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Lin Q, Sheng M, Kang Z, Xu J, Gao Y, Ma S, Xin B, Tan Y. Synergistic and antibiofilm activity of DNase I and glucose oxidase loaded chitosan nanoparticles against dual-species biofilms of Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 269:131943. [PMID: 38688332 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Salmonella and Listeria monocytogenes are two of the most common foodborne pathogens in the food industry. They form dual-species biofilms, which have a higher sensitivity to antimicrobial treatment and a greater microbial adhesion. In this experiment, we loaded DNase I and glucose oxidase (GOX) on chitosan nanoparticles (CSNPs) to explore their inhibitory effects on and disruption of dual-species biofilms of Salmonella enterica and L. monocytogenes. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed that CSNP-DNase-GOX and CSNPs were spherical in shape. CSNP-DNase-GOX was shifted and altered compared to the infrared peaks of CSNPs. CSNPs loaded with DNase I and GOX showed an increase in the particle size and an alteration in the polydispersity index (PDI) and the zeta potential. Compared to free DNase I or GOX, DNase I and GOX loaded on CSNPs had higher stability at different temperatures. CSNP-DNase-GOX was more effective in inhibiting dual-species biofilms than CSNP-GOX. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and fluorescence microscopy were used to observe the structure of the biofilm, which further illustrated that CSNP-DNase-GOX disrupted the dual-species biofilms of S. enterica and L. monocytogenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan Lin
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China; Shandong Technology Innovation Center of Special Food, Qingdao, China; Qingdao Special Food Research Institute, Qingdao, China
| | - Maokun Sheng
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China; Shandong Technology Innovation Center of Special Food, Qingdao, China; Qingdao Special Food Research Institute, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhaodi Kang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China; Shandong Technology Innovation Center of Special Food, Qingdao, China; Qingdao Special Food Research Institute, Qingdao, China
| | - Jiaman Xu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China; Shandong Technology Innovation Center of Special Food, Qingdao, China; Qingdao Special Food Research Institute, Qingdao, China
| | - Yan Gao
- Marine Science Research Institute of Shandong Province (National Oceanographic Center of Qingdao), Qingdao, China
| | - Su Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Bingchang Xin
- Department of Cariology and Endodontology, Qingdao Stomatological Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yulong Tan
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China; Shandong Technology Innovation Center of Special Food, Qingdao, China; Qingdao Special Food Research Institute, Qingdao, China.
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Hou Z, Xu B, Liu L, Yan R, Zhang J. Isolation, Identification, Antimicrobial Resistance, Genotyping, and Whole-Genome Sequencing Analysis of Salmonella Enteritidis Isolated from a Food-Poisoning Incident. Pol J Microbiol 2024; 73:69-89. [PMID: 38437471 PMCID: PMC10911658 DOI: 10.33073/pjm-2024-008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica is a common pathogen in humans and animals that causes food poisoning and infection, threatening public health safety. We aimed to investigate the genome structure, drug resistance, virulence characteristics, and genetic relationship of a Salmonella strain isolated from patients with food poisoning. The pathogen strain 21A was collected from the feces of patients with food poisoning, and its minimum inhibitory concentration against commonly used antibiotics was determined using the strip test and Kirby-Bauer disk methods. Subsequently, WGS analysis was used to reveal the genome structural characteristics and the carrying status of resistance genes and virulence genes of strain 21A. In addition, an MLST-based minimum spanning tree and an SNP-based systematic spanning tree were constructed to investigate its genetic evolutionary characteristics. The strain 21A was identified by mass spectrometry as S. enterica, which was found to show resistance to ampicillin, piperacillin, sulbactam, levofloxacin, and ciprofloxacin. The WGS and bioinformatics analyses revealed this strain as Salmonella Enteritidis belonging to ST11, which is common in China, containing various resistance genes and significant virulence characteristics. Strain 21A was closely related to the SJTUF strains, a series strains from animal, food and clinical sources, as well as from Shanghai, China, which were located in the same evolutionary clade. According to the genetic makeup of strain 21A, the change G > A was found to be the most common variation. We have comprehensively analyzed the genomic characteristics, drug resistance phenotype, virulence phenotype, and genetic evolution relationship of S. Enteritidis strain 21A, which will contribute towards an in-depth understanding of the pathogenic mechanism of S. Enteritidis and the effective prevention and control of foodborne diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuru Hou
- Department of Basic Medicine, Fenyang College of Shanxi Medical University, Fenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Lvliang for Clinical Molecular Diagnostics, Fenyang, China
| | - Benjin Xu
- Key Laboratory of Lvliang for Clinical Molecular Diagnostics, Fenyang, China
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Fenyang College of Shanxi Medical University, Fenyang, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Fenyang Hospital of Shanxi Province, Fenyang, China
| | - Ling Liu
- Key Laboratory of Lvliang for Clinical Molecular Diagnostics, Fenyang, China
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Fenyang College of Shanxi Medical University, Fenyang, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Fenyang Hospital of Shanxi Province, Fenyang, China
| | - Rongrong Yan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Fenyang Hospital of Shanxi Province, Fenyang, China
| | - Jinjing Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Fenyang Hospital of Shanxi Province, Fenyang, China
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Hong Y, Wu Y, Xie Y, Ben L, Bu X, Pan X, Shao J, Dong Q, Qin X, Wang X. Effects of antibiotic-induced resistance on the growth, survival ability and virulence of Salmonella enterica. Food Microbiol 2023; 115:104331. [PMID: 37567636 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2023.104331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Salmonella enterica is an important foodborne pathogen that constitutes a major health hazard. The emergence and aggravation of antibiotic-resistant Salmonella has drawn attention widely around the world. Conducting a risk assessment of antibiotic-resistant foodborne pathogens throughout the food chain is a pressing requirement for ensuring food safety. The growth, survival capability, and virulence of antibiotic-resistant Salmonella represent crucial biological characteristics that play an important role in microbial risk assessment. In this study, eight antibiotic-sensitive S. enterica strains were induced by Ampicillin (Amp) and Ciprofloxacin (CIP), respectively, and AMP-resistant and CIP-resistant mutants were obtained. The growth characteristics under different temperatures (25, 30, 35 °C), viability after exposure to heat (55, 57.5, 60 °C) and acid (HCl, pH = 3.0), the virulence potential (adhesion and invasion to Caco-2 cells, biofilm formation and motility) and the lethality in a model species (Galleria mellonella) were evaluated and compared for S. enterica strains before and after antibiotic exposure. The induction by AMP and CIP are likely to promote cross-antibiotic resistance to their antibiotic classes, β-lactams and quinolones, as well as some compound antibiotics. It was observed that generally the antibiotic-induction-resistant strains showed decreased growth ability and lower heat resistance, although the differences were not significant at all the conditions tested. The AMP-resistant strains were significantly less acid resistance than the sensitive and the CIP-resistant ones, while exhibiting increased biofilm formation ability. In general, the antibiotic-induced resistance did not significantly affect the motility, adherence, or invasion ability of Caco-2 cells. However, CIP-resistant strains displayed lower lethality in G. mellonella infection, whereas AMP-resistant strains did not, and even two strains improved lethality. The study of the biological characteristics of antibiotic-resistant S. enterica is essential in better understanding the microbial risks to both the food chain and human health, thereby facilitating a more accurate risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Hong
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Yufan Wu
- Centre of Analysis and Test, School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Yani Xie
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Leijie Ben
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiangfeng Bu
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinye Pan
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingdong Shao
- Technology Center of Zhangjiagang Customs, Suzhou, China
| | - Qingli Dong
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaojie Qin
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiang Wang
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China.
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Frequency of Salmonella serotypes among children in Iran: antimicrobial susceptibility, biofilm formation, and virulence genes. BMC Pediatr 2022; 22:557. [PMID: 36131275 PMCID: PMC9490922 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-022-03614-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/SIGNIFICANCE Salmonella gastroenteritis causes significant morbidity among pediatric patients, mainly in developing world, such as the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. Concurrently, data from MENA countries like Iran, regarding prevalence of Salmonella serotypes, antimicrobial susceptibility, and biofilm production is scarce. MATERIAL & METHODS Slide agglutination was used to determine the serogroup of 140 Salmonella isolates recovered from 4477 stool specimens collected from children with gastroenteritis, and isolates were serotyped by PCR assay. The antimicrobial susceptibility of isolates to five first line drugs was assessed by disk diffusion assay using CLSI guidelines. Semi-quantitative evaluation of biofilm production was done by microtiter plate assay followed by PCR detection of biofilm-associated virulence genes csgD, pefA, and bcsA for each isolate. RESULTS Nearly 94% of Salmonella isolates were recovered from ≤ 5-year-old patients, and 99% of isolates were non-typhoidal. While we found extensive diversity among Salmonella isolates, serogroup D (46%) predominated, and Salmonella Enteritidis (41%) was the most common serotype that showed the highest antimicrobial susceptibility rate (> 96%). For the first time in Iran, S. Newport serotype from human specimens was isolated. Most isolates were sensitive to all test antimicrobials, but 35% of isolates were not-typed (NT) that showed the highest resistance with 48% being resistant to ≥ 1 test antimicrobial. Majority of isolates made weak (or no) biofilm, and we found a weak association between antimicrobial susceptibility, biofilm production, or virulence genes csgD, pefA, and bcsA. CONCLUSIONS The most effective measure that may control pediatric salmonellosis outbreaks is raising awareness of parents of preschoolers about food safety. Isolation of highly diverse Salmonella serotypes, including many commonly isolated from animals, indicates widespread contamination of the food chain. Majority of serotypes were sensitive to first-line antimicrobials, thus presently, pediatric Salmonella infections in this region may be controlled by conventional antimicrobials. However, despite the current trend, an imminent emergence of resistant Salmonella strains is foreseen, since various serotypes resistant to > 1 antimicrobial agent are typically associated with animals. Our results warrant further investigation that includes correlation analysis of clinical data regarding treatment outcomes, and serotype attributes like virulence genes.
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Dai W, Zhang Y, Zhang J, Xue C, Yan J, Li X, Zheng X, Dong R, Bai J, Su Y, Xie P, Zhong W, Zhang H, Yan Z, Zhong W, Song Y. Analysis of Antibiotic-induced Drug Resistance of Salmonella Enteritidis and Its Biofilm Formation Mechanism. Bioengineered 2021; 12:10254-10263. [PMID: 34637696 PMCID: PMC8809914 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2021.1988251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
This research was to explore antibiotic-induced drug resistance of Salmonella enteritidis and its biofilm formation mechanism. Kirby-Bauer (K-B) disk method recommended by Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) was used to test drug sensitivity of Salmonella enteritidis to 16 kinds of antibiotics including ß-lactams, aminoglycosides, quinolones, sulfonamides, chloramphenicols, and tetracyclines. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed to detect carrying of drug resistance genes of 29 kinds of antibiotics including ß-lactams, aminoglycosides, quinolones, sulfonamides, chloramphenicols, and tetracyclines of Salmonella enteritidis. The expressions of esp, ebpA, ge1E, and fsrB genes in biofilm group and plankton group were detected when Salmonella was induced, and difference of gene expression was detected by FQ-PCR. The drug resistance rates of Salmonella enteritidis to nalidixic acid, ampicillin, streptomyces, and cefoperazone were high, which were 94.5%, 75%, 67%, and 52%, respectively. 94 strains of Salmonella enteritidis formed 22 kinds of drug resistance spectrum, the strains were generally resistant to 4-5 antibiotics, and some strains formed fixed drug resistance spectrum as follows: AMP-CFP-STR-NA-TE (22.6,21.7%), AMP-STR-NA-TE (17,16%), and AMP-CFP-STR-NA (11.1,10.6%). During biofilm formation, fsr can increase expression of ge1E and decrease expression of esp and ebpA. Consequently, Salmonella enteritidis was generally resistant to nalidixic acid, ampicillin, and streptomycin, and the multidrug resistance was severe. The drug resistance genes sul2, sul3, blaTEM-1-like, tet(A), and tet(G) were highly carried in Salmonella enteritidis. Esp, ebpA, ge1E, and fsrB genes were closely related to biofilm formation of Salmonella enteritidis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiping Dai
- Institute for disease control and prebertion, Heilongjiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin 150030, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Yuliang Zhang
- Department of infectious diseases, Infectious Disease Hospital of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin 150500, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Jianfeng Zhang
- Institute for disease control and prebertion, Heilongjiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin 150030, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Chengyu Xue
- Institute for disease control and prebertion, Heilongjiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin 150030, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Jun Yan
- Institute for disease control and prebertion, Heilongjiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin 150030, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Xin Li
- Institute for disease control and prebertion, Heilongjiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin 150030, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Xiaohua Zheng
- Institute for disease control and prebertion, Heilongjiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin 150030, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Rui Dong
- Institute for disease control and prebertion, Heilongjiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin 150030, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Jing Bai
- Institute for disease control and prebertion, Heilongjiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin 150030, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Yi Su
- Institute for disease control and prebertion, Heilongjiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin 150030, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Pinghui Xie
- Institute for disease control and prebertion, Heilongjiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin 150030, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Weiming Zhong
- Institute for disease control and prebertion, Heilongjiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin 150030, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Hongyang Zhang
- Institute for disease control and prebertion, Heilongjiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin 150030, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Zibo Yan
- Institute for disease control and prebertion, Heilongjiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin 150030, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Weiqi Zhong
- Institute for disease control and prebertion, Heilongjiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin 150030, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Yu Song
- Food Science and Technology Branch, Heilongjiang Vocational College of Biology Science and Technology, Harbin 150025, Heilongjiang Province, China
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Luo L, Payne M, Kaur S, Hu D, Cheney L, Octavia S, Wang Q, Tanaka MM, Sintchenko V, Lan R. Elucidation of global and national genomic epidemiology of Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis through multilevel genome typing. Microb Genom 2021; 7. [PMID: 34292145 PMCID: PMC8477392 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.000605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis is a major cause of foodborne Salmonella infections and outbreaks in humans. Effective surveillance and timely outbreak detection are essential for public health control. Multilevel genome typing (MGT) with multiple levels of resolution has been previously demonstrated as a promising tool for this purpose. In this study, we developed MGT with nine levels for S. Enteritidis and characterised the genomic epidemiology of S. Enteritidis in detail. We examined 26 670 publicly available S. Enteritidis genome sequences from isolates spanning 101 years from 86 countries to reveal their spatial and temporal distributions. Using the lower resolution MGT levels, globally prevalent and regionally restricted sequence types (STs) were identified; avian associated MGT4-STs were found that were common in human cases in the USA; temporal trends were observed in the UK with MGT5-STs from 2014 to 2018 revealing both long lived endemic STs and the rapid expansion of new STs. Using MGT3 to MGT6, we identified multidrug resistance (MDR) associated STs at various MGT levels, which improves precision of detection and global tracking of MDR clones. We also found that the majority of the global S. Enteritidis population fell within two predominant lineages, which had significantly different propensity of causing large scale outbreaks. An online open MGT database has been established for unified international surveillance of S. Enteritidis. We demonstrated that MGT provides a flexible and high-resolution genome typing tool for S. Enteritidis surveillance and outbreak detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Luo
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Michael Payne
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sandeep Kaur
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Dalong Hu
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Liam Cheney
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sophie Octavia
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Qinning Wang
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology-Public Health, Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research - NSW Health Pathology, Westmead Hospital, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Mark M Tanaka
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Vitali Sintchenko
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology-Public Health, Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research - NSW Health Pathology, Westmead Hospital, New South Wales, Australia.,Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ruiting Lan
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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M Campos JC, Antunes LCM, Ferreira RBR. Global priority pathogens: virulence, antimicrobial resistance and prospective treatment options. Future Microbiol 2020; 15:649-677. [DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2019-0333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterobacter spp. and Salmonella spp. are part of a group of pathogens that pose a major threat to human health due to the emergence of multidrug-resistant strains. Moreover, these bacteria have several virulence factors that allow them to successfully colonize their hosts, such as toxins and the ability to produce biofilms, resulting in an urgent need to develop new strategies to fight these pathogens. In this review, we compile the most up-to-date information on the epidemiology, virulence and resistance of these clinically important microorganisms. Additionally, we address new therapeutic alternatives, with a focus on molecules with antivirulence activity, which are considered promising to combat multidrug-resistant bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana C de M Campos
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luis CM Antunes
- Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública Sergio Arouca, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Inovação em Doenças de Populações Negligenciadas, Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico em Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rosana BR Ferreira
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Sakarikou C, Kostoglou D, Simões M, Giaouris E. Exploitation of plant extracts and phytochemicals against resistant Salmonella spp. in biofilms. Food Res Int 2019; 128:108806. [PMID: 31955766 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2019.108806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 11/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella is one of the most frequent causes of foodborne outbreaks throughout the world. In the last years, the resistance of this and other pathogenic bacteria to antimicrobials has become a prime concern towards their successful control. In addition, the tolerance and virulence of pathogenic bacteria, such as Salmonella, are commonly related to their ability to form biofilms, which are sessile structures encountered on various surfaces and whose development is considered as a universal stress response mechanism. Indeed, the ability of Salmonella to form a biofilm seems to significantly contribute to its persistence in food production areas and clinical settings. Plant extracts and phytochemicals appear as promising sources of novel antimicrobials due to their cost-effectiveness, eco-friendliness, great structural diversity, and lower possibility of antimicrobial resistance development in comparison to synthetic chemicals. Research on these agents mainly attributes their antimicrobial activity to a diverse array of secondary metabolites. Bacterial cells are usually killed by the rupture of their cell envelope and in parallel the disruption of their energy metabolism when treated with such molecules, while their use at sub-inhibitory concentrations may also disrupt intracellular communication. The purpose of this article is to review the current available knowledge related to antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella in biofilms, together with the antibiofilm properties of plant extracts and phytochemicals against these detrimental bacteria towards their future application to control these in food production and clinical environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Sakarikou
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, School of the Environment, University of the Aegean, Ierou Lochou 10 and Makrygianni, GR-81 400 Myrina, Lemnos, Greece.
| | - Dimitra Kostoglou
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, School of the Environment, University of the Aegean, Ierou Lochou 10 and Makrygianni, GR-81 400 Myrina, Lemnos, Greece
| | - Manuel Simões
- LEPABE, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto,Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, s/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Efstathios Giaouris
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, School of the Environment, University of the Aegean, Ierou Lochou 10 and Makrygianni, GR-81 400 Myrina, Lemnos, Greece
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Bai Z, Liu X, Guan Q, Ding N, Wei Q, Tong B, Zhao M, Zhang W, Ma L. 5-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoyl)-4-methyl-2-(p-tolyl) imidazol (BZML) targets tubulin and DNA to induce anticancer activity and overcome multidrug resistance in colorectal cancer cells. Chem Biol Interact 2019; 315:108886. [PMID: 31682804 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2019.108886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common malignancies, and multidrug resistance (MDR) reduces the efficiency of anticancer drugs. Therefore, the development of novel anticancer drugs that are highly active against CRC with MDR is urgently needed. Our previous study showed that 5-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoyl)-4-methyl-2-(p-tolyl) imidazol (BZML) is not a P-glycoprotein (P-gp) substrate and has a potent anticancer effect against paclitaxel -sensitive or -resistant non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) in vitro and in vivo. In the present study, we found that BZML exhibited strong anticancer activity not only in sensitive CRC cells (SW480 and HCT-116 cells) but also in intrinsically drug-resistant CRC cells (Caco2 cells). In addition, by targeting the colchicine binding site, BZML inhibited tubulin polymerization, which induced G2/M phase arrest, and it caused DNA damage by directly targeting DNA or producing ROS. Further, BZML induced apoptosis through the time-dependent ROS-mediated mitochondrial apoptotic pathway in the CRC cells. Additionally, BZML inhibited P-gp-mediated drug efflux and enhanced the inhibition of the cell growth that had been induced by paclitaxel or doxorubicin in Caco2 cells. In summary, BZML is a multi-targeted anticancer drug that targets tubulin and DNA, and the mechanisms underlying its potent anticancer activity involve disrupting microtubule assembly, causing DNA damage, inducing cell cycle arrest and eventually activating the ROS-mediated mitochondrial apoptotic pathway in SW480, HCT-116 and Caco2 cells. Therefore, the novel compound BZML is a promising anticancer drug that has tremendous potential for CRC treatment, especially for the treatment of drug-resistant CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoshi Bai
- Jiangsu Cancer Hospital & Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research & the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Xiaolin Liu
- Jiangsu Cancer Hospital & Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research & the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qi Guan
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Nianyang Ding
- Jiangsu Cancer Hospital & Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research & the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qing Wei
- Jiangsu Cancer Hospital & Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research & the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bending Tong
- Jiangsu Cancer Hospital & Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research & the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Min Zhao
- Jiangsu Cancer Hospital & Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research & the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Weige Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Lingman Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, China
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