observational studies, leading to the need to identify alternate models that provide insight into the factors regulating conjugation in the gut. This review discusses key studies on the current models for in silico, in vitro, and in vivo modeling of bacterial conjugation, and their ability to reflect the gut of animals. We particularly emphasize the use of computational and in vitro models that may approximate aspects of the gut, as well as animal models that represent in vivo conditions to a greater extent. Directions on future research studies in the field are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Logan C. Ott
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
- Interdepartmental Microbiology Graduate Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Melha Mellata
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
- Interdepartmental Microbiology Graduate Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
- *Correspondence: Melha Mellata,
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7
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Flies as Vectors and Potential Sentinels for Bacterial Pathogens and Antimicrobial Resistance: A Review. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9060300. [PMID: 35737352 PMCID: PMC9228806 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9060300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The unique biology of flies and their omnipresence in the environment of people and animals makes them ideal candidates to be important vectors of antimicrobial resistance genes. Consequently, there has been increasing research on the bacteria and antimicrobial resistance genes that are carried by flies and their role in the spread of resistance. In this review, we describe the current knowledge on the transmission of bacterial pathogens and antimicrobial resistance genes by flies, and the roles flies might play in the maintenance, transmission, and surveillance of antimicrobial resistance.
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8
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Loftie-Eaton W, Crabtree A, Perry D, Millstein J, Baytosh J, Stalder T, Robison BD, Forney LJ, Top EM. Contagious Antibiotic Resistance: Plasmid Transfer among Bacterial Residents of the Zebrafish Gut. Appl Environ Microbiol 2021; 87:e02735-20. [PMID: 33637574 PMCID: PMC8091013 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02735-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
By characterizing the trajectories of antibiotic resistance gene transfer in bacterial communities such as the gut microbiome, we will better understand the factors that influence this spread of resistance. Our aim was to investigate the host network of a multidrug resistance broad-host-range plasmid in the culturable gut microbiome of zebrafish. This was done through in vitro and in vivo conjugation experiments with Escherichia coli as the donor of the plasmid pB10::gfp When this donor was mixed with the extracted gut microbiome, only transconjugants of Aeromonas veronii were detected. In separate matings between the same donor and four prominent isolates from the gut microbiome, the plasmid transferred to two of these four isolates, A. veronii and Plesiomonas shigelloides, but not to Shewanella putrefaciens and Vibrio mimicus When these A. veronii and P. shigelloides transconjugants were the donors in matings with the same four isolates, the plasmid now also transferred from A. veronii to S. putrefaciensP. shigelloides was unable to donate the plasmid, and V. mimicus was unable to acquire it. Finally, when the E. coli donor was added in vivo to zebrafish through their food, plasmid transfer was observed in the gut, but only to Achromobacter, a rare member of the gut microbiome. This work shows that the success of plasmid-mediated antibiotic resistance spread in a gut microbiome depends on the donor-recipient species combinations and therefore their spatial arrangement. It also suggests that rare gut microbiome members should not be ignored as potential reservoirs of multidrug resistance plasmids from food.IMPORTANCE To understand how antibiotic resistance plasmids end up in human pathogens, it is crucial to learn how, where, and when they are transferred and maintained in members of bacterial communities such as the gut microbiome. To gain insight into the network of plasmid-mediated antibiotic resistance sharing in the gut microbiome, we investigated the transferability and maintenance of a multidrug resistance plasmid among the culturable bacteria of the zebrafish gut. We show that the success of plasmid-mediated antibiotic resistance spread in a gut microbiome can depend on which species are involved, as some are important nodes in the plasmid-host network and others are dead ends. Our findings also suggest that rare gut microbiome members should not be ignored as potential reservoirs of multidrug resistance plasmids from food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wesley Loftie-Eaton
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, USA
- Institute for Bioinformatics and Evolutionary Studies (IBEST), University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, USA
| | - Angela Crabtree
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, USA
| | - David Perry
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, USA
| | - Jack Millstein
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, USA
- Institute for Bioinformatics and Evolutionary Studies (IBEST), University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, USA
| | - Justin Baytosh
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, USA
| | - Thibault Stalder
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, USA
- Institute for Bioinformatics and Evolutionary Studies (IBEST), University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, USA
| | - Barrie D Robison
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, USA
- Institute for Bioinformatics and Evolutionary Studies (IBEST), University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, USA
| | - Larry J Forney
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, USA
- Institute for Bioinformatics and Evolutionary Studies (IBEST), University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, USA
| | - Eva M Top
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, USA
- Institute for Bioinformatics and Evolutionary Studies (IBEST), University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, USA
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9
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Gwenzi W, Chaukura N, Muisa-Zikali N, Teta C, Musvuugwa T, Rzymski P, Abia ALK. Insects, Rodents, and Pets as Reservoirs, Vectors, and Sentinels of Antimicrobial Resistance. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10010068. [PMID: 33445633 PMCID: PMC7826649 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10010068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper reviews the occurrence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in insects, rodents, and pets. Insects (e.g., houseflies, cockroaches), rodents (rats, mice), and pets (dogs, cats) act as reservoirs of AMR for first-line and last-resort antimicrobial agents. AMR proliferates in insects, rodents, and pets, and their skin and gut systems. Subsequently, insects, rodents, and pets act as vectors that disseminate AMR to humans via direct contact, human food contamination, and horizontal gene transfer. Thus, insects, rodents, and pets might act as sentinels or bioindicators of AMR. Human health risks are discussed, including those unique to low-income countries. Current evidence on human health risks is largely inferential and based on qualitative data, but comprehensive statistics based on quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) are still lacking. Hence, tracing human health risks of AMR to insects, rodents, and pets, remains a challenge. To safeguard human health, mitigation measures are proposed, based on the one-health approach. Future research should include human health risk analysis using QMRA, and the application of in-silico techniques, genomics, network analysis, and ’big data’ analytical tools to understand the role of household insects, rodents, and pets in the persistence, circulation, and health risks of AMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willis Gwenzi
- Biosystems and Environmental Engineering Research Group, Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, University of Zimbabwe, Mount. Pleasant, Harare P.O. Box MP167, Zimbabwe
- Correspondence: or (W.G.); or (A.L.K.A.)
| | - Nhamo Chaukura
- Department of Physical and Earth Sciences, Sol Plaatje University, Kimberley 8300, South Africa;
| | - Norah Muisa-Zikali
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Technology, School of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Chinhoyi University of Technology, Private Bag, Chinhoyi 7724, Zimbabwe; or
| | - Charles Teta
- Future Water Institute, Faculty of Engineering & Built Environment, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7700, South Africa;
| | - Tendai Musvuugwa
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Sciences, Sol Plaatje University, Kimberley 8300, South Africa;
| | - Piotr Rzymski
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-806 Poznan, Poland;
- Integrated Science Association (ISA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), 60-806 Poznań, Poland
| | - Akebe Luther King Abia
- Antimicrobial Research Unit, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa
- Correspondence: or (W.G.); or (A.L.K.A.)
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10
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Poudel A, Kang Y, Mandal RK, Kalalah A, Butaye P, Hathcock T, Kelly P, Walz P, Macklin K, Cattley R, Price S, Adekanmbi F, Zhang L, Kitchens S, Kaltenboeck B, Wang C. Comparison of microbiota, antimicrobial resistance genes and mobile genetic elements in flies and the feces of sympatric animals. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2020; 96:5762668. [PMID: 32105329 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiaa027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Flies are well-known vectors of bacterial pathogens, but there are little data on their role in spreading microbial community and antimicrobial resistance. In this study, we compared the bacterial community, antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) and mobile genetic elements (MGEs) in flies with those in the feces of sympatric animals. A 16S rRNA-based microbial analysis identified 23 bacterial phyla in fecal samples and 25 phyla in flies; all the phyla identified in the fecal samples were also found in the flies. Bray-Curtis dissimilarity analysis showed that the microbiota of the flies were more similar to the microbiota of the feces of their sympatric animals than those of the feces from the three other animal species studied. The qPCR array amplified 276 ARGs/MGEs in fecal samples, and 216 ARGs/MGEs in the flies, while 198 of these genes were identified in both flies and feces. Long-term studies with larger sample numbers from more geospatially distinct populations and infection trials are indicated to further evaluate the possibility of flies as sentinels for antimicrobial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil Poudel
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, AL36849, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Yuan Kang
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, AL36849, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Rabindra K Mandal
- Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Anwar Kalalah
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, AL36849, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Patrick Butaye
- Department of Biosciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine; 00265, Basseterre, St Kitts, West Indies.,Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University; B-9000 Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Terri Hathcock
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, AL36849, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Patrick Kelly
- Department of Biosciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine; 00265, Basseterre, St Kitts, West Indies
| | - Paul Walz
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, AL36849, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Kenneth Macklin
- Department of Poultry Science, College of Agriculture, Auburn University; AL, 36830, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Russell Cattley
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, AL36849, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Stuart Price
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, AL36849, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Folasade Adekanmbi
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, AL36849, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Lixin Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Steven Kitchens
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, AL36849, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Bernhard Kaltenboeck
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, AL36849, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Chengming Wang
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, AL36849, Auburn, AL, USA
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11
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Environmental and Sex Effects on Bacterial Carriage by Adult House Flies ( Musca domestica L.). INSECTS 2020; 11:insects11070401. [PMID: 32605295 PMCID: PMC7412185 DOI: 10.3390/insects11070401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Adult house flies frequent microbe-rich sites such as urban dumpsters and animal facilities, and encounter and ingest bacteria during feeding and reproductive activities. Due to unique nutritional and reproductive needs, male and female flies demonstrate different interactions with microbe-rich substrates and therefore dissemination potential. We investigated culturable aerobic bacteria and coliform abundance in male and female flies (n = 107) collected from urban (restaurant dumpsters) and agricultural (dairy farm) sites. Whole-fly homogenate was aerobically cultured and enumerated on nonselective (tryptic soy agar; culturable bacteria) and selective (violet-red bile agar, VRBA; coliforms) media. Unique morphotypes from VRBA cultures of agricultural flies were identified and tested for susceptibility to 14 antimicrobials. Female flies harbored more bacteria than males and there was a sex by site interaction with sex effects on bacterial abundance at the urban site. Coliform abundance did not differ by sex, site or sex within site. Both male and female flies carried antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) bacteria: 36/38 isolates (95%) were resistant to ≥1 antimicrobial, 33/38 were multidrug-resistant (≥2), and 24/38 isolates were resistant to ≥4 antimicrobials. Our results emphasize the role of house flies in harboring bacteria including AMR strains that pose a risk to human and animal health.
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12
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Yoshizawa N, Usui M, Fukuda A, Asai T, Higuchi H, Okamoto E, Seki K, Takada H, Tamura Y. Manure Compost Is a Potential Source of Tetracycline-Resistant Escherichia coli and Tetracycline Resistance Genes in Japanese Farms. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:antibiotics9020076. [PMID: 32054107 PMCID: PMC7168215 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9020076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Manure compost has been thought of as a potential important route of transmission of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria (ARB) and antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) from livestock to humans. To clarify the abundance of ARB and ARGs, ARB and ARGs were quantitatively determined in tetracycline-resistant Escherichia coli (harboring the tetA gene)-spiked feces in simulated composts. In the simulated composts, the concentration of spiked E. coli decreased below the detection limit at day 7. The tetA gene remained in manure compost for 20 days, although the levels of the gene decreased. Next, to clarify the field conditions of manure compost in Japan, the quantities of tetracycline-resistant bacteria, tetracycline resistance genes, and residual tetracyclines were determined using field-manure-matured composts in livestock farms. Tetracycline-resistant bacteria were detected in 54.5% of tested matured compost (6/11 farms). The copy number of the tetA gene and the concentrations of residual tetracyclines in field manure compost were significantly correlated. These results suggest that the use of antimicrobials in livestock constitutes a selective pressure, not only in livestock feces but also in manure compost. The appropriate use of antimicrobials in livestock and treatment of manure compost are important for avoiding the spread of ARB and ARGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuki Yoshizawa
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Food Safety, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu 069-8501, Japan; (N.Y.); (A.F.); (Y.T.)
| | - Masaru Usui
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Food Safety, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu 069-8501, Japan; (N.Y.); (A.F.); (Y.T.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-11-388-4723
| | - Akira Fukuda
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Food Safety, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu 069-8501, Japan; (N.Y.); (A.F.); (Y.T.)
- Microbiology Section, Osaka Institute of Public Health, Osaka 543-0026, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Asai
- Department of Applied Veterinary Science, The United Graduated School of Veterinary Science, Gifu University, Yanagido 501-1193, Japan;
| | - Hidetoshi Higuchi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Hygiene, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu 069-8501, Japan;
| | - Eiryu Okamoto
- Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology, College of Agriculture, Food and Environment Sciences, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu 069-8501, Japan;
| | - Kanako Seki
- Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu 183-8509, Japan; (K.S.); (H.T.)
| | - Hideshige Takada
- Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu 183-8509, Japan; (K.S.); (H.T.)
| | - Yutaka Tamura
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Food Safety, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu 069-8501, Japan; (N.Y.); (A.F.); (Y.T.)
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13
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Poudel A, Hathcock T, Butaye P, Kang Y, Price S, Macklin K, Walz P, Cattley R, Kalalah A, Adekanmbi F, Wang C. Multidrug-Resistant Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Staphylococcus spp. in Houseflies and Blowflies from Farms and Their Environmental Settings. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:E3583. [PMID: 31557837 PMCID: PMC6801616 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16193583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 09/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Background: Antimicrobial resistance is rising globally at an alarming rate. While multiple active surveillance programs have been established to monitor the antimicrobial resistance, studies on the environmental link to antimicrobial spread are lacking. Methods: A total of 493 flies were trapped from a dairy unit, a dog kennel, a poultry farm, a beef cattle unit, an urban trash facility and an urban downtown area to isolate Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Staphylococcus spp. for antimicrobial susceptibility testing and molecular characterization. Results: E. coli, K. pneumoniae and coagulase-negative Staphylococcus were recovered from 43.9%, 15.5% and 66.2% of the houseflies, and 26.0%, 19.2%, 37.0% of the blowflies, respectively. In total, 35.3% of flies were found to harbor antimicrobial-resistant bacteria and 9.0% contained multidrug-resistant isolates. Three Staphylococcus aureus isolates were recovered from blowflies while three extended spectrum beta lactamase (ESBL)-carrying E. coli and one ESBL-carrying K. pneumoniae were isolated from houseflies. Whole genome sequencing identified the antimicrobial resistance genes blaCMY-2 and blaCTXM-1 as ESBLs. Conclusion: Taken together, our data indicate that flies can be used as indicators for environmental contamination of antimicrobial resistance. More extensive studies are warranted to explore the sentinel role of flies for antimicrobial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil Poudel
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA.
| | - Terri Hathcock
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA.
| | - Patrick Butaye
- Department of Biosciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre 00265, St. Kitts & Nevis.
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Poultry diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Yuan Kang
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA.
| | - Stuart Price
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA.
| | - Kenneth Macklin
- Department of Poultry Science, College of Agriculture, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36830, USA.
| | - Paul Walz
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA.
| | - Russell Cattley
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA.
| | - Anwar Kalalah
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA.
| | - Folesade Adekanmbi
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA.
| | - Chengming Wang
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA.
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Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase (ESBL)-Producing Escherichia coli Isolated from Flies in the Urban Center of Berlin, Germany. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16091530. [PMID: 31052188 PMCID: PMC6539871 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16091530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Background: The monitoring of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in microorganisms that circulate in the environment is an important topic of scientific research and contributes to the development of action plans to combat the spread of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria. As a synanthropic vector for multiple pathogens and a reservoir for AMR, flies can be used for surveillance. Methods: We collected 163 flies in the inner city of Berlin and examined them for extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli genotypically and phenotypically. Results: The prevalence of ESBL-producing E. coli in flies was 12.9%. Almost half (47.6%) of the ESBL-positive samples showed a co-resistance to ciprofloxacin. Resistance to carbapenems or colistin was not detected. The predominant ESBL-type was CTX-M-1, which is associated with wildlife, livestock, and companion animals as a potential major source of transmission of MDR E. coli to flies. Conclusions: This field study confirms the permanent presence of ESBL-producing E. coli in an urban fly population. For continuous monitoring of environmental contamination with multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria, flies can be used as indicators without much effort.
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15
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Gharout-Sait A, Touati A, Ahmim M, Brasme L, Guillard T, Agsous A, de Champs C. Occurrence of Carbapenemase-Producing Klebsiella pneumoniae in Bat Guano. Microb Drug Resist 2019; 25:1057-1062. [PMID: 31021173 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2018.0471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to screen for the presence of carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (CPE) isolates from bat guano in Bejaia, Algeria. Guano samples (n = 110) were collected in Aokas's cave, Bejaia, Algeria, between March and May 2016. Samples were plated on MacConkey agar supplemented with ertapenem (0.5 mg/L) and vancomycin (32 mg/L). The isolates were identified and antimicrobial susceptibility was determined using disk diffusion method. Carbapenemase, extended spectrum β-lactamases, plasmid-mediated AmpC, and plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance genes were studied using PCR and sequencing. Clonal relatedness was studied using multilocus sequence typing (MLST). Two CPE isolates were identified as Klebsiella pneumoniae. PCR and sequencing identified the blaOXA-48 in one K. pneumoniae strain (CS34) and blaKPC-3 in the other strain (CS63). K. pneumoniae CS63 was found to carry blaTEM-1 and aac(6')-Ib genes. The MLST showed that K. pneumoniae CS63 was assigned to ST512, whereas K. pneumoniae CS34 belonged to ST1878. This is the first description of CPE from bats' guano.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alima Gharout-Sait
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Microbienne, FSNV, Université de Bejaia, Bejaia, Algérie
| | - Abdelaziz Touati
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Microbienne, FSNV, Université de Bejaia, Bejaia, Algérie
| | - Mourad Ahmim
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie et d'Environnement, FSNV, Université de Bejaia, Bejaia, Algérie
| | - Lucien Brasme
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie, Virologie-Hygiène Hospitalière, CHU Reims, Hôpital Robert DEBRE, Avenue du Général Koenig, Reims, France.,Inserm UMR-S 1250 P3Cell, SFR CAP-Santé, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France
| | - Thomas Guillard
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie, Virologie-Hygiène Hospitalière, CHU Reims, Hôpital Robert DEBRE, Avenue du Général Koenig, Reims, France.,Inserm UMR-S 1250 P3Cell, SFR CAP-Santé, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France
| | - Amir Agsous
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Microbienne, FSNV, Université de Bejaia, Bejaia, Algérie
| | - Christophe de Champs
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie, Virologie-Hygiène Hospitalière, CHU Reims, Hôpital Robert DEBRE, Avenue du Général Koenig, Reims, France.,Inserm UMR-S 1250 P3Cell, SFR CAP-Santé, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France
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16
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Quantitative Analysis of Houseflies-mediated Food Contamination with Bacteria. Food Saf (Tokyo) 2019; 7:11-14. [PMID: 31998583 PMCID: PMC6977770 DOI: 10.14252/foodsafetyfscj.2018013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Flies play a key role as vectors in transmitting various bacteria and pose bacterial contamination risk to food. To evaluate the time- and concentration-related bacterial contamination of food by houseflies based on their attraction to the food, we determined the number of fed antimicrobial-resistant Escherichia coli transferred from houseflies to foods, sugar and milk mixture, apple, and castella (such as sponge cake). Houseflies contaminated the foods with the fed E. coli within 5 min, and the bacteria were present in high numbers on apple and castella (3.3 × 103 and 3.5 × 104 CFU/g of food, respectively). Furthermore, the number of fed E. coli on the foods increased with time, rising to 3.6 × 104-1.7 × 105 CFU/g. We show that the food contamination level caused by houseflies depends on the concentration of bacteria that the houseflies carry, the contact time with the food, and the attraction of the flies to the food.
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17
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Fukuda A, Usui M, Okamura M, Dong-Liang H, Tamura Y. Role of Flies in the Maintenance of Antimicrobial Resistance in Farm Environments. Microb Drug Resist 2019; 25:127-132. [DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2017.0371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Akira Fukuda
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Food Safety, Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Masaru Usui
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Food Safety, Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Masashi Okamura
- Laboratory of Zoonoses, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Aomori, Japan
| | - Hu Dong-Liang
- Laboratory of Zoonoses, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Aomori, Japan
| | - Yutaka Tamura
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Food Safety, Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Hokkaido, Japan
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18
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Fukuda A, Usui M, Okubo T, Tagaki C, Sukpanyatham N, Tamura Y. Co-harboring of cephalosporin (bla)/colistin (mcr) resistance genes among Enterobacteriaceae from flies in Thailand. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2018; 365:5053807. [DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fny178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Akira Fukuda
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Food Safety, Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, 582 Midorimachi, Bunkyodai, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501 Japan
| | - Masaru Usui
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Food Safety, Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, 582 Midorimachi, Bunkyodai, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501 Japan
| | - Torahiko Okubo
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Food Safety, Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, 582 Midorimachi, Bunkyodai, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501 Japan
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, North-12, West-5, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0812 Japan
| | - Chie Tagaki
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Food Safety, Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, 582 Midorimachi, Bunkyodai, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501 Japan
| | - Nop Sukpanyatham
- Quality Vet Product Co., Ltd, Klongsamwa district, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Yutaka Tamura
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Food Safety, Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, 582 Midorimachi, Bunkyodai, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501 Japan
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19
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Dias C, Borges A, Oliveira D, Martinez-Murcia A, Saavedra MJ, Simões M. Biofilms and antibiotic susceptibility of multidrug-resistant bacteria from wild animals. PeerJ 2018; 6:e4974. [PMID: 29910986 PMCID: PMC6003395 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.4974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The "One Health" concept recognizes that human health and animal health are interdependent and bound to the health of the ecosystem in which they (co)exist. This interconnection favors the transmission of bacteria and other infectious agents as well as the flow of genetic elements containing antibiotic resistance genes. This problem is worsened when pathogenic bacteria have the ability to establish as biofilms. Therefore, it is important to understand the characteristics and behaviour of microorganisms in both planktonic and biofilms states from the most diverse environmental niches to mitigate the emergence and dissemination of resistance. Methods The purpose of this work was to assess the antibiotic susceptibility of four bacteria (Acinetobacter spp., Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas fluorescens and Shewanella putrefaciens) isolated from wild animals and their ability to form biofilms. The effect of two antibiotics, imipenem (IPM) and ciprofloxacin (CIP), on biofilm removal was also assessed. Screening of resistance genetic determinants was performed by PCR. Biofilm tests were performed by a modified microtiter plate method. Bacterial surface hydrophobicity was determined by sessile drop contact angles. Results The susceptibility profile classified the bacteria as multidrug-resistant. Three genes coding for β-lactamases were detected in K. pneumoniae (TEM, SHV, OXA-aer) and one in P. fluorescens (OXA-aer). K. pneumoniae was the microorganism that carried more β-lactamase genes and it was the most proficient biofilm producer, while P. fluorescens demonstrated the highest adhesion ability. Antibiotics at their MIC, 5 × MIC and 10 × MIC were ineffective in total biofilm removal. The highest biomass reductions were found with IPM (54% at 10 × MIC) against K. pneumoniae biofilms and with CIP (40% at 10 × MIC) against P. fluorescens biofilms. Discussion The results highlight wildlife as important host reservoirs and vectors for the spread of multidrug-resistant bacteria and genetic determinants of resistance. The ability of these bacteria to form biofilms should increase their persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Dias
- LEPABE-Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering-University of Porto, Portugal.,CITAB, Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environment and Biological Sciences, Universidade de Tras-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Portugal.,CECAV, Veterinary and Animal Science Research Center, Universidade de Tras-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Portugal
| | - Anabela Borges
- LEPABE-Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering-University of Porto, Portugal.,CECAV, Veterinary and Animal Science Research Center, Universidade de Tras-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Portugal.,CIQUP, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Portugal
| | - Diana Oliveira
- LEPABE-Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering-University of Porto, Portugal
| | | | - Maria José Saavedra
- CITAB, Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environment and Biological Sciences, Universidade de Tras-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Portugal.,CECAV, Veterinary and Animal Science Research Center, Universidade de Tras-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Portugal
| | - Manuel Simões
- LEPABE-Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering-University of Porto, Portugal
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20
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The role of ‘filth flies’ in the spread of antimicrobial resistance. Travel Med Infect Dis 2018; 22:8-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2018.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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21
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Poole TL, Callaway TR, Norman KN, Scott HM, Loneragan GH, Ison SA, Beier RC, Harhay DM, Norby B, Nisbet DJ. Transferability of antimicrobial resistance from multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli isolated from cattle in the USA to E. coli and Salmonella Newport recipients. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2017; 11:123-132. [PMID: 28801276 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2017.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Revised: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to evaluate conjugative transfer of cephalosporin resistance among 100 strains of multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli (MDRE) to Salmonella enterica serotype Newport and E. coli DH5α recipients. METHODS Phenotypic and genotypic profiles were determined for MDRE as well as for Salmonella Newport (trSN) and E. coli DH5α (trDH) transconjugants. RESULTS Of 95 MDRE donor isolates, 26 (27%) and 27 (28%) transferred resistance to trSN and trDH recipients, respectively. A total of 27 MDRE (27%) were confirmed as extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producers based on the double-disk synergy assay and whole-genome sequencing (WGS). WGS was performed on 25 of the ESBL-producing isolates, showing that 2 isolates carried blaCTX-M-6, 22 possessed blaCTX-M-32 and 1 was negative for blaCTX-M genes. Fourteen of the ESBLs sequenced were qnrB19. Differential transfer of IncA/C and IncN from MDRE32 was observed between trSN32 and trDH32. IncN-positive trDH32 displayed an ESBL phenotype, whereas IncA/C-positive trSN32 displayed an AmpC phenotype. The rate of ESBL transfer to trSN and trDH recipients was 11% and 96%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Twenty-seven MDRE were phenotypically identified as ESBL-producers. WGS of 25 MDRE revealed that 2 and 22 isolates carried blaCTX-M-6 and blaCTX-M-32, respectively. One multidrug-resistant isolate exhibited conversion from an AmpC phenotype to an ESBL phenotype with the transfer of only the IncN plasmid. The rate of resistance transfer to Salmonella or E. coli recipients was nearly identical. However, the ESBL phenotype was transferred with significantly greater prevalence to E. coli compared with Salmonella Newport (96% and 11%, respectively).
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Affiliation(s)
- T L Poole
- USDA/ARS/SPARC, 2881 F&B Road, College Station, TX 77845, USA.
| | - T R Callaway
- USDA/ARS/SPARC, 2881 F&B Road, College Station, TX 77845, USA
| | - K N Norman
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences (TAMU/CVM), College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - H M Scott
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, TAMU/CVM, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - G H Loneragan
- Texas Tech University (TTU), Department of Animal and Food Science, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | - S A Ison
- Texas Tech University (TTU), Department of Animal and Food Science, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | - R C Beier
- USDA/ARS/SPARC, 2881 F&B Road, College Station, TX 77845, USA
| | - D M Harhay
- USDA/ARS/MARC, Clay Center, NE 68933, USA
| | - B Norby
- Michigan State University College of Veterinary Medicine (MSU-CVM), Large Animal Clinical Sciences, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - D J Nisbet
- USDA/ARS/SPARC, 2881 F&B Road, College Station, TX 77845, USA
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