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Pan YW, Wu DP, Liang HF, Tang GY, Fan CL, Shi L, Ye WC, Li MM. Total Saponins of Panax notoginseng Activate Akt/mTOR Pathway and Exhibit Neuroprotection in vitro and in vivo against Ischemic Damage. Chin J Integr Med 2021; 28:410-418. [PMID: 34581940 DOI: 10.1007/s11655-021-3454-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To reveal the neuroprotective effect and the underlying mechanisms of a mixture of the main components of Panax notoginseng saponins (TSPN) on cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury and oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) of cultured cortical neurons. METHODS The neuroprotective effect of TSPN was evaluated by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, flow cytometry and live/dead cell assays. The morphology of dendrites was detected by immunofluorescence. Middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) was developed in rats as a model of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion. The neuroprotective effect of TSPN was evaluated by neurological scoring, tail suspension test, 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) and Nissl stainings. Western blot analysis, immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence were used to measure the changes in the Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway. RESULTS MTT showed that TSPN (50, 25 and 12.5 µ g/mL) protected cortical neurons after OGD/R treatment (P<0.01 or P<0.05). Flow cytometry and live/dead cell assays indicated that 25 µ g/mL TSPN decreased neuronal apoptosis (P<0.05), and immunofluorescence showed that 25 µ g/mL TSPN restored the dendritic morphology of damaged neurons (P<0.05). Moreover, 12.5 µ g/mL TSPN downregulated the expression of Beclin-1, Cleaved-caspase 3 and LC3B-II/LC3B-I, and upregulated the levels of phosphorylated (p)-Akt and p-mTOR (P<0.01 or P<0.05). In the MCAO model, 50 µ g/mL TSPN improved defective neurological behavior and reduced infarct volume (P<0.05). Moreover, the expression of Beclin-1 and LC3B in cerebral ischemic penumbra was downregulated after 50 µ g/mL TSPN treatment, whereas the p-mTOR level was upregulated (P<0.05 or P<0.01). CONCLUSION TSPN promoted neuronal survival and protected dendrite integrity after OGD/R and had a potential therapeutic effect by alleviating neurological deficits and reversing neuronal loss. TSPN promoted p-mTOR and inhibited Beclin-1 to alleviate ischemic damage, which may be the mechanism that underlies the neuroprotective activity of TSPN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Wei Pan
- JNU-HKUST Joint Laboratory for Neuroscience and Innovative Drug Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.,Department of TCM Preventive Medicine, Tianhe District Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Dong-Ping Wu
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Hua-Feng Liang
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Gen-Yun Tang
- JNU-HKUST Joint Laboratory for Neuroscience and Innovative Drug Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Chun-Lin Fan
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Lei Shi
- JNU-HKUST Joint Laboratory for Neuroscience and Innovative Drug Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Wen-Cai Ye
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Man-Mei Li
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
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Drobnik J, Pietrucha K, Kudzin M, Mader K, Szymański J, Szczepanowska A. Comparison of various types of collagenous scaffolds applied for embryonic nerve cell culture. Biologicals 2017; 46:74-80. [PMID: 28108210 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2017.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Revised: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the study was to confirm whether collagen-based scaffolds using different cross-linking methods are suitable elaborate environments for embryonic nerve cell culture. Three 3D sponge-shaped porous scaffolds were composed using collagen alone, collagen with chondroitin sulphate modified by 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethyl aminopropyl) carbodiimide hydrochloride, and collagen cross-linked by 2,3-dialdehyde cellulose (DAC). Embryonic nerve cells from rats were applied to the scaffolds and stained with bisbenzimide to study cell entrapment within the scaffolds. The metabolic activity of the cells cultured in the scaffolds was determined by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. The majority of cells were differentiated into neurocytes or oligodendrocytes. Collagen and collagen-chondroitin sulphate scaffolds entrapped a low number of cells. The highest cell density was found in the collagen-DAC scaffold. Moreover, in collagen-DAC scaffolds, the metabolic activity was markedly higher than in the other samples. Although all used scaffolds are suitable for the culture of embryonic nerve cells, the collagen-DAC scaffold properties are the most favorable. This scaffold entraps the highest number of cells and constitutes a favorable environment for their culture. Hence, the Col-DAC scaffold is recommended as an effective carrier for embryonic nerve cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacek Drobnik
- Laboratory of Connective Tissue Metabolism, Department of Neuropeptides Research, Medical University of Lodz, Poland.
| | - Krystyna Pietrucha
- Department of Material and Commodity Sciences and Textile Metrology, Lodz University of Technology, Poland
| | | | | | - Jacek Szymański
- Central Scientific Laboratory, Medical University of Lodz, Poland
| | - Alicja Szczepanowska
- Laboratory of Connective Tissue Metabolism, Department of Neuropeptides Research, Medical University of Lodz, Poland
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Crupi R, Impellizzeri D, Bruschetta G, Cordaro M, Paterniti I, Siracusa R, Cuzzocrea S, Esposito E. Co-Ultramicronized Palmitoylethanolamide/Luteolin Promotes Neuronal Regeneration after Spinal Cord Injury. Front Pharmacol 2016; 7:47. [PMID: 27014061 PMCID: PMC4782663 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) stimulates activation of astrocytes and infiltration of immune cells at the lesion site; however, the mechanism that promotes the birth of new neurons is still under debate. Neuronal regeneration is restricted after spinal cord injury, but can be stimulated by experimental intervention. Previously we demonstrated that treatment co-ultramicronized palmitoylethanolamide and luteolin, namely co-ultraPEALut, reduced inflammation. The present study was designed to explore the neuroregenerative properties of co-ultraPEALut in an estabished murine model of SCI. A vascular clip was applied to the spinal cord dura at T5-T8 to provoke injury. Mice were treated with co-ultraPEALut (1 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) daily for 72 h after SCI. Co-ultraPEALut increased the numbers of both bromodeoxyuridine-positive nuclei and doublecortin-immunoreactive cells in the spinal cord of injured mice. To correlate neuronal development with synaptic plasticity a Golgi method was employed to analyze dendritic spine density. Co-ultraPEALut administration stimulated expression of the neurotrophic factors brain-derived neurotrophic factor, glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor, nerve growth factor, and neurotrophin-3. These findings show a prominent effect of co-ultraPEALut administration in the management of survival and differentiation of new neurons and spine maturation, and may represent a therapeutic treatment for spinal cord and other traumatic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalia Crupi
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina Messina, Italy
| | - Daniela Impellizzeri
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina Messina, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Bruschetta
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina Messina, Italy
| | - Marika Cordaro
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina Messina, Italy
| | - Irene Paterniti
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina Messina, Italy
| | - Rosalba Siracusa
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina Messina, Italy
| | - Salvatore Cuzzocrea
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of MessinaMessina, Italy; Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, Manchester Royal Infirmary, School of Medicine, The University of ManchesterManchester, UK
| | - Emanuela Esposito
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina Messina, Italy
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Lin L, Chen H, Zhang Y, Lin W, Liu Y, Li T, Zeng Y, Chen J, Du H, Chen R, Tan Y, Liu N. IL-10 Protects Neurites in Oxygen-Glucose-Deprived Cortical Neurons through the PI3K/Akt Pathway. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0136959. [PMID: 26366999 PMCID: PMC4569574 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
IL-10, as a cytokine, has an anti-inflammatory cascade following various injuries, but it remains blurred whether IL-10 protects neurites of cortical neurons after oxygen-glucose deprivation injury. Here, we reported that IL-10, in a concentration-dependent manner, reduced neuronal apoptosis and increased neuronal survival in oxygen-glucose-deprived primary cortical neurons, producing an optimal protective effect at 20ng/ml. After staining NF-H and GAP-43, we found that IL-10 significantly protected neurites in terms of axon length and dendrite number by confocal microscopy. Furthermore, it induced the phosphorylation of AKT, suppressed the activation of caspase-3, and up-regulated the protein expression of GAP-43. In contrast, LY294002, a specific inhibitor of PI3K/AKT, reduced the level of AKT phosphorylation and GAP-43 expression, increased active caspase-3 expression and thus significantly weakened IL-10-mediated protective effect in the OGD-induced injury model. IL-10NA, the IL-10 neutralizing antibody, reduced the level of p-PI3K phosphorylation and increased the expression of active caspase-3. These findings suggest that IL-10 provides neuroprotective effects by protecting neurites through PI3K/AKT signaling pathway in oxygen-glucose-deprived primary cortical neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longzai Lin
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Union Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Cerebral Vascular Disease of Fujian Province, Fuzhou, Fujian, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongbin Chen
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Union Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Cerebral Vascular Disease of Fujian Province, Fuzhou, Fujian, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yixian Zhang
- Institute of Cerebral Vascular Disease of Fujian Province, Fuzhou, Fujian, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Rehabilitation, The Affiliated Union Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Lin
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Union Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Cerebral Vascular Disease of Fujian Province, Fuzhou, Fujian, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yong Liu
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Union Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Cerebral Vascular Disease of Fujian Province, Fuzhou, Fujian, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tin Li
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Union Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Cerebral Vascular Disease of Fujian Province, Fuzhou, Fujian, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yongping Zeng
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Union Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Cerebral Vascular Disease of Fujian Province, Fuzhou, Fujian, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianhao Chen
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Union Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Cerebral Vascular Disease of Fujian Province, Fuzhou, Fujian, People’s Republic of China
| | - Houwei Du
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Union Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Cerebral Vascular Disease of Fujian Province, Fuzhou, Fujian, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ronghua Chen
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Union Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Cerebral Vascular Disease of Fujian Province, Fuzhou, Fujian, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yi Tan
- Institute of Cerebral Vascular Disease of Fujian Province, Fuzhou, Fujian, People’s Republic of China
| | - Nan Liu
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Union Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Cerebral Vascular Disease of Fujian Province, Fuzhou, Fujian, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Rehabilitation, The Affiliated Union Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail:
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Zhang Z, Zhou X, Zhou X, Xu X, Liao M, Yan L, Lv R, Luo H. Methyl 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate promotes neurite outgrowth of cortical neurons cultured in vitro. Neural Regen Res 2015; 7:971-7. [PMID: 25722684 PMCID: PMC4341277 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5374.2012.13.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2011] [Accepted: 02/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebral cortical neurons from neonatal rats were cultured in the presence of methyl 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate (MDHB; 2, 4, and 8 μM). Results showed that MDHB significantly promoted neurite outgrowth and microtubule-associated protein 2 mRNA expression, and increased neuronal survival in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, MDHB induced brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression. These findings suggest that MDHB has a neurotrophic effect, which may be due to its ability to increase brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xing Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xiaowen Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xiao Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Minjing Liao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Li Yan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Ruohua Lv
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Huanmin Luo
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong Province, China ; Institute of Brain Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong Province, China ; Joint Laboratory for Brain Function and Health, Jinan University and the University of Hong Kong, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong Province, China
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Krohn M, Dreßler J, Bauer M, Schober K, Franke H, Ondruschka B. Immunohistochemical investigation of S100 and NSE in cases of traumatic brain injury and its application for survival time determination. J Neurotrauma 2015; 32:430-40. [PMID: 25211554 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2014.3524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The availability of markers able to provide insight into protein changes in the central nervous system after fatal traumatic brain injury (TBI) is limited. The present study reports on the semi-quantitative assessments of the immunopositive neuroglial cells (both astrocytes and oligodendrocytes) and neurons for S100 protein (S100), as well as neuronal specific enolase (NSE), in the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, and cerebellum with regard to survival time and cause of death. Brain tissues of 47 autopsy cases with TBI (survival times ranged between several minutes and 34 d) and 10 age- and gender-matched controls (natural deaths) were examined. TBI cases were grouped according to their survival time in acute death after brain injury (ABI, n = 25), subacute death after brain injury (SBI, n = 18) and delayed death after brain injury (DBI, n = 4). There were no significant changes in the percentages of S100-stained astrocytes between TBI and control cases. The percentages of S100-positive oligodendrocytes in the pericontusional zone (PCZ) in cases with SBI were significantly lower than in controls (p < 0.05) and in the ABI group (p < 0.05). In the hippocampus, S100-positive oligodendrocytes were significantly lower in cases with ABI and SBI (both, p < 0.05), compared with controls. It is of particular interest that there were also S100-positive neurons in the PCZ and hippocampus in TBI cases after more than 2 h survival but not in ABI cases or controls. The percentages of NSE-positive neurons in the hippocampus were likewise significantly lower in cases with ABI, compared with controls (p < 0.05) but increased in cases with SBI in PCZ (p < 0.05). In conclusion, the present findings emphasize that S100 and NSE-immunopositivity might be useful for detecting the cause and process of death due to TBI. Further, S100-positivity in neurons may be helpful to estimate the survival time of fatal injuries in legal medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Krohn
- 1 Institute of Legal Medicine, University of Leipzig , Germany
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Finn R, Evans CC, Lee L. Strain-dependent brain defects in mouse models of primary ciliary dyskinesia with mutations in Pcdp1 and Spef2. Neuroscience 2014; 277:552-67. [PMID: 25073043 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Revised: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Hydrocephalus is caused by the accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the cerebral ventricular system which results in an enlargement of the cranium due to increased intraventricular pressure. The increase in pressure within the brain typically results in sloughing of ciliated ependymal cells, loss of cortical gray matter, and increased gliosis. Congenital hydrocephalus is associated with several syndromes including primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD), a rare, genetically heterogeneous, pediatric syndrome that results from defects in motile cilia and flagella. We have examined the morphological and physiological defects in the brains of two mouse models of PCD, nm1054 and bgh, which have mutations in Pcdp1 (also known as Cfap221) and Spef2, respectively. Histopathological and immunohistochemical analyses of mice with these mutations on the C57BL/6J and 129S6/SvEvTac genetic backgrounds demonstrate strain-dependent morphological brain damage. Alterations in astrocytosis, microglial activation, myelination, and the neuronal population were identified and are generally more severe on the C57BL/6J background. Analysis of ependymal ciliary clearance ex vivo and CSF flow in vivo demonstrate a physiological defect in nm1054 and bgh mice on both genetic backgrounds, indicating that abnormal cilia-driven flow is not the sole determinant of the severity of hydrocephalus in these models. These results suggest that genetic modifiers play an important role in susceptibility to severe PCD-associated hydrocephalus.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Finn
- Sanford Children's Health Research Center, Sanford Research, 2301 East 60th Street North, Sioux Falls, SD 57104, USA.
| | - C C Evans
- Cancer Biology Research Center, Sanford Research, 2301 East 60th Street North, Sioux Falls, SD 57104, USA.
| | - L Lee
- Sanford Children's Health Research Center, Sanford Research, 2301 East 60th Street North, Sioux Falls, SD 57104, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Sanford School of Medicine of the University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, SD 57105, USA.
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Xue XY, Liao MJ, Lin LF, Zhang Z, Zhou XW, Zhou X, Luo HM. Phosphorylation of Akt is involved in protocatechuic acid-induced neurotrophic activity. Neurol Res 2013; 34:901-7. [DOI: 10.1179/1743132812y.0000000086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yan Xue
- Ganzhou People’s Hospital, Ganzhou, China
- Department of PharmacologySchool of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Min-Jing Liao
- Department of PharmacologySchool of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lian-Feng Lin
- Department of PharmacologySchool of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zheng Zhang
- Department of PharmacologySchool of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Wen Zhou
- Department of PharmacologySchool of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xing Zhou
- Department of PharmacologySchool of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huan-Min Luo
- Department of PharmacologySchool of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Brain SciencesJinan University, Guangzhou, China
- The Joint Laboratory of Brain Function and HealthJinan University and the University of Hong Kong, Guangzhou, China
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Wang G, Jiang X, Pu H, Zhang W, An C, Hu X, Liou AKF, Leak RK, Gao Y, Chen J. Scriptaid, a novel histone deacetylase inhibitor, protects against traumatic brain injury via modulation of PTEN and AKT pathway : scriptaid protects against TBI via AKT. Neurotherapeutics 2013; 10:124-42. [PMID: 23132328 PMCID: PMC3557358 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-012-0157-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of motor and cognitive deficits in young adults for which there is no effective therapy. The present study characterizes the protective effect of a new histone deacetylase inhibitor, Scriptaid (Sigma-Aldrich Corporation, St. Louis, MO), against injury from controlled cortical impact (CCI). Scriptaid elicited a dose-dependent decrease in lesion size at 1.5 to 5.5 mg/kg and a concomitant attenuation in motor and cognitive deficits when delivered 30 minutes postinjury in a model of moderate TBI. Comparable protection was achieved even when treatment was delayed to 12 h postinjury. Furthermore, the protection of motor and cognitive functions was long lasting, as similar improvements were detected 35 days postinjury. The efficacy of Scriptaid (Sigma-Aldrich Corporation) was manifested as an increase in surviving neurons, as well as the number/length of their processes within the CA3 region of the hippocampus and the pericontusional cortex. Consistent with other histone deacetylase inhibitors, Scriptaid treatment prevented the decrease in phospho-AKT (p-AKT) and phosphorylated phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10 (p-PTEN) induced by TBI in cortical and CA3 hippocampal neurons. Notably, the p-AKT inhibitor LY294002 attenuated the impact of Scriptaid, providing mechanistic evidence that Scriptaid functions partly by modulating the prosurvival AKT signaling pathway. As Scriptaid offers long-lasting neuronal and behavioral protection, even when delivered 12 h after controlled cortical impact, it is an excellent new candidate for the effective clinical treatment of TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guohua Wang
- />State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Institute of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 China
- />Center of Cerebrovascular Disease Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA
- />Department of Neuropharmacology, Institute of Nautical Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001 China
| | - Xiaoyan Jiang
- />State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Institute of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Hongjian Pu
- />State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Institute of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Wenting Zhang
- />State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Institute of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Chengrui An
- />State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Institute of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Xiaoming Hu
- />Center of Cerebrovascular Disease Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA
- />Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Pittsburgh, PA 15240 USA
| | - Anthony Kian-Fong Liou
- />Center of Cerebrovascular Disease Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA
- />Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Pittsburgh, PA 15240 USA
| | - Rehana K. Leak
- />Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mylan School of Pharmacy, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA 15282 USA
| | - Yanqin Gao
- />State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Institute of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 China
- />Center of Cerebrovascular Disease Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA
- />Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA
| | - Jun Chen
- />State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Institute of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 China
- />Center of Cerebrovascular Disease Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA
- />Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Pittsburgh, PA 15240 USA
- />Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA
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Hendrickson ML, Ling C, Kalil RE. Degeneration of axotomized projection neurons in the rat dLGN: temporal progression of events and their mitigation by a single administration of FGF2. PLoS One 2012; 7:e46918. [PMID: 23144793 PMCID: PMC3489851 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0046918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2012] [Accepted: 09/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Removal of visual cortex in the rat axotomizes projection neurons in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN), leading to cytological and structural changes and apoptosis. Biotinylated dextran amine was injected into the visual cortex to label dLGN projection neurons retrogradely prior to removing the cortex in order to quantify the changes in the dendritic morphology of these neurons that precede cell death. At 12 hours after axotomy we observed a loss of appendages and the formation of varicosities in the dendrites of projection neurons. During the next 7 days, the total number of dendrites and the cross-sectional areas of the dendritic arbors of projection neurons declined to about 40% and 20% of normal, respectively. The response of dLGN projection neurons to axotomy was asynchronous, but the sequence of structural changes in individual neurons was similar; namely, disruption of dendrites began within hours followed by cell soma atrophy and nuclear condensation that commenced after the loss of secondary dendrites had occurred. However, a single administration of fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF2), which mitigates injury-induced neuronal cell death in the dLGN when given at the time of axotomy, markedly reduced the dendritic degeneration of projection neurons. At 3 and 7 days after axotomy the number of surviving dendrites of dLGN projection neurons in FGF-2 treated rats was approximately 50% greater than in untreated rats, and the cross-sectional areas of dendritic arbors were approximately 60% and 50% larger. Caspase-3 activity in axotomized dLGN projection neurons was determined by immunostaining for fractin (fractin-IR), an actin cleavage product produced exclusively by activated caspase-3. Fractin-IR was seen in some dLGN projection neurons at 36 hours survival, and it increased slightly by 3 days. A marked increase in reactivity was seen by 7 days, with the entire dLGN filled with dense fractin-IR in neuronal cell somas and dendrites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael L. Hendrickson
- W.M. Keck Laboratory for Biological Imaging, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Changying Ling
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Ronald E. Kalil
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
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