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Hu Y, Sun Y, Yuan H, Liu J, Chen L, Liu D, Xu Y, Zhou X, Ding L, Zhang Z, Xiong L, Xue L, Wang T. Vof16-miR-185-5p-GAP43 network improves the outcomes following spinal cord injury via enhancing self-repair and promoting axonal growth. CNS Neurosci Ther 2024; 30:e14535. [PMID: 38168094 PMCID: PMC11017428 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Self-repair of spinal cord injury (SCI) has been found in humans and experimental animals with partial recovery of neurological functions. However, the regulatory mechanisms underlying the spontaneous locomotion recovery after SCI are elusive. AIMS This study was aimed at evaluating the pathological changes in injured spinal cord and exploring the possible mechanism related to the spontaneous recovery. RESULTS Immunofluorescence staining was performed to detect GAP43 expression in lesion site after spinal cord transection (SCT) in rats. Then RNA sequencing and gene ontology (GO) analysis were employed to predict lncRNA that correlates with GAP43. LncRNA smart-silencing was applied to verify the function of lncRNA vof16 in vitro, and knockout rats were used to evaluate its role in neurobehavioral functions after SCT. MicroRNA sequencing, target scan, and RNA22 prediction were performed to further explore the underlying regulatory mechanisms, and miR-185-5p stands out. A miR-185-5p site-regulated relationship with GAP43 and vof16 was determined by luciferase activity analysis. GAP43-silencing, miR-185-5p-mimic/inhibitor, and miR-185-5p knockout rats were also applied to elucidate their effects on spinal cord neurite growth and neurobehavioral function after SCT. We found that a time-dependent increase of GAP43 corresponded with the limited neurological recovery in rats with SCT. CRNA chip and GO analysis revealed lncRNA vof16 was the most functional in targeting GAP43 in SCT rats. Additionally, silencing vof16 suppressed neurite growth and attenuated the motor dysfunction in SCT rats. Luciferase reporter assay showed that miR-185-5p competitively bound the same regulatory region of vof16 and GAP43. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicated miR-185-5p could be a detrimental factor in SCT, and vof16 may function as a ceRNA by competitively binding miR-185-5p to modulate GAP43 in the process of self-recovery after SCT. Our study revealed a novel vof16-miR-185-5p-GAP43 regulatory network in neurological self-repair after SCT and may underlie the potential treatment target for SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Hu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Institute of Neurological Disease, Translational Neuroscience Center, West China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
- Department of Anesthesia Operation, The First People's Hospital of Shuangliu DistrictWest China Airport Hospital of Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Yi‐Fei Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology, Institute of Neurological Disease, Translational Neuroscience Center, West China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Hao Yuan
- Laboratory Zoology Department, Institute of NeuroscienceKunming Medical UniversityKunmingChina
| | - Jia Liu
- Laboratory Zoology Department, Institute of NeuroscienceKunming Medical UniversityKunmingChina
| | - Li Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Institute of Neurological Disease, Translational Neuroscience Center, West China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Dong‐Hui Liu
- Clinical and Health SciencesUniversity of South AustraliaAdelaideSouth AustraliaAustralia
| | - Yang Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Institute of Neurological Disease, Translational Neuroscience Center, West China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Xin‐Fu Zhou
- Clinical and Health SciencesUniversity of South AustraliaAdelaideSouth AustraliaAustralia
| | - Li Ding
- Department of Anesthesiology, Institute of Neurological Disease, Translational Neuroscience Center, West China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Ze‐Tao Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Institute of Neurological Disease, Translational Neuroscience Center, West China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Liu‐Lin Xiong
- Department of AnesthesiologyAffiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical UniversityZunyiGuizhouChina
| | - Lu‐Lu Xue
- State Key Laboratory of BiotherapySichuan UniversityChengduSichuanChina
| | - Ting‐Hua Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Institute of Neurological Disease, Translational Neuroscience Center, West China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
- Laboratory Zoology Department, Institute of NeuroscienceKunming Medical UniversityKunmingChina
- State Key Laboratory of BiotherapySichuan UniversityChengduSichuanChina
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Sosnovtseva AO, Stepanova OV, Stepanenko AA, Voronova AD, Chadin AV, Valikhov MP, Chekhonin VP. Recombinant Adenoviruses for Delivery of Therapeutics Following Spinal Cord Injury. Front Pharmacol 2022; 12:777628. [PMID: 35082666 PMCID: PMC8784517 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.777628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The regeneration of nerve tissue after spinal cord injury is a complex and poorly understood process. Medication and surgery are not very effective treatments for patients with spinal cord injuries. Gene therapy is a popular approach for the treatment of such patients. The delivery of therapeutic genes is carried out in a variety of ways, such as direct injection of therapeutic vectors at the site of injury, retrograde delivery of vectors, and ex vivo therapy using various cells. Recombinant adenoviruses are often used as vectors for gene transfer. This review discusses the advantages, limitations and prospects of adenovectors in spinal cord injury therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasiia O Sosnovtseva
- Department of Fundamental and Applied Neurobiology, V.P. Serbsky National Medical Research Center of Psychiatry and Narcology, The Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga V Stepanova
- Department of Fundamental and Applied Neurobiology, V.P. Serbsky National Medical Research Center of Psychiatry and Narcology, The Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia.,Department of Neurohumoral and Immunological Research, National Medical Research Center of Cardiology, The Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Aleksei A Stepanenko
- Department of Fundamental and Applied Neurobiology, V.P. Serbsky National Medical Research Center of Psychiatry and Narcology, The Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia.,Department of Medical Nanobiotechnology, Institute of Translational Medicine, N.I. Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, The Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anastasia D Voronova
- Department of Fundamental and Applied Neurobiology, V.P. Serbsky National Medical Research Center of Psychiatry and Narcology, The Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrey V Chadin
- Department of Fundamental and Applied Neurobiology, V.P. Serbsky National Medical Research Center of Psychiatry and Narcology, The Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Marat P Valikhov
- Department of Fundamental and Applied Neurobiology, V.P. Serbsky National Medical Research Center of Psychiatry and Narcology, The Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia.,Department of Neurohumoral and Immunological Research, National Medical Research Center of Cardiology, The Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia.,Department of Medical Nanobiotechnology, Institute of Translational Medicine, N.I. Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, The Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir P Chekhonin
- Department of Fundamental and Applied Neurobiology, V.P. Serbsky National Medical Research Center of Psychiatry and Narcology, The Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia.,Department of Medical Nanobiotechnology, Institute of Translational Medicine, N.I. Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, The Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
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3
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Lentiviral Vectors Delivered with Biomaterials as Therapeutics for Spinal Cord Injury. Cells 2021; 10:cells10082102. [PMID: 34440872 PMCID: PMC8394044 DOI: 10.3390/cells10082102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating trauma that can cause permanent disability, life-long chronic issues for sufferers and is a big socioeconomic burden. Regenerative medicine aims to overcome injury caused deficits and restore function after SCI through gene therapy and tissue engineering approaches. SCI has a multifaceted pathophysiology. Due to this, producing therapies that target multiple different cellular and molecular mechanisms might prove to be a superior approach in attempts at regeneration. Both biomaterials and nucleic acid delivery via lentiviral vectors (LVs) have proven to promote repair and restoration of function post SCI in animal models. Studies indicate that a combination of biomaterials and LVs is more effective than either approach alone. This review presents studies supporting the use of LVs and LVs delivered with biomaterials in therapies for SCI and summarises methods to combine LVs with biomaterials for SCI treatment. By summarising this knowledge this review aims to demonstrate how LV delivery with biomaterials can augment/compliment both LV and biomaterial therapeutic effects in SCI.
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Zhang N, Chin JS, Chew SY. Localised non-viral delivery of nucleic acids for nerve regeneration in injured nervous systems. Exp Neurol 2018; 319:112820. [PMID: 30195695 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2018.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Axons damaged by traumatic injuries are often unable to spontaneously regenerate in the adult central nervous system (CNS). Although the peripheral nervous system (PNS) has some regenerative capacity, its ability to regrow remains limited across large lesion gaps due to scar tissue formation. Nucleic acid therapy holds the potential of improving regeneration by enhancing the intrinsic growth ability of neurons and overcoming the inhibitory environment that prevents neurite outgrowth. Nucleic acids modulate gene expression by over-expression of neuronal growth factor or silencing growth-inhibitory molecules. Although in vitro outcomes appear promising, the lack of efficient non-viral nucleic acid delivery methods to the nervous system has limited the application of nucleic acid therapeutics to patients. Here, we review the recent development of efficient non-viral nucleic acid delivery platforms, as applied to the nervous system, including the transfection vectors and carriers used, as well as matrices and scaffolds that are currently used. Additionally, we will discuss possible improvements for localised nucleic acid delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Zhang
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 637459, Singapore
| | - Jiah Shin Chin
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 637459, Singapore; NTU Institute of Health Technologies, Interdisciplinary Graduate School, Nanyang Technological University, 639798, Singapore
| | - Sing Yian Chew
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 637459, Singapore; Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, 308232, Singapore.
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de Gois da Silva ML, da Silva Oliveira GL, de Oliveira Bezerra D, da Rocha Neto HJ, Feitosa MLT, Argôlo Neto NM, Rizzo MDS, de Carvalho MAM. Neurochemical properties of neurospheres infusion in experimental-induced seizures. Tissue Cell 2018; 54:47-54. [PMID: 30309509 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2018.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cell replacement through neural stem cells has been a promising alternative therapy for neurodegenerative diseases. It was evaluated the possible protect and/or prevent role of neurospheres in experimental models of epilepsy by the use of biomarkers of oxidative stress and histopathological analysis. After 1 h of the epileptic inductions by pilocarpine, pentylenotetrazole and picrotoxin, rats were infused with a suspension of 2 × 106 cells/0.25 mL, marked with Qtracker® 655, via caudal vein. In the control group epilepsy was not induced, but received the cell infusion under the same conditions of other groups. After 30 days, the rats were euthanized, and the removal of the brain was proceeded to later perform the assays oxidative stress and histopathology analysis. Thiobarbituric acid and nitrite levels were elevated in epileptic groups treated with neurospheres, and the levels of reduced glutathione, superoxide dismutase and catalase were reduced when compared to non-treated groups. The performance of oxidative enzymes from pilocarpine group treated with neurospheres showed slight increase. Histopathological evaluation observed distribution of neurospheres throughout the brain tissue, with viable cells and in process of differentiation in the pilocarpine group, but with differentiation and regeneration compromised in epilepsy by picrotoxin and pentylenetetrazole due to a microenvironment of oxidative stress. Neural stem cell therapy has a promising potential for protection in the pilocarpine epilepsy model, suggesting that the antioxidant system of neurospheres could reduce oxidative damage generated by seizure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - George Laylson da Silva Oliveira
- Postgraduate program in biotechnology-RENORBIO, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, PI, Ininga Campus, Brazil; Department of Biology, Federal Institute of Mato Grosso, Guarantã do Norte - MT, Guarantã do Norte Campus, Brazil.
| | - Dayseanny de Oliveira Bezerra
- Integrated Nucleus of Morphology and Stem Cell Research, Agrarian Sciences Center, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, PI, Ininga Campus, Brazil.
| | - Hermínio José da Rocha Neto
- Integrated Nucleus of Morphology and Stem Cell Research, Agrarian Sciences Center, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, PI, Ininga Campus, Brazil.
| | - Matheus Levi Tajra Feitosa
- Integrated Nucleus of Morphology and Stem Cell Research, Agrarian Sciences Center, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, PI, Ininga Campus, Brazil; State University of Maranhão, São Luis, MA, Brazil.
| | - Napoleão Martins Argôlo Neto
- Integrated Nucleus of Morphology and Stem Cell Research, Agrarian Sciences Center, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, PI, Ininga Campus, Brazil.
| | - Marcia Dos Santos Rizzo
- Department of Morphology, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, PI, Ininga Campus, Brazil.
| | - Maria Acelina Martins de Carvalho
- Postgraduate program in biotechnology-RENORBIO, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, PI, Ininga Campus, Brazil; Integrated Nucleus of Morphology and Stem Cell Research, Agrarian Sciences Center, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, PI, Ininga Campus, Brazil.
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6
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Dumont CM, Margul DJ, Shea LD. Tissue Engineering Approaches to Modulate the Inflammatory Milieu following Spinal Cord Injury. Cells Tissues Organs 2016; 202:52-66. [PMID: 27701152 PMCID: PMC5067186 DOI: 10.1159/000446646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue engineering strategies have shown promise in promoting healing and regeneration after spinal cord injury (SCI); however, these strategies are limited by inflammation and the immune response. Infiltration of cells of the innate and adaptive immune responses and the inflammation that follows cause secondary damage adjacent to the injury, increased scarring, and a potently inhibitory environment for the regeneration of damaged neurons. While the inflammation that ensues is typically associated with limited regeneration, the immune response is a crucial element in the closing of the blood-brain barrier, minimizing the spread of injury, and initiating healing. This review summarizes the strategies that have been developed to modulate the immune response towards an anti-inflammatory environment that is permissive to the regeneration of neurons, glia, and parenchyma. We focus on the use of biomaterials, biologically active molecules, gene therapy, nanoparticles, and stem cells to modulate the immune response, and illustrate concepts for future therapies. Current clinical treatments for SCI are limited to systemic hypothermia or methylprednisolone, which both act by systemically mitigating the effects of immune response but have marginal efficacy. Herein, we discuss emerging research strategies to further enhance these clinical treatments by directly targeting specific aspects of the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney. M. Dumont
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
| | - Daniel J. Margul
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Lonnie. D. Shea
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
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7
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Tissue-Engineered Regeneration of Hemisected Spinal Cord Using Human Endometrial Stem Cells, Poly ε-Caprolactone Scaffolds, and Crocin as a Neuroprotective Agent. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:5657-5667. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-0089-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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8
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Cationic, amphiphilic copolymer micelles as nucleic acid carriers for enhanced transfection in rat spinal cord. Acta Biomater 2016; 35:98-108. [PMID: 26873365 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2016.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Revised: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury commonly leads to permanent motor and sensory deficits due to the limited regenerative capacity of the adult central nervous system (CNS). Nucleic acid-based therapy is a promising strategy to deliver bioactive molecules capable of promoting axonal regeneration. Branched polyethylenimine (bPEI: 25kDa) is one of the most widely studied nonviral vectors, but its clinical application has been limited due to its cytotoxicity and low transfection efficiency in the presence of serum proteins. In this study, we synthesized cationic amphiphilic copolymers, poly (lactide-co-glycolide)-graft-polyethylenimine (PgP), by grafting low molecular weight PLGA (4kDa) to bPEI (25kDa) at approximately a 3:1 ratio as an efficient nonviral vector. We show that PgP micelle is capable of efficiently transfecting plasmid DNA (pDNA) and siRNA in the presence of 10% serum in neuroglioma (C6) cells, neuroblastoma (B35) cells, and primary E8 chick forebrain neurons (CFN) with pDNA transfection efficiencies of 58.8%, 75.1%, and 8.1%, respectively. We also show that PgP provides high-level transgene expression in the rat spinal cord in vivo that is substantially greater than that attained with bPEI. The combination of improved transfection and reduced cytotoxicity in vitro in the presence of serum and in vivo transfection of neural cells relative to conventional bPEI suggests that PgP may be a promising nonviral vector for therapeutic nucleic acid delivery for neural regeneration. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE Gene therapy is a promising strategy to overcome barriers to axonal regeneration in the injured central nervous system. Branched polyethylenimine (bPEI: 25kDa) is one of the most widely studied nonviral vectors, but its clinical application has been limited due to cytotoxicity and low transfection efficiency in the presence of serum proteins. Here, we report cationic amphiphilic copolymers, poly (lactide-co-glycolide)-graft-polyethylenimine (PgP) that are capable of efficiently transfecting reporter genes and siRNA both in the presence of 10% serum in vitro and in the rat spinal cord in vivo. The combination of improved transfection and reduced cytotoxicity in the presence of serum as well as transfection of neural cells in vivo suggests PgP may be a promising nucleic acid carrier for CNS gene delivery.
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Gwak SJ, Yun Y, Yoon DH, Kim KN, Ha Y. Therapeutic Use of 3β-[N-(N',N'-Dimethylaminoethane) Carbamoyl] Cholesterol-Modified PLGA Nanospheres as Gene Delivery Vehicles for Spinal Cord Injury. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0147389. [PMID: 26824765 PMCID: PMC4732605 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Gene delivery holds therapeutic promise for the treatment of neurological diseases and spinal cord injury. Although several studies have investigated the use of non-viral vectors, such as polyethylenimine (PEI), their clinical value is limited by their cytotoxicity. Recently, biodegradable poly (lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) nanospheres have been explored as non-viral vectors. Here, we show that modification of PLGA nanospheres with 3β-[N-(N′,N′-dimethylaminoethane) carbamoyl] cholesterol (DC-Chol) enhances gene transfection efficiency. PLGA/DC-Chol nanospheres encapsulating DNA were prepared using a double emulsion-solvent evaporation method. PLGA/DC-Chol nanospheres were less cytotoxic than PEI both in vitro and in vivo. DC-Chol modification improved the uptake of nanospheres, thereby increasing their transfection efficiency in mouse neural stem cells in vitro and rat spinal cord in vivo. Also, transgene expression induced by PLGA nanospheres was higher and longer-lasting than that induced by PEI. In a rat model of spinal cord injury, PLGA/DC-Chol nanospheres loaded with vascular endothelial growth factor gene increased angiogenesis at the injury site, improved tissue regeneration, and resulted in better recovery of locomotor function. These results suggest that DC-Chol-modified PLGA nanospheres could serve as therapeutic gene delivery vehicles for spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- So-Jung Gwak
- Spine & Spinal Cord Institute, Department of Neurosurgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Yeomin Yun
- Spine & Spinal Cord Institute, Department of Neurosurgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Do Heum Yoon
- Spine & Spinal Cord Institute, Department of Neurosurgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Keung Nyun Kim
- Spine & Spinal Cord Institute, Department of Neurosurgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yoon Ha
- Spine & Spinal Cord Institute, Department of Neurosurgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- * E-mail:
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Gwak SJ, Koo H, Yun Y, Yhee JY, Lee HY, Yoon DH, Kim K, Ha Y. Multifunctional nanoparticles for gene delivery and spinal cord injury. J Biomed Mater Res A 2015; 103:3474-82. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.35489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Revised: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- So-Jung Gwak
- Department of Neurosurgery; Spine and Spinal Cord Institute; Yonsei University College of Medicine; 134 Shinchon-dong Seodaemoon-gu Seoul South Korea
| | - Heebeom Koo
- Center for Theragnosis, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology; Hwarangno 14-Gil 6 Seongbuk-Gu Seoul 136-791 South Korea
| | - Yeomin Yun
- Department of Neurosurgery; Spine and Spinal Cord Institute; Yonsei University College of Medicine; 134 Shinchon-dong Seodaemoon-gu Seoul South Korea
| | - Ji Young Yhee
- Center for Theragnosis, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology; Hwarangno 14-Gil 6 Seongbuk-Gu Seoul 136-791 South Korea
| | - Hye Yeong Lee
- Department of Neurosurgery; Spine and Spinal Cord Institute; Yonsei University College of Medicine; 134 Shinchon-dong Seodaemoon-gu Seoul South Korea
| | - Do Heum Yoon
- Department of Neurosurgery; Spine and Spinal Cord Institute; Yonsei University College of Medicine; 134 Shinchon-dong Seodaemoon-gu Seoul South Korea
| | - Kwangmeyung Kim
- Center for Theragnosis, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology; Hwarangno 14-Gil 6 Seongbuk-Gu Seoul 136-791 South Korea
| | - Yoon Ha
- Department of Neurosurgery; Spine and Spinal Cord Institute; Yonsei University College of Medicine; 134 Shinchon-dong Seodaemoon-gu Seoul South Korea
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Walthers CM, Seidlits SK. Gene delivery strategies to promote spinal cord repair. Biomark Insights 2015; 10:11-29. [PMID: 25922572 PMCID: PMC4395076 DOI: 10.4137/bmi.s20063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Revised: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene therapies hold great promise for the treatment of many neurodegenerative disorders and traumatic injuries in the central nervous system. However, development of effective methods to deliver such therapies in a controlled manner to the spinal cord is a necessity for their translation to the clinic. Although essential progress has been made to improve efficiency of transgene delivery and reduce the immunogenicity of genetic vectors, there is still much work to be done to achieve clinical strategies capable of reversing neurodegeneration and mediating tissue regeneration. In particular, strategies to achieve localized, robust expression of therapeutic transgenes by target cell types, at controlled levels over defined time periods, will be necessary to fully regenerate functional spinal cord tissues. This review summarizes the progress over the last decade toward the development of effective gene therapies in the spinal cord, including identification of appropriate target genes, improvements to design of genetic vectors, advances in delivery methods, and strategies for delivery of multiple transgenes with synergistic actions. The potential of biomaterials to mediate gene delivery while simultaneously providing inductive scaffolding to facilitate tissue regeneration is also discussed.
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Liu C, Huang Y, Pang M, Yang Y, Li S, Liu L, Shu T, Zhou W, Wang X, Rong L, Liu B. Tissue-engineered regeneration of completely transected spinal cord using induced neural stem cells and gelatin-electrospun poly (lactide-co-glycolide)/polyethylene glycol scaffolds. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0117709. [PMID: 25803031 PMCID: PMC4372351 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue engineering has brought new possibilities for the treatment of spinal cord injury. Two important components for tissue engineering of the spinal cord include a suitable cell source and scaffold. In our study, we investigated induced mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) directly reprogrammed into neural stem cells (iNSCs), as a cell source. Three-dimensional (3D) electrospun poly (lactide-co-glycolide)/polyethylene glycol (PLGA-PEG) nanofiber scaffolds were used for iNSCs adhesion and growth. Cell growth, survival and proliferation on the scaffolds were investigated. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and nuclei staining were used to assess cell growth on the scaffolds. Scaffolds with iNSCs were then transplanted into transected rat spinal cords. Two or 8 weeks following transplantation, immunofluorescence was performed to determine iNSC survival and differentiation within the scaffolds. Functional recovery was assessed using the Basso, Beattie, Bresnahan (BBB) Scale. Results indicated that iNSCs showed similar morphological features with wild-type neural stem cells (wt-NSCs), and expressed a variety of neural stem cell marker genes. Furthermore, iNSCs were shown to survive, with the ability to self-renew and undergo neural differentiation into neurons and glial cells within the 3D scaffolds in vivo. The iNSC-seeded scaffolds restored the continuity of the spinal cord and reduced cavity formation. Additionally, iNSC-seeded scaffolds contributed to functional recovery of the spinal cord. Therefore, PLGA-PEG scaffolds seeded with iNSCs may serve as promising supporting transplants for repairing spinal cord injury (SCI).
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Liu
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510630, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Huang
- Department of Breast & Thyroid Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510630, People's Republic of China
| | - Mao Pang
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510630, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510630, People's Republic of China
| | - Shangfu Li
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510630, People's Republic of China
| | - Linshan Liu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States of America
| | - Tao Shu
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510630, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510630, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuan Wang
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510630, People's Republic of China
| | - Limin Rong
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510630, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510630, People's Republic of China
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Kumar P, Choonara YE, Modi G, Naidoo D, Pillay V. Nanoparticulate strategies for the five R’s of traumatic spinal cord injury intervention: restriction, repair, regeneration, restoration and reorganization. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2014; 9:331-48. [DOI: 10.2217/nnm.13.203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanomedicinal approaches for spinal cord injury (SCI) intervention encompasses the use of nanoscale materials and devices that prevent primary to secondary injury transition and improvement in the anatomical, physiological and functional outcomes of SCI. This review provides an incursion into the advances in nanoparticle-based neurotherapeutics for SCI and focuses on neuroactive-loaded nanoparticles for localized delivery of therapeutic factors to the severed spinal cord, targeted or nontargeted systemic drug delivery and nanoenclatherated neuroscaffolds. Special emphasis has been placed on the use of metal nanoparticles and functionalized structures as ‘drug-free’ interventions in SCI. Despite the immense advancements in nanoscience, nanointerventions still pose key challenges that need to be resolved in SCI. Several combinatorial strategies are proposed for the reconstruction of spinal architecture via restriction of the secondary injury cascade, reparation of the tethered neural architecture, regeneration of axons, restoration of biochemical functions and reorganization of the topographical and cortical networks of the spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep Kumar
- University of the Witwatersrand, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, 7 York Road, Parktown, 2193, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Yahya E Choonara
- University of the Witwatersrand, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, 7 York Road, Parktown, 2193, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Girish Modi
- University of the Witwatersrand, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Neurology, Division of Neurosciences, 7 York Road, Parktown, 2193, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Dinesh Naidoo
- University of the Witwatersrand, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Neurosurgery, Division of Neurosciences, 7 York Road, Parktown, 2193, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Viness Pillay
- University of the Witwatersrand, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, 7 York Road, Parktown, 2193, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
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14
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Pêgo AP, Kubinova S, Cizkova D, Vanicky I, Mar FM, Sousa MM, Sykova E. Regenerative medicine for the treatment of spinal cord injury: more than just promises? J Cell Mol Med 2014; 16:2564-82. [PMID: 22805417 PMCID: PMC4118226 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2012.01603.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury triggers a complex set of events that lead to tissue healing without the restoration of normal function due to the poor regenerative capacity of the spinal cord. Nevertheless, current knowledge about the intrinsic regenerative ability of central nervous system axons, when in a supportive environment, has made the prospect of treating spinal cord injury a reality. Among the range of strategies under investigation, cell-based therapies offer the most promising results, due to the multifactorial roles that these cells can fulfil. However, the best cell source is still a matter of debate, as are clinical issues that include the optimal cell dose as well as the timing and route of administration. In this context, the role of biomaterials is gaining importance. These can not only act as vehicles for the administered cells but also, in the case of chronic lesions, can be used to fill the permanent cyst, thus creating a more favourable and conducive environment for axonal regeneration in addition to serving as local delivery systems of therapeutic agents to improve the regenerative milieu. Some of the candidate molecules for the future are discussed in view of the knowledge derived from studying the mechanisms that facilitate the intrinsic regenerative capacity of central nervous system neurons. The future challenge for the multidisciplinary teams working in the field is to translate the knowledge acquired in basic research into effective combinatorial therapies to be applied in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula Pêgo
- INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
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15
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Gwak SJ, Jung JK, An SS, Kim HJ, Oh JS, Pennant WA, Lee HY, Kong MH, Kim KN, Yoon DH, Ha Y. Chitosan/TPP-hyaluronic acid nanoparticles: a new vehicle for gene delivery to the spinal cord. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE-POLYMER EDITION 2012; 23:1437-50. [PMID: 21781382 DOI: 10.1163/092050611x584090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Gene delivery offers therapeutic promise for the treatment of neurological diseases and spinal cord injury. Several studies have offered viral vectors as vehicles to deliver therapeutic agents, yet their toxicity and immunogenicity, along with the cost of their large-scale formulation, limits their clinical use. As such, non-viral vectors are attractive in that they offer improved safety profiles compared to viruses. Poly(ethylene imine) (PEI) is one of the most extensively studied non-viral vectors, but its clinical value is limited y its cytotoxicity. Recently, chitosan/DNA complex nanoparticles have een considered as a vector for gene delivery. Here, we demonstrate that DNA nanoparticles made of hyaluronic acid (HA) and chitosan have low cytotoxicity and induce high transgene expression in neural stem cells and organotypic spinal cord slice tissue. Chitosan-TPP/HA nanoparticles were significantly less cytotoxic than PEI at various concentrations. Additionally, chitosan-TPP/HA nanoparticles with pDNA induced higher transgene expression in vitro for a longer duration than PEI in neural stem cells. These results suggest chitosan-TPP/HA nanoparticles may have the potential to serve as an option for gene delivery to the spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- So-Jung Gwak
- a Spine & Spinal Cord Institute, Department of Neurosurgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine , 120-752, 134 Shinchon-dong , Seodaemoon-gu , Seoul , South Korea
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16
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Son S, Hwang DW, Singha K, Jeong JH, Park TG, Lee DS, Kim WJ. RVG peptide tethered bioreducible polyethylenimine for gene delivery to brain. J Control Release 2011; 155:18-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2010.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2010] [Revised: 07/30/2010] [Accepted: 08/08/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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17
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Jenkins SI, Pickard MR, Granger N, Chari DM. Magnetic nanoparticle-mediated gene transfer to oligodendrocyte precursor cell transplant populations is enhanced by magnetofection strategies. ACS NANO 2011; 5:6527-38. [PMID: 21721568 DOI: 10.1021/nn2018717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
This study has tested the feasibility of using physical delivery methods, employing static and oscillating field "magnetofection" techniques, to enhance magnetic nanoparticle-mediated gene transfer to rat oligodendrocyte precursor cells derived for transplantation therapies. These cells are a major transplant population to mediate repair of damage as occurs in spinal cord injury and neurological diseases such as multiple sclerosis. We show for the first time that magnetic nanoparticles mediate effective transfer of reporter and therapeutic genes to oligodendrocyte precursors; transfection efficacy was significantly enhanced by applied static or oscillating magnetic fields, the latter using an oscillating array employing high-gradient NdFeB magnets. The effects of oscillating fields were frequency-dependent, with 4 Hz yielding optimal results. Transfection efficacies obtained using magnetofection methods were highly competitive with or better than current widely used nonviral transfection methods (e.g., electroporation and lipofection) with the additional critical advantage of high cell viability. No adverse effects were found on the cells' ability to divide or give rise to their daughter cells, the oligodendrocytes-key properties that underpin their regeneration-promoting effects. The transplantation potential of transfected cells was tested in three-dimensional tissue engineering models utilizing brain slices as the host tissue; modified transplanted cells were found to migrate, divide, give rise to daughter cells, and integrate within host tissue, further evidencing the safety of the protocols used. Our findings strongly support the concept that magnetic nanoparticle vectors in conjunction with state-of-the-art magnetofection strategies provide a technically simple and effective alternative to current methods for gene transfer to oligodendrocyte precursor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart I Jenkins
- Cellular and Neural Engineering Group, Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire, ST5 5BG, United Kingdom
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18
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Hejčl A, Jendelová P, Syková E. Experimental reconstruction of the injured spinal cord. Adv Tech Stand Neurosurg 2011:65-95. [PMID: 21997741 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7091-0673-0_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Injury to the spinal cord, with its pathological sequelae, results in a permanent neurological deficit. With currently available tools at hand, there is very little that clinicians can do to treat such a condition with the view of helping patients with spinal cord injury (SCI). On the other hand, in the last 20 years experimental research has brought new insights into the pathophysiology of spinal cord injury; we can divide the time course into 3 phases: primary injury (the time of traumatic impact and the period immediately afterwards), the secondary phase (cell death, inflammation, ischemia), and the chronic phase (scarring, demyelination, cyst formation). Increased knowledge about the pathophysiology of SCI can stimulate the development of new therapeutic modalities and approaches, which may be feasible in the future in clinical practice. Some of the most promising experimental therapies include: neurotrophic factors, enzymes and antibodies against inhibitory molecules (such as Nogo), activated macrophages, stem cells and bridging scaffolds. Their common goal is to reconstitute the damaged tissue in order to recover the lost function. In the current review, we focus on some of the recent developments in experimental SCI research.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Hejčl
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
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19
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Pickard MR, Barraud P, Chari DM. The transfection of multipotent neural precursor/stem cell transplant populations with magnetic nanoparticles. Biomaterials 2010; 32:2274-84. [PMID: 21193228 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2010.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2010] [Accepted: 12/01/2010] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Multipotent neural precursor/stem cells (NPCs) are a major transplant population with key properties to promote repair in several neuropathological conditions. Magnetic nanoparticle (MNP)-based vector systems, in turn, offer a combination of key benefits for cell therapies including (i) safety (ii) delivery of therapeutic biomolecules (DNA/siRNA) enhanceable by 'magnetofection' approaches (iii) magnetic cell targeting of MNP-labelled cells to injury sites and (iv) non-invasive imaging of MNP-labelled transplant populations for cell tracking. However, the applications of the versatile MNP platform for NPC transplantation therapies have received limited attention so far. We have evaluated the potential of MNP vectors for gene transfer to NPCs using a neurosphere culture model system; we also assessed repeat transfection ("multifection") and repeat transfection plus applied magnetic field ("magneto-multifection") strategies [to enhance transfection efficiency]. We show for the first time that MNPs can safely mediate single/combinatorial gene delivery to NPCs. Multifection approaches significantly enhanced transfection with negligible toxicity; no adverse effects were observed on stem cell proliferation/differentiation. "Multifected" NPCs survived and differentiated in 3D neural tissue arrays post-transplantation. Our findings demonstrate that MNPs offer a simple and robust alternative to the viral vector systems currently used widely to transfect neural stem cells in neurobiology/neural transplantation research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark R Pickard
- Cellular and Neural Engineering Group, Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, United Kingdom
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20
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Zhang Y, Zheng Y, Zhang YP, Shields LBE, Hu X, Yu P, Burke DA, Wang H, Jun C, Byers J, Whittemore SR, Shields CB. Enhanced adenoviral gene delivery to motor and dorsal root ganglion neurons following injection into demyelinated peripheral nerves. J Neurosci Res 2010; 88:2374-84. [PMID: 20623527 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.22394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Injection of viral vectors into peripheral nerves may transfer specific genes into their dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons and motoneurons. However, myelin sheaths of peripheral axons block the entry of viral particles into nerves. We studied whether mild, transient peripheral nerve demyelination prior to intraneural viral vector injection would enhance gene transfer to target DRG neurons and motoneurons. The right sciatic nerve of C57BL/6 mice was focally demyelinated with 1% lysolecithin, and the left sciatic nerve was similarly injected with saline (control). Five days after demyelination, 0.5 microl of Ad5-GFP was injected into both sciatic nerves at the site of previous injection. The effectiveness of gene transfer was evaluated by counting GFP(+) neurons in the DRGs and ventral horns. After peripheral nerve demyelination, there was a fivefold increase in the number of infected DRG neurons and almost a 15-fold increase in the number of infected motoneurons compared with the control, nondemyelinated side. Focal demyelination reduced the myelin sheath barrier, allowing greater virus-axon contact. Increased CXADR expression on the demyelinated axons facilitated axoplasmic viral entry. No animals sustained any prolonged neurological deficits. Increased gene delivery into DRG neurons and motoneurons may provide effective treatment for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, pain, and spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjie Zhang
- Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
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21
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Tselis A, Khan OA, Lisak RP. Approaches to neuroprotective strategies in multiple sclerosis. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2010; 11:2869-78. [DOI: 10.1517/14656566.2010.508070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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22
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Blits B, Derks S, Twisk J, Ehlert E, Prins J, Verhaagen J. Adeno-associated viral vector (AAV)-mediated gene transfer in the red nucleus of the adult rat brain: Comparative analysis of the transduction properties of seven AAV serotypes and lentiviral vectors. J Neurosci Methods 2010; 185:257-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2009.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2009] [Revised: 10/08/2009] [Accepted: 10/09/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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23
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Clément N, Knop DR, Byrne BJ. Large-scale adeno-associated viral vector production using a herpesvirus-based system enables manufacturing for clinical studies. Hum Gene Ther 2009; 20:796-806. [PMID: 19569968 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2009.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability of recombinant adeno-associated viral (rAAV) vectors to exhibit minimal immunogenicity and little to no toxicity or inflammation while eliciting robust, multiyear gene expression in vivo are only a few of the salient features that make them ideally suited for many gene therapy applications. A major hurdle for the use of rAAV in sizeable research and clinical applications is the lack of efficient and versatile large-scale production systems. Continued progression toward flexible, scalable production techniques is a prerequisite to support human clinical evaluation of these novel biotherapeutics. This review examines the current state of large-scale production methods that employ the herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV) platform to produce rAAV vectors for gene delivery. Improvements have substantially advanced the HSV/AAV hybrid method for large-scale rAAV manufacture, facilitating the generation of highly potent, clinical-grade purity rAAV vector stocks. At least one human clinical trial employing rAAV generated via rHSV helper-assisted replication is poised to commence, highlighting the advances and relevance of this production method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Clément
- Department of Pediatrics, Powell Gene Therapy Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
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24
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Jeffery ND, McBain SC, Dobson J, Chari DM. Uptake of systemically administered magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) in areas of experimental spinal cord injury (SCI). J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2009; 3:153-7. [DOI: 10.1002/term.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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25
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Abstract
The prevalence of people suffering from chronic pain is extremely high and pain affects millions of people worldwide. As such, persistent pain represents a major health problem and an unmet clinical need. The reason for the high incidence of chronic pain patients is in a large part due to a paucity of effective pain control. An important reason for poor pain control is undoubtedly a deficit in our understanding of the underlying causes of chronic pain and as a consequence our arsenal of analgesic therapies is limited. However, there is considerable hope for the development of new classes of analgesic drugs by targeting novel processes contributing to clinically relevant pain. In this chapter we highlight a number of molecular species which are potential therapeutic targets for future neuropathic pain treatments. In particular, the roles of voltage-gated ion channels, neuroinflammation, protein kinases and neurotrophins are discussed in relation to the generation of neuropathic pain and how by targeting these molecules it may be possible to provide better pain control than is currently available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabien Marchand
- King's College London, London, Neurorestoration, CARD Wolfson Wing, Hodgkin Building, Guy's Campus, London Bridge, London, SE1 1UL, UK
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26
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Bergen JM, Pun SH. Analysis of the intracellular barriers encountered by nonviral gene carriers in a model of spatially controlled delivery to neurons. J Gene Med 2008; 10:187-97. [PMID: 18064730 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.1137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuron-specific, nonviral gene delivery vehicles are useful tools for the potential treatment of neurological disease and spinal cord injury. For minimally invasive, peripheral administration, gene carriers must efficiently mediate uptake at axon terminals, retrograde axonal transport, vesicular escape, and nuclear entry. The design of improved vehicles will benefit from an understanding of the barriers that limit nonviral delivery to neurons. Here, we demonstrate a detailed analysis of intracellular trafficking of both a lipid-based and a polymer-based delivery vehicle following site-specific exposure to neuron-like cells. METHODS Site-specific exposure of gene carriers to soma or neurites of neuron-like PC-12 cells was accomplished using a microfluidic, compartmented culture chamber. Binding and internalization of vehicles at neurites and soma were quantified using an environmentally sensitive fluorescent marker. The intracellular transport of gene carriers was analyzed by time-lapse particle tracking in live cells, and transfection efficiencies were measured using green fluorescent protein (GFP) as a reporter gene. RESULTS While the lipid-based carrier mediated measurable transfection when delivered to neuronal soma, neuritic delivery of this formulation failed to produce reporter gene expression due to limited internalization and transport. In contrast, the polymeric nanoparticles displayed active retrograde transport toward neuronal soma, but failed to produce measurable reporter gene expression. CONCLUSIONS These results highlight distinct intracellular barriers preventing efficient neuronal transfection by the nonviral carriers examined, and provide a basis for the rational improvement of existing nonviral systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie M Bergen
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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27
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Bergen JM, Park IK, Horner PJ, Pun SH. Nonviral approaches for neuronal delivery of nucleic acids. Pharm Res 2007; 25:983-98. [PMID: 17932730 PMCID: PMC2292496 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-007-9439-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2007] [Accepted: 08/20/2007] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The delivery of therapeutic nucleic acids to neurons has the potential to treat neurological disease and spinal cord injury. While select viral vectors have shown promise as gene carriers to neurons, their potential as therapeutic agents is limited by their toxicity and immunogenicity, their broad tropism, and the cost of large-scale formulation. Nonviral vectors are an attractive alternative in that they offer improved safety profiles compared to viruses, are less expensive to produce, and can be targeted to specific neuronal subpopulations. However, most nonviral vectors suffer from significantly lower transfection efficiencies than neurotropic viruses, severely limiting their utility in neuron-targeted delivery applications. To realize the potential of nonviral delivery technology in neurons, vectors must be designed to overcome a series of extra- and intracellular barriers. In this article, we describe the challenges preventing successful nonviral delivery of nucleic acids to neurons and review strategies aimed at overcoming these challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie M Bergen
- Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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28
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Samadikuchaksaraei A. An overview of tissue engineering approaches for management of spinal cord injuries. J Neuroeng Rehabil 2007; 4:15. [PMID: 17501987 PMCID: PMC1876804 DOI: 10.1186/1743-0003-4-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2006] [Accepted: 05/14/2007] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe spinal cord injury (SCI) leads to devastating neurological deficits and disabilities, which necessitates spending a great deal of health budget for psychological and healthcare problems of these patients and their relatives. This justifies the cost of research into the new modalities for treatment of spinal cord injuries, even in developing countries. Apart from surgical management and nerve grafting, several other approaches have been adopted for management of this condition including pharmacologic and gene therapy, cell therapy, and use of different cell-free or cell-seeded bioscaffolds. In current paper, the recent developments for therapeutic delivery of stem and non-stem cells to the site of injury, and application of cell-free and cell-seeded natural and synthetic scaffolds have been reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Samadikuchaksaraei
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Allied Medicine and Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Iran.
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Abstract
The history of spinal cord injuries starts with the ancient Egyptian medical papyrus known as the Edwin Smith Surgical Papyrus. The papyrus written about 2500 B.C.by the physician and architect of the Sakkara pyramids Imhotep, describes "crushed vertebra in his neck" as well as symptoms of neurological deterioration. An ailment not to be treated was the massage to the patients at that time. This fatalistic attitude remained until the end of World War II when the first rehabilitation centre focused on the rehabilitation of spinal cord injured patients was opened. Our knowledge of the pathophysiological processes, both the primary as well as the secondary, has increased tremendously. However, all this knowledge has only led to improved medical care but not to any therapeutic method to restore, even partially, the neurological function. Neuroprotection is defined as measures to counteract secondary injury mechanisms and/or limit the extent of damage caused by self-destructive cellular and tissue processes. The co-existence of several distinctly different injury mechanisms after trauma has provided opportunities to explore a large number of potentially neuroprotective agents in animal experiments such as methylprednisolone sodium succinate. The results of this research have been very discouraging and pharmacological neuroprotection for patients with spinal cord injury has fallen short of the expectations created by the extensive research and promising observations in animal experiments. The focus of research has now, instead, been transformed to the field of neural regeneration. This field includes the discovery of regenerating obstacles in the nerve cell and/or environmental factors but also various regeneration strategies such as bridging the gap at the site of injury as well as transplantation of foetal tissue and stem cells. The purpose of this review is to highlight selected experimental and clinical studies that form the basis for undertaking future challenges in the research field of spinal cord injury. We will focus our discussion on methods either preventing the consequences of secondary injury in the acute period (neuroprotection) and/or various techniques of neural regeneration in the sub-acute and chronic phase and finally expose some thoughts about future avenues within this scientific field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leif Anderberg
- Department of clinical science, Neurosurgery, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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30
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Brösamle C, Huber AB. Cracking the black box – and putting it back together again: Animal models of spinal cord injury. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ddmod.2006.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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31
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Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) can lead to paraplegia or quadriplegia. Although there are no fully restorative treatments for SCI, various rehabilitative, cellular and molecular therapies have been tested in animal models. Many of these have reached, or are approaching, clinical trials. Here, we review these potential therapies, with an emphasis on the need for reproducible evidence of safety and efficacy. Individual therapies are unlikely to provide a panacea. Rather, we predict that combinations of strategies will lead to improvements in outcome after SCI. Basic scientific research should provide a rational basis for tailoring specific combinations of clinical therapies to different types of SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Thuret
- Centre for the Cellular Basis of Behaviour, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, P.O. Box 39, 1-2 WW Ground, Denmark Hill, London SE5 8AF, UK
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