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Liu H, Pan S, Cheng Y, Luo L, Zhou L, Fan S, Wang L, Jiang S, Zhou Z, Liu H, Zhang S, Ren Z, Ma X, Cao S, Shen L, Wang Y, Cai D, Gou L, Geng Y, Peng G, Yan Q, Luo Y, Zhong Z. Distribution and associations for antimicrobial resistance and antibiotic resistance genes of Escherichia coli from musk deer (Moschus berezovskii) in Sichuan, China. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0289028. [PMID: 38011149 PMCID: PMC10681177 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0289028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the antimicrobial resistance (AMR), antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and integrons in 157 Escherichia coli (E. coli) strains isolated from feces of captive musk deer from 2 farms (Dujiang Yan and Barkam) in Sichuan province. Result showed that 91.72% (144/157) strains were resistant to at least one antimicrobial and 24.20% (38/157) strains were multi-drug resistant (MDR). The antibiotics that most E. coli strains were resistant to was sulfamethoxazole (85.99%), followed by ampicillin (26.11%) and tetracycline (24.84%). We further detected 13 ARGs in the 157 E. coli strains, of which blaTEM had the highest occurrence (91.72%), followed by aac(3')-Iid (60.51%) and blaCTX-M (16.56%). Doxycycline, chloramphenicol, and ceftriaxone resistance were strongly correlated with the presence of tetB, floR and blaCTX-M, respectively. The strongest positive association among AMR phenotypes was ampicillin/cefuroxime sodium (OR, 828.000). The strongest positive association among 16 pairs of ARGs was sul1/floR (OR, 21.667). Nine pairs positive associations were observed between AMR phenotypes and corresponding resistance genes and the strongest association was observed for CHL/floR (OR, 301.167). Investigation of integrons revealed intl1 and intl2 genes were detected in 10.19% (16/157) and 1.27% (2/157) E. coli strains, respectively. Only one type of gene cassettes (drA17-aadA5) was detected in class 1 integron positive strains. Our data implied musk deer is a reservoir of ARGs and positive associations were common observed among E. coli strains carrying AMRs and ARGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan, Chengdu, China
| | - Shulei Pan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuehong Cheng
- Sichuan Wolong National Natural Reserve Administration Bureau, Wenchuan, Sichuan, China
| | - Lijun Luo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan, Chengdu, China
| | - Lei Zhou
- Sichuan Institute of Musk Deer Breeding, Dujiangyan, China
| | - Siping Fan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan, Chengdu, China
| | - Liqin Wang
- The Chengdu Zoo, Institute of Wild Animals, Chengdu, China
| | - Shaoqi Jiang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan, Chengdu, China
| | - Ziyao Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan, Chengdu, China
| | - Haifeng Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan, Chengdu, China
| | - Shaqiu Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhihua Ren
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoping Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan, Chengdu, China
| | - Suizhong Cao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan, Chengdu, China
| | - Liuhong Shen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan, Chengdu, China
| | - Ya Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan, Chengdu, China
| | - Dongjie Cai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan, Chengdu, China
| | - Liping Gou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan, Chengdu, China
| | - Yi Geng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan, Chengdu, China
| | - Guangneng Peng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan, Chengdu, China
| | - Qigui Yan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan, Chengdu, China
| | - Yan Luo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhijun Zhong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan, Chengdu, China
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O’Neill L, Manzanilla EG, Ekhlas D, Leonard FC. Antimicrobial Resistance in Commensal Escherichia coli of the Porcine Gastrointestinal Tract. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1616. [PMID: 37998818 PMCID: PMC10669415 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12111616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in Escherichia coli of animal origin presents a threat to human health. Although animals are not the primary source of human infections, humans may be exposed to AMR E. coli of animal origin and their AMR genes through the food chain, direct contact with animals, and via the environment. For this reason, AMR in E. coli from food producing animals is included in most national and international AMR monitoring programmes and is the subject of a large body of research. As pig farming is one of the largest livestock sectors and the one with the highest antimicrobial use, there is considerable interest in the epidemiology of AMR in E. coli of porcine origin. This literature review presents an overview and appraisal of current knowledge of AMR in commensal E. coli of the porcine gastrointestinal tract with a focus on its evolution during the pig lifecycle and the relationship with antimicrobial use. It also presents an overview of the epidemiology of resistance to extended spectrum cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones, and colistin in pig production. The review highlights the widespread nature of AMR in the porcine commensal E. coli population, especially to the most-used classes in pig farming and discusses the complex interplay between age and antimicrobial use during the pig lifecycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorcan O’Neill
- Pig Development Department, Teagasc, The Irish Food and Agriculture Authority, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co Cork P61 C996, Ireland; (E.G.M.); (D.E.)
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin D04 V1W8, Ireland;
| | - Edgar García Manzanilla
- Pig Development Department, Teagasc, The Irish Food and Agriculture Authority, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co Cork P61 C996, Ireland; (E.G.M.); (D.E.)
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin D04 V1W8, Ireland;
| | - Daniel Ekhlas
- Pig Development Department, Teagasc, The Irish Food and Agriculture Authority, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co Cork P61 C996, Ireland; (E.G.M.); (D.E.)
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin D04 V1W8, Ireland;
- Food Safety Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin D15 DY05, Ireland
| | - Finola C. Leonard
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin D04 V1W8, Ireland;
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3
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Costa MM, Cardo M, Ruano Z, Alho AM, Dinis-Teixeira J, Aguiar P, Leite A. Effectiveness of antimicrobial interventions directed at tackling antimicrobial resistance in animal production: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Prev Vet Med 2023; 218:106002. [PMID: 37639825 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2023.106002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the last decades, a more prudent and rational use of antimicrobials has been progressively directed towards animal production to reduce antimicrobial selective pressure and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in microorganisms and safeguard the antimicrobial efficacy of treatments in human medicine. This systematic review evaluated the effectiveness of interventions that have been applied to reduce or improve veterinary antimicrobial usage and aimed at decreasing resistant bacteria in chicken broiler and pig production contexts. METHODS Original articles were identified by searching PubMed™, Scopus™, The Cochrane Library™, and Web of Science™, and grey literature by searching DANS EASY™, WorldCat™ and RCAAP™. Inclusion criteria included: chicken broiler or pig populations (predestined for meat production), interventions intended to reduce/improve antimicrobial use, comparator with standard or no use of antimicrobials, outcomes related to prevalence of resistant bacteria, farm level studies, original data, and analytical observational studies. Data was extracted from eligible studies and meta-analysis using random or fixed effects models was conducted for combinations including type of intervention, bacterial species, production type and animal populations. Models were selected according to heterogeneity between studies. The effectiveness of interventions was assessed using pooled odds ratio of resistance to antimicrobial substances/classes by bacteria for associations between animal populations with and without intervention. RESULTS A total of 46 studies were eligible for review. For chicken broilers, most interventions were identified as antimicrobial restrictions on all non-therapeutic use (46%), complete restriction (27%), and prohibition on antimicrobials used for growth promotion (23%). As for pig populations, restrictions were mainly observed on all non-therapeutic use (37%), complete restriction (37%) and group treatments (22%). For meta-analysis, 21 studies were pooled after assessment of existing combinations. These combinations demonstrated a protective effect for most antimicrobial classes in Escherichia coli, Campylobacter and Enterococcus isolates from samples of chicken broilers as well in Escherichia coli and Campylobacter spp. from samples of pigs, compared to animals raised under conventional production or without intervention. Increased odds of resistance were only observed for cephalosporins in E. coli and broilers raised without antimicrobials, and to fluoroquinolones and quinolones in Campylobacter and pigs raised without antimicrobials, compared to conventional production. CONCLUSIONS Our study indicates that organic production, antimicrobial-free farms, and group treatment restrictions are recommended for AMR reduction, providing information that may support decision-making to tackle AMR and better reporting to improve comparability of results between studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Mendes Costa
- NOVA National School of Public Health, Public Health Research Center, Comprehensive Health Research Center, CHRC, NOVA University Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Miguel Cardo
- CIISA-Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Zita Ruano
- Veterinary and Animal Research Centre (CECAV), Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Ana Margarida Alho
- NOVA National School of Public Health, Public Health Research Center, Comprehensive Health Research Center, CHRC, NOVA University Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal; Public Health Unit USP Francisco George, ACES Lisboa Norte, Largo Professor Arnaldo Sampaio, 1549-010 Lisboa, Portugal; Global Health and Tropical Medicine, GHTM, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, IHMT, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Portugal
| | - José Dinis-Teixeira
- NOVA National School of Public Health, NOVA University Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal; Public Health Unit of Sintra, Lisbon and Tagus Valley Regional Health Administration, Lisbon, Portugal; WHO Collaborating Centre for Education, Research and Evaluation of Safety and Quality in Healthcare, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Pedro Aguiar
- NOVA National School of Public Health, Public Health Research Center, Comprehensive Health Research Center, CHRC, NOVA University Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Andreia Leite
- NOVA National School of Public Health, Public Health Research Center, Comprehensive Health Research Center, CHRC, NOVA University Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal; Department of Epidemiology, National Health Institute Doctor Ricardo Jorge (INSA), 1600-560 Lisboa, Portugal
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Mahlake SK, Mnisi CM, Kumanda C, Mthiyane DMN, Montso PK. Green Tea ( Camellia sinensis) Products as Alternatives to Antibiotics in Poultry Nutrition: A Review. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:565. [PMID: 35625209 PMCID: PMC9137694 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11050565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The overuse and misuse of antibiotics in poultry feeds increase the total cost of production and compromise the quality of poultry products, which poses a serious threat to human health. Globally, health-conscious poultry consumers have long called for the alternate use of natural additives to mitigate the development and spread of multidrug resistant pathogens. Phytogenic plants, such as green tea (Camellia sinensis) products, contain putative nutraceuticals with antibiotic properties that can be used as alternatives to therapeutic, metaphylactic, prophylactic, and growth-promoting antibiotics. However, there are limited studies in the literature that have evaluated the potential of green tea (GT) products when used as replacements to in-feed antibiotics, with most studies focusing on their potential as sources of dietary nutrients in poultry feeds. Thus, this review paper discusses the potential of GT products to replace various antibiotics in poultry diets while presenting GT bioactive substances that can improve the growth performance, carcass and meat quality traits, and health status of the birds. We postulate that the utilisation of GT products in place of antibiotics could deliver sustainable, organic poultry production systems that would contribute significantly to global food and nutrition security.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve Kgotlelelo Mahlake
- Department of Animal Science, School of Agricultural Science, North-West University, Mafikeng 2745, South Africa; (S.K.M.); (D.M.N.M.)
| | - Caven Mguvane Mnisi
- Department of Animal Science, School of Agricultural Science, North-West University, Mafikeng 2745, South Africa; (S.K.M.); (D.M.N.M.)
- Food Security and Safety Focus Area, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Science, North-West University, Mafikeng 2745, South Africa;
| | - Cebisa Kumanda
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa;
| | - Doctor Mziwenkosi Nhlanhla Mthiyane
- Department of Animal Science, School of Agricultural Science, North-West University, Mafikeng 2745, South Africa; (S.K.M.); (D.M.N.M.)
- Food Security and Safety Focus Area, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Science, North-West University, Mafikeng 2745, South Africa;
| | - Peter Kotsoana Montso
- Food Security and Safety Focus Area, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Science, North-West University, Mafikeng 2745, South Africa;
- Department of Microbiology, School of Biological Sciences, North-West University, Mafikeng 2745, South Africa
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5
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Mugerwa I, Nabadda SN, Midega J, Guma C, Kalyesubula S, Muwonge A. Antimicrobial Resistance Situational Analysis 2019-2020: Design and Performance for Human Health Surveillance in Uganda. Trop Med Infect Dis 2021; 6:178. [PMID: 34698282 PMCID: PMC8544686 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed6040178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance and its mechanisms have been known for over six decades, but global efforts to characterize its routine drivers have only gained momentum in the recent past. Drivers of clinical and community resistance go beyond just clinical practice, which is why one-health approaches offer the most realistic option for controlling antibiotic resistance. It is noteworthy that the emergence of resistance occurs naturally in the environment, but akin to climate change, the current accelerated emergence and spread bears hallmarks of anthropomorphic influence. If left unchecked, this can undo the medical and agricultural advancements of the last century. The WHO recommends that nations develop, adopt, and implement strategies that track the changing trends in antibiotic resistance levels to tackle this problem. This article examines efforts and progress in developing and implementing a human health antimicrobial resistance surveillance strategy in Uganda. We do so within the context of the National Action Plan for tackling antimicrobial resistance (AMR-NAP) launched in 2018. We discuss the technical milestones and progress in implementing surveillance of GLASS priority pathogens under this framework. The preliminary output of the framework examines the performance and compares AMR and AMU surveillance data to explain observed trends. We conclude that Uganda is making progress in developing and implementing a functional AMR surveillance strategy for human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahimm Mugerwa
- National Health Laboratories and Diagnostic Services, Antimicrobial Resistance National Coordination Centre (AMR-NCC) for Human Health, Ministry of Health, Butabika, Kampala 10312, Uganda or (S.N.N.); or (C.G.); (S.K.)
| | - Susan N. Nabadda
- National Health Laboratories and Diagnostic Services, Antimicrobial Resistance National Coordination Centre (AMR-NCC) for Human Health, Ministry of Health, Butabika, Kampala 10312, Uganda or (S.N.N.); or (C.G.); (S.K.)
| | - Janet Midega
- The Welcome Trust, 215 Euston, London NW1 2BE, UK;
| | - Consolata Guma
- National Health Laboratories and Diagnostic Services, Antimicrobial Resistance National Coordination Centre (AMR-NCC) for Human Health, Ministry of Health, Butabika, Kampala 10312, Uganda or (S.N.N.); or (C.G.); (S.K.)
| | - Simeon Kalyesubula
- National Health Laboratories and Diagnostic Services, Antimicrobial Resistance National Coordination Centre (AMR-NCC) for Human Health, Ministry of Health, Butabika, Kampala 10312, Uganda or (S.N.N.); or (C.G.); (S.K.)
| | - Adrian Muwonge
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Roslin Institute, College of Medicine and Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, UK;
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6
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Van Cuong N, Kiet BT, Phu DH, Van NTB, Hien VB, Thwaites G, Carrique‐Mas J, Choisy M. Effects of prophylactic and therapeutic antimicrobial uses in small-scale chicken flocks. Zoonoses Public Health 2021; 68:483-492. [PMID: 33934522 PMCID: PMC8573609 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobials are extensively used both prophylactically and therapeutically in poultry production. Despite this, there are little data on the effect of antimicrobial use (AMU) on disease incidence rate and per cent mortality. We investigated the relationships between AMU and disease and between AMU and mortality using data from a large (n = 322 flocks) cohort of small-scale chicken flocks in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam, that were followed longitudinally from day old to slaughter (5,566 observation weeks). We developed a parameterized algorithm to emulate a randomized control trial from observational data by categorizing the observation weeks into 'non-AMU', 'prophylactic AMU' and 'therapeutic AMU'. To evaluate the prophylactic AMU effect, we compared the frequencies of clinical signs in 'non-AMU' and 'prophylactic AMU' periods. To analyse therapeutic AMU, we compared weekly per cent mortality between the weeks of disease episodes before and after AMU. Analyses were stratified by clinical signs (4) and antimicrobial classes (13). Prophylactic AMU never reduced the probability of disease, and some antimicrobial classes such as lincosamides, amphenicols and penicillins increased the risk. The risk of diarrhoea consistently increased with prophylactic AMU. Therapeutic AMU often had an effect on mortality, but the pattern was inconsistent across the combinations of antimicrobial classes and clinical signs with 14/29 decreasing and 11/29 increasing the per cent weekly mortality. Lincosamides, methenamines and cephalosporins were the only three antimicrobial classes that always decreased the mortality when used therapeutically. Results were robust respective to the parameters values of the weeks categorization algorithm. This information should help support policy efforts and interventions aiming at reducing AMU in animal production.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bach Tuan Kiet
- Sub‐Department of Animal Health and Production (SDAHP)Cao LanhVietnam
| | - Doan Hoang Phu
- Oxford University Clinical Research UnitHo Chi Minh CityVietnam
- Faculty of Animal Science and Veterinary MedicineUniversity of Agriculture and ForestryHo Chi Minh CityVietnam
| | | | - Vo Be Hien
- Faculty of Animal Science and Veterinary MedicineUniversity of Agriculture and ForestryHo Chi Minh CityVietnam
| | - Guy Thwaites
- Oxford University Clinical Research UnitHo Chi Minh CityVietnam
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global HealthNuffield Department of MedicineUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Juan Carrique‐Mas
- Oxford University Clinical Research UnitHo Chi Minh CityVietnam
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global HealthNuffield Department of MedicineUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Marc Choisy
- Oxford University Clinical Research UnitHo Chi Minh CityVietnam
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global HealthNuffield Department of MedicineUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
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7
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Sirichokchatchawan W, Apiwatsiri P, Pupa P, Saenkankam I, Khine NO, Lekagul A, Lugsomya K, Hampson DJ, Prapasarakul N. Reducing the Risk of Transmission of Critical Antimicrobial Resistance Determinants From Contaminated Pork Products to Humans in South-East Asia. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:689015. [PMID: 34385984 PMCID: PMC8353453 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.689015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a critical challenge worldwide as it impacts public health, especially via contamination in the food chain and in healthcare-associated infections. In relation to farming, the systems used, waste management on farms, and the production line process are all determinants reflecting the risk of AMR emergence and rate of contamination of foodstuffs. This review focuses on South East Asia (SEA), which contains diverse regions covering 11 countries, each having different levels of development, customs, laws, and regulations. Routinely, here as elsewhere antimicrobials are still used for three indications: therapy, prevention, and growth promotion, and these are the fundamental drivers of AMR development and persistence. The accuracy of detection of antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic resistance genes (ARG) depends on the laboratory standards applicable in the various institutes and countries, and this affects the consistency of regional data. Enterobacteriaceae such as Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae are the standard proxy species used for indicating AMR-associated nosocomial infections and healthcare-associated infections. Pig feces and wastewater have been suspected as one of the hotspots for spread and circulation of ARB and ARG. As part of AMR surveillance in a One Health approach, clonal typing is used to identify bacterial clonal transmission from the production process to consumers and patients - although to date there have been few published definitive studies about this in SEA. Various alternatives to antibiotics are available to reduce antibiotic use on farms. Certain of these alternatives together with improved disease prevention methods are essential tools to reduce antimicrobial usage in swine farms and to support global policy. This review highlights evidence for potential transfer of resistant bacteria from food animals to humans, and awareness and understanding of AMR through a description of the occurrence of AMR in pig farm food chains under SEA management systems. The latter includes a description of standard pig farming practices, detection of AMR and clonal analysis of bacteria, and AMR in the food chain and associated environments. Finally, the possibility of using alternatives to antibiotics and improving policies for future strategies in combating AMR in a SEA context are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wandee Sirichokchatchawan
- College of Public Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Diagnosis and Monitoring of Animal Pathogen Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Prasert Apiwatsiri
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pawiya Pupa
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Imporn Saenkankam
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nwai Oo Khine
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Angkana Lekagul
- International Health Policy Program, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi, Thailand
| | - Kittitat Lugsomya
- Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong
| | - David J. Hampson
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Nuvee Prapasarakul
- Diagnosis and Monitoring of Animal Pathogen Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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8
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Nobrega DB, Tang KL, Caffrey NP, De Buck J, Cork SC, Ronksley PE, Polachek AJ, Ganshorn H, Sharma N, Kastelic JP, Kellner JD, Ghali WA, Barkema HW. Prevalence of antimicrobial resistance genes and its association with restricted antimicrobial use in food-producing animals: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Antimicrob Chemother 2021; 76:561-575. [PMID: 33146719 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkaa443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is ongoing debate regarding potential associations between restrictions of antimicrobial use and prevalence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in bacteria. OBJECTIVES To summarize the effects of interventions reducing antimicrobial use in food-producing animals on the prevalence of AMR genes (ARGs) in bacteria from animals and humans. METHODS We published a full systematic review of restrictions of antimicrobials in food-producing animals and their associations with AMR in bacteria. Herein, we focus on studies reporting on the association between restricted antimicrobial use and prevalence of ARGs. We used multilevel mixed-effects models and a semi-quantitative approach based on forest plots to summarize findings from studies. RESULTS A positive effect of intervention [reduction in prevalence or number of ARGs in group(s) with restricted antimicrobial use] was reported from 29 studies for at least one ARG. We detected significant associations between a ban on avoparcin and diminished presence of the vanA gene in samples from animals and humans, whereas for the mecA gene, studies agreed on a positive effect of intervention in samples only from animals. Comparisons involving mcr-1, blaCTX-M, aadA2, vat(E), sul2, dfrA5, dfrA13, tet(E) and tet(P) indicated a reduced prevalence of genes in intervention groups. Conversely, no effects were detected for β-lactamases other than blaCTX-M and the remaining tet genes. CONCLUSIONS The available body of scientific evidence supported that restricted use of antimicrobials in food animals was associated with an either lower or equal presence of ARGs in bacteria, with effects dependent on ARG, host species and restricted drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego B Nobrega
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.,Mastitis Network, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - Karen L Tang
- Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Niamh P Caffrey
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Jeroen De Buck
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Susan C Cork
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Paul E Ronksley
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Alicia J Polachek
- W21C Research and Innovation Centre, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Heather Ganshorn
- Libraries and Cultural Resources, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Nishan Sharma
- W21C Research and Innovation Centre, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - John P Kastelic
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - James D Kellner
- Department of Pediatrics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - William A Ghali
- Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Herman W Barkema
- Mastitis Network, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada.,Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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9
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Apiwatsiri P, Pupa P, Yindee J, Niyomtham W, Sirichokchatchawan W, Lugsomya K, Shah AA, Prapasarakul N. Anticonjugation and Antibiofilm Evaluation of Probiotic Strains Lactobacillus plantarum 22F, 25F, and Pediococcus acidilactici 72N Against Escherichia coli Harboring mcr-1 Gene. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:614439. [PMID: 34179153 PMCID: PMC8225926 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.614439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Several species of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are commonly used as probiotics and as an alternative to antibiotics in various industries, especially in the livestock industry. This study aimed to investigate the anticonjugation and antibiofilm activity of cell-free supernatant (CFS) of Thai LAB strains (Lactobacillus plantarum 22F, 25F, and Pediococcus acidilactici 72N) against colistin-resistant Escherichia coli isolates. A total of six colistin-resistant E. coli strains were isolated from different sources, including pigs, farmers, and farmhouse environments. The E. coli were characterized by plasmid profiling, PCR detection of mcr-1 gene, and antibiotic susceptibility patterns. The CFS at dilutions ≥1:16 was chosen as the proper dilution for anticonjugation assay. Besides, it could significantly reduce the transfer frequencies of resistance gene mcr-1 up to 100 times compared to the neutralizing CFS (pH 6.5). The biofilm production in the planktonic stage was reduced by non-neutralizing and neutralizing CFS determining with crystal violet staining assay up to 82 and 60%, respectively. Moreover, the non-neutralizing CFS also inhibited the biofilm formation in the sessile stage up to 52%. The biofilm illustration was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). These results agreed with the findings of the crystal violet technique, which showed a significant reduction in cell density, aggregation, and extracellular polysaccharide (EPS) matrix. The application of Thai LAB may serve as an attractive alternative to antibiotics for reducing biofilm formation and limiting the proliferation of antibiotic-resistant genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasert Apiwatsiri
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pawiya Pupa
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Jitrapa Yindee
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Waree Niyomtham
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Kittitat Lugsomya
- Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong
| | - Asad Ali Shah
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nuvee Prapasarakul
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Diagnosis and Monitoring of Animal Pathogens Research Unit (DMAP), Bangkok, Thailand
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10
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Streptococcus suis Encodes Multiple Allelic Variants of a Phase-Variable Type III DNA Methyltransferase, ModS, That Control Distinct Phasevarions. mSphere 2021; 6:6/3/e00069-21. [PMID: 33980672 PMCID: PMC8125046 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00069-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus suis is a causative agent of meningitis, polyarthritis, and polyserositis in swine, and it is a major cause of zoonotic meningitis in humans. Here, we investigate epigenetic gene regulation in S. suis by multiple phasevarions controlled by the phase-variable type III DNA methyltransferase ModS. Streptococcus suis is a significant cause of bacterial meningitis in humans, particularly in Southeast Asia, and is a leading cause of respiratory and invasive disease in pigs. Phase-variable DNA methyltransferases, associated with restriction-modification (R-M) systems, are a source of epigenetic gene regulation, controlling the expression of multiple genes. These systems are known as phasevarions (phase-variable regulons) and have been characterized in many host-adapted bacterial pathogens. We recently described the presence of a Type III DNA methyltransferase in S. suis, ModS, which contains a simple sequence repeat (SSR) tract within the open reading frame of the modS gene and which differed in length between individual strains. We also observed that multiple allelic variants of the modS gene were present in a population of S. suis isolates. Here, we demonstrate that a biphasic ON-OFF switching of expression occurs in the two most common ModS alleles, ModS1 and ModS2, and that switching is dependent on SSR tract length. Furthermore, we show using single-molecule real-time (SMRT) sequencing that ModS1 and ModS2 are active methyltransferases in S. suis. ON-OFF switching of each ModS allele results in the regulation of distinct phasevarions, with the ModS2 phasevarion impacting growth patterns and antibiotic resistance. This is the first demonstration of a phase-variable Type III DNA methyltransferase in a Gram-positive organism that controls a phasevarion. Characterizing the phenotypic effects of phasevarions in S. suis is key to understanding pathogenesis and the development of future vaccines. IMPORTANCEStreptococcus suis is a causative agent of meningitis, polyarthritis, and polyserositis in swine, and it is a major cause of zoonotic meningitis in humans. Here, we investigate epigenetic gene regulation in S. suis by multiple phasevarions controlled by the phase-variable Type III DNA methyltransferase ModS. This is the first characterized example of a Type III R-M system regulating a phasevarion in a Gram-positive organism. We demonstrate that biphasic ON-OFF switching of ModS expression results in differences in bacterial growth and antibiotic resistance. Understanding the effects of ModS phase variation is required to determine the stably expressed antigenic repertoire of S. suis, which will direct and inform the development of antimicrobial treatments and vaccines against this important pathogen.
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11
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Hickman RA, Leangapichart T, Lunha K, Jiwakanon J, Angkititrakul S, Magnusson U, Sunde M, Järhult JD. Exploring the Antibiotic Resistance Burden in Livestock, Livestock Handlers and Their Non-Livestock Handling Contacts: A One Health Perspective. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:651461. [PMID: 33959112 PMCID: PMC8093850 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.651461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibiotics are freqeuently used in the livestock sector in low- and middle-income countries for treatment, prophylaxis, and growth promotion. However, there is limited information into the zoonotic prevalence and dissemination patterns of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) within these environments. In this study we used pig farming in Thailand as a model to explore AMR; 156 pig farms were included, comprising of small-sized (<50 sows) and medium-sized (≥100 sows) farms, where bacterial isolates were selectively cultured from animal rectal and human fecal samples. Bacterial isolates were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST), and whole-genome sequencing. Our results indicate extensive zoonotic sharing of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) by horizontal gene transfer. Resistance to multiple antibiotics was observed with higher prevalence in medium-scale farms. Zoonotic transmission of colistin resistance in small-scale farms had a dissemination gradient from pigs to handlers to non-livestock contacts. We highly recommend reducing the antimicrobial use in animals’ feeds and medications, especially the last resort drug colistin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A Hickman
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Zoonosis Science Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Kamonwan Lunha
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jatesada Jiwakanon
- Research Group for Animal Health Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Sunpetch Angkititrakul
- Research Group for Animal Health Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Ulf Magnusson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Marianne Sunde
- Section for Animal Health and Food Safety, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Oslo, Norway
| | - Josef D Järhult
- Department of Medical Sciences, Zoonosis Science Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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12
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Gilbert W, Thomas LF, Coyne L, Rushton J. Review: Mitigating the risks posed by intensification in livestock production: the examples of antimicrobial resistance and zoonoses. Animal 2020; 15:100123. [PMID: 33573940 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2020.100123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Major shifts in how animals are bred, raised and slaughtered are involved in the intensification of livestock systems. Globally, these changes have produced major increases in access to protein-rich foods with high levels of micronutrients. Yet the intensification of livestock systems generates numerous externalities including environmental degradation, zoonotic disease transmission and the emergence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes. Where the process of intensification is most advanced, the expertise, institutions and regulations required to manage these externalities have developed over time, often in response to hard lessons, crises and challenges to public health. By exploring the drivers of intensification, the foci of future intensification can be identified. Low- and middle-income (LMICs) countries are likely to experience significant intensification in livestock production in the near future; however, the lessons learned elsewhere are not being transferred rapidly enough to develop risk mitigation capacity in these settings. At present, fragmentary approaches to address these problems present an incomplete picture of livestock populations, antimicrobial use, and disease risks in LMIC settings. A worldwide improvement in evidence-based zoonotic disease and AMR management within intensifying livestock production systems demands better information on the burden of livestock-associated disease, antimicrobial use and resistance and resources allocated to mitigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Gilbert
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, UK
| | - L F Thomas
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, UK.; International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - L Coyne
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, UK
| | - J Rushton
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, UK..
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13
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Khine NO, Lugsomya K, Kaewgun B, Honhanrob L, Pairojrit P, Jermprasert S, Prapasarakul N. Multidrug Resistance and Virulence Factors of Escherichia coli Harboring Plasmid-Mediated Colistin Resistance: mcr-1 and mcr-3 Genes in Contracted Pig Farms in Thailand. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:582899. [PMID: 33240958 PMCID: PMC7683614 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.582899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of the plasmid-mediated colistin resistance encoding mcr gene family in the Enterobacteriaceae is one of the crucial global concerns. The use of colistin in livestock rearing is believed to be the cause of mcr gene spreading and is of impact to public health. The objective of this research was to detect the frequency and virulent genes of mcr-positive Escherichia coli (MCRPE) in fecal samples from healthy pigs in a contract farming system across Thailand. A total of 696 pooled samples were derived from 80 farms, located in 49 provinces across six regions of Thailand. The colistin-resistant E. coli were identified by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry and antimicrobial susceptibility testing by broth microdilution. The antibiogram was determined using an automated susceptibility machine, and the genetic characteristics were investigated for mcr-1–5 genes, phylogenetic group, replicon types, and virulent genes. In total, 31 of 696 samples were positive, with E. coli containing mcr-1 or combination of mcr-1 and mcr-3 with incidence of 4.45 and 0.43%. Phylogenetic groups A and B1 and the IncF and IncFIB replicon types were predominantly found in the MCRPE located in the central area, with multidrug-resistant traits against 3–14 types of antimicrobials. Additionally, 19 of 31 isolates identified as enterotoxigenic E. coli were with the stap and stb (enterotoxin-encoding genes). In conclusion, a low carriage rate of mcr-positive E. coli was detected in the large-scale farming of healthy pigs. The association between multidrug-resistant MCRPE and their pathogenic potential should be of concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nwai Oo Khine
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,The International Graduate Course of Veterinary Science and Technology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kittitat Lugsomya
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, China
| | - Benjarong Kaewgun
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Lertrob Honhanrob
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Panupong Pairojrit
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Suthipat Jermprasert
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nuvee Prapasarakul
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Diagnosis and Monitoring of Animal Pathogen Research Unit (DMAP), Bangkok, Thailand
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14
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Pholwat S, Pongpan T, Chinli R, Rogawski McQuade ET, Thaipisuttikul I, Ratanakorn P, Liu J, Taniuchi M, Houpt ER, Foongladda S. Antimicrobial Resistance in Swine Fecal Specimens Across Different Farm Management Systems. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1238. [PMID: 32625181 PMCID: PMC7311580 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial use in agricultural animals is known to be associated with increases in antimicrobial resistance. Most prior studies have utilized culture and susceptibility testing of select organisms to document these phenomena. In this study we aimed to detect 66 antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes for 10 antimicrobial agent classes directly in swine fecal samples using our previously developed antimicrobial resistance TaqMan array card (AMR-TAC) across three different swine farm management systems. This included 38 extensive antimicrobial use (both in treatment and feed), 30 limited antimicrobial use (treatment only), and 30 no antimicrobial use farms. The number of resistance genes detected in extensive antimicrobial use farms was higher than in limited and no antimicrobial use farms (28.2 genes ± 4.2 vs. 24.0 genes ± 4.1 and 22.8 genes ± 3.6, respectively, p < 0.05). A principal component analysis and hierarchical clustering of the AMR gene data showed the extensive use farm samples were disparate from the limited and no antimicrobial use farms. The prevalence of resistance genes in extensive use farms was significantly higher than the other farm categories for 18 resistance genes including bla SHV, bla CTX-M1 group, bla CTX-M9 group, bla VEB, bla CMY2-LAT, aac(6')-lb-cr, qnrB1, gyrA83L-E. coli, armA, rmtB, aac(3)-IIa, mphA, 23S rRNA 2075G-Campylobacter spp., mcr-1, catA1, floR, dfrA5-14, and dfrA17. These genotypic findings were supported by phenotypic susceptibility results on fecal E. coli isolates. To examine the timing of AMR gene abundance in swine farms, we also performed a longitudinal study in pigs. The results showed that AMR prevalence occurred both early, presumably from mothers, as well as after weaning, presumably from the environment. In summary, detection of AMR genes directly in fecal samples can be used to qualitatively and quantitatively monitor AMR in swine farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suporn Pholwat
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Tawat Pongpan
- Swine Veterinarian Service, Charoen Pokphand Foods PCL, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Rattapha Chinli
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Elizabeth T. Rogawski McQuade
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Iyarit Thaipisuttikul
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Parntep Ratanakorn
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Jie Liu
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Mami Taniuchi
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Eric R. Houpt
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Suporn Foongladda
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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15
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Gundran RS, Cardenio PA, Salvador RT, Sison FB, Benigno CC, Kreausukon K, Pichpol D, Punyapornwithaya V. Prevalence, Antibiogram, and Resistance Profile of Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase-Producing Escherichia coli Isolates from Pig Farms in Luzon, Philippines. Microb Drug Resist 2019; 26:160-168. [PMID: 31532307 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2019.0019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the prevalence, antibiogram, and resistance profile of extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli (ESBL-EC) isolates from healthy pigs and pig farms in Luzon, Philippines. A total of 162 rectal samples from healthy finisher and breeder pigs and boot swab samples from pig houses were collected from 54 randomly selected pig farms. Bacteria were isolated and screened using MacConkey agar plate supplemented with 1 mg/L cefotaxime. Identification of bacteria and antimicrobial susceptibility test were carried out through Vitek® 2 and combined disk test. PCR amplifications were carried out in all isolates targeting blaCTX-M and its five major groupings, blaTEM, and blaSHV. The farm prevalence of ESBL-EC was 57.41% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 43.21-70.77). A total of 48 (29.63%) ESBL-EC isolates were isolated from samples that showed 14 different phenotypic multidrug resistance patterns. The prevalence of blaCTX-M gene was 91.67% (95% CI = 80.02-97.68). All major blaCTX-M-groups except blaCTX-M-25group were detected. The blaCTX-M-1 was the most prevalent blaCTX-M gene, 75.0% (95% CI = 60.40-86.36). The prevalence of blaTEM and blaSHV genes was 91.67% (95% CI = 80.02-97.68) and 60.42% (95% CI = 45.27-74.23), respectively. Coexistence of different blaCTX-M, blaTEM, and blaSHV genes was observed in 44 isolates with 20 different genotypic patterns. High prevalence, diverse antibiogram profile, and genotypic resistance pattern of ESBL-EC isolates from healthy pigs and pig farms were observed in this study that could result in possible transmission to farm workers, susceptible bacteria, and the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romeo S Gundran
- College of Veterinary Science and Medicine, Central Luzon State University, Science City of Munoz, Nueva Ecija, Philippines
| | - Paul A Cardenio
- College of Veterinary Science and Medicine, Central Luzon State University, Science City of Munoz, Nueva Ecija, Philippines
| | - Roderick T Salvador
- College of Veterinary Science and Medicine, Central Luzon State University, Science City of Munoz, Nueva Ecija, Philippines
| | - Fredelon B Sison
- College of Veterinary Science and Medicine, Central Luzon State University, Science City of Munoz, Nueva Ecija, Philippines
| | - Carolyn C Benigno
- Philippine College of Veterinary Epidemiologists and PHILVET Health Services, Inc., Quezon City, Philippines
| | | | - Duangporn Pichpol
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
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16
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Coyne L, Arief R, Benigno C, Giang VN, Huong LQ, Jeamsripong S, Kalpravidh W, McGrane J, Padungtod P, Patrick I, Schoonman L, Setyawan E, Harja Sukarno A, Srisamran J, Ngoc PT, Rushton J. Characterizing Antimicrobial Use in the Livestock Sector in Three South East Asian Countries (Indonesia, Thailand, and Vietnam). Antibiotics (Basel) 2019; 8:E33. [PMID: 30934638 PMCID: PMC6466601 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics8010033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A framework was developed to characterize the antimicrobial use/antimicrobial resistance complex in livestock systems in Indonesia, Vietnam, and Thailand. Farm profitability, disease prevention, and mortality rate reduction were identified as drivers toward antimicrobial use in livestock systems. It revealed that antimicrobial use was high in all sectors studied, and that routine preventative use was of particular importance to broiler production systems. Misleading feed labeling was identified as a hurdle to the collection of accurate antimicrobial use data, with farmers being unaware of the antimicrobials contained in some commercial feed. Economic analysis found that the cost of antimicrobials was low relative to other farm inputs, and that farm profitability was precariously balanced. High disease and poor prices were identified as potential drivers toward economic loss. The research indicates that antimicrobial use in small-scale poultry production systems improves feed conversion ratios and overall productivity. However, data were limited to quantify adequately these potential gains and their impacts on the food supply. During the study, all countries embraced and implemented policies on better management of antimicrobial use in livestock and surveillance of antimicrobial resistance. Future policies need to consider farm-level economics and livestock food supply issues when developing further antimicrobial use interventions in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Coyne
- Epidemiology and Population Health, University of Liverpool, Neston CH64 7TE, UK.
| | - Riana Arief
- Center for Indonesian Veterinary Analytical Studies, Bogor 16310, Indonesia.
| | - Carolyn Benigno
- FAO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific, Bangkok 10200, Thailand.
| | | | | | - Saharuetai Jeamsripong
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
| | | | - James McGrane
- FAO Country Office for Indonesia, Jakarta 10250, Indonesia.
| | | | - Ian Patrick
- Epidemiology and Population Health, University of Liverpool, Neston CH64 7TE, UK.
- Agricultural and Resource Economic Consulting Services, Armidale, NSW 2350, Australia.
| | - Luuk Schoonman
- FAO Country Office for Indonesia, Jakarta 10250, Indonesia.
| | - Erry Setyawan
- FAO Country Office for Indonesia, Jakarta 10250, Indonesia.
| | | | - Jutanat Srisamran
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
| | - Pham Thi Ngoc
- National Institute of Veterinary Research, Hanoi, Vietnam.
| | - Jonathan Rushton
- Epidemiology and Population Health, University of Liverpool, Neston CH64 7TE, UK.
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17
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Lugsomya K, Yindee J, Niyomtham W, Tribuddharat C, Tummaruk P, Hampson DJ, Prapasarakul N. Antimicrobial Resistance in Commensal Escherichia coli Isolated from Pigs and Pork Derived from Farms Either Routinely Using or Not Using In-Feed Antimicrobials. Microb Drug Resist 2018; 24:1054-1066. [PMID: 30204569 PMCID: PMC6154756 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2018.0154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The aims of this study were (i) to evaluate whether routine in-feed antimicrobial use in pigs or not resulted in differences in antimicrobial resistance (AMR) E. coli at different pig producing stages, and (ii) to determine whether resistant strains were presented in pig meat postslaughter. A total of 300 commensal E. coli isolates were obtained and examined for antibiograms, AMR genes, plasmid replicons, and molecular types. The isolates were from two farms either using (A) or not using in-feed antimicrobials (NA), sampled four times during the production cycle and once postslaughter. E. coli resistant to aminoglycosides containing aadA1, aadA2, and aadB and extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing (ESBLP) E. coli containing blaCTX-M-1 were significantly increased in the nursery and growing periods in farm A compared to farm NA. IncI1-Iγ and IncHI2 were common in the nursery period and were shown to transfer blaCTX-M genes by conjugation. ST10 was the most common type only found in live pigs. ST604, ST877, ST1209, and ST2798 ESBLP were found only in live pigs, whereas ST72, ST302, and ST402 ESBLP were found in pig meat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kittitat Lugsomya
- 1 Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University , Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Jitrapa Yindee
- 1 Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University , Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Waree Niyomtham
- 1 Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University , Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chanwit Tribuddharat
- 2 Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University , Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Padet Tummaruk
- 3 Department of Obstetrics Gynaecology and Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University , Bangkok, Thailand
| | - David J Hampson
- 4 School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University , Perth, Australia .,5 College of Veterinary and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong , Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SARS
| | - Nuvee Prapasarakul
- 1 Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University , Bangkok, Thailand .,6 Diagnosis and Monitoring of Animal Pathogens Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University , Bangkok, Thailand
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