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Smith AM, Ray TJ, Hulitt AA, Vita SM, Warrington JP, Santos CDSE, Grayson BE. High-fat diet consumption negatively influences closed-head traumatic brain injury in a pediatric rodent model. Exp Neurol 2024; 379:114888. [PMID: 39009176 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2024.114888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the most common causes of emergency room visits in children, and it is a leading cause of death in juveniles in the United States. Similarly, a high proportion of this population consumes diets that are high in saturated fats, and millions of children are overweight or obese. The goal of the present study was to assess the relationship between diet and TBI on cognitive and cerebrovascular outcomes in juvenile rats. In the current study, groups of juvenile male Long Evans rats were subjected to either mild TBI via the Closed-Head Injury Model of Engineered Rotational Acceleration (CHIMERA) or underwent sham procedures. The animals were provided with either a combination of high-fat diet and a mixture of high-fructose corn syrup (HFD/HFCS) or a standard chow diet (CH) for 9 days prior to injury. Prior to injury, the animals were trained on the Morris water maze for three consecutive days, and they underwent a post-injury trial on the day of the injury. Immediately after TBI, the animals' righting reflexes were tested. Four days post-injury, the animals were euthanized, and brain samples and blood plasma were collected for qRT-PCR, immunohistochemistry, and triglyceride assays. Additional subsets of animals were used to investigate cerebrovascular perfusion using Laser Speckle and perform immunohistochemistry for endothelial cell marker RECA. Following TBI, the righting reflex was significantly increased in TBI rats, irrespective of diet. The TBI worsened the rats' performance in the post-injury trial of the water maze at 3 h, p(injury) < 0.05, but not at 4 days post-injury. Reduced cerebrovascular blood flow using Laser Speckle was demonstrated in the cerebellum, p(injury) < 0.05, but not foci of the cerebral cortices or superior sagittal sinus. Immunoreactive staining for RECA in the cortex and corpus callosum was significantly reduced in HFD/HFCS TBI rats, p < 0.05. qRT-PCR showed significant increases in APOE, CREB1, FCGR2B, IL1B, and IL6, particularly in the hippocampus. The results from this study offer robust evidence that HFD/HFCS negatively influences TBI outcomes with respect to cognition and cerebrovascular perfusion of relevant brain regions in the juvenile rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allie M Smith
- Department of Neurology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, United States of America.
| | - Trenton J Ray
- Department of Neurology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, United States of America.
| | - Alicia A Hulitt
- Department of Neurology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, United States of America.
| | - Sydney M Vita
- Department of Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70116, United States of America.
| | - Junie P Warrington
- Department of Neurology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, United States of America.
| | | | - Bernadette E Grayson
- Department of Neurology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, United States of America; Department of Anesthesiology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, United States of America; Department of Population Health Science, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, United States of America.
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Law LM, Griffiths DR, Lifshitz J. Peg Forest Rehabilitation - A novel spatial navigation based cognitive rehabilitation paradigm for experimental neurotrauma. Behav Brain Res 2023; 443:114355. [PMID: 36801425 PMCID: PMC10883691 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2023.114355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) results from mechanical forces applied to the head. Ensuing cascades of complex pathophysiology transition the injury event into a disease process. The enduring constellation of emotional, somatic, and cognitive impairments degrade quality of life for the millions of TBI survivors suffering from long-term neurological symptoms. Rehabilitation strategies have reported mixed results, as most have not focused on specific symptomatology or explored cellular processes. The current experiments evaluated a novel cognitive rehabilitation paradigm for brain-injured and uninjured rats. The arena is a plastic floor with a cartesian grid of holes for plastic dowels to create new environments with the rearrangement of threaded pegs. Rats received either two weeks of Peg Forest rehabilitation (PFR) or open field exposure starting at 7 days post-injury; or one week starting at either day 7 or 14 post-injury; or served as caged controls. Cognitive performance was assessed on a battery of novel object tasks at 28 days post-injury. The results revealed that two weeks of PFR was required to prevent the onset of cognitive impairments, while one week of PFR was insufficient regardless of when rehabilitation was initiated after injury. Further assessment of the task showed that novel daily arrangements of the environment were required to impart the cognitive performance benefits, as exposure to a static arrangement of pegs for PFR each day did not improve cognitive performance. The results indicate that PFR prevents the onset of cognitive disorders following acquired a mild to moderate brain injury, and potentially other neurological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Matthew Law
- Phoenix Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Phoenix, AZ, United States; University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, AZ, United States; BARROW Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ, United States.
| | - Daniel R Griffiths
- Phoenix Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Phoenix, AZ, United States; University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, AZ, United States; BARROW Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ, United States
| | - Jonathan Lifshitz
- Phoenix Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Phoenix, AZ, United States; University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, AZ, United States; BARROW Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ, United States
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3
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Cordingley DM, Cornish SM. Efficacy of aerobic exercise following concussion: a narrative review. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2023; 48:5-16. [PMID: 36423352 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2022-0139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Concussion is a type of mild traumatic brain injury which results in symptoms within the physical, cognitive, emotional, and sleep domains. Historically, guidelines established by expert opinion have recommended rest during the initial stages of recovery following a concussion until symptom resolution. However, recent recommendations have shifted to advise an initial period of 24-48 h of rest immediately following concussion with the gradual introduction of light-to-moderate intensity aerobic exercise thereafter. Given the relatively recent transition in recommendations, the aim of this review is to provide an overview of the current literature on the efficacy of aerobic exercise following concussion. The current literature is limited to studies assessing the impact of standardized aerobic exercise following concussion. Upon review, literature suggests participating in aerobic exercise below the point of symptom exacerbation is safe in both the acute and chronic post-concussion symptom stages of recovery and does not delay time to medical clearance. Future large-scale randomized controlled trials assessing the impact of aerobic exercise and differences between males and females would help support the current evidence suggesting aerobic exercise could improve time to recovery following concussion and identify any sex differences in response. As well, future studies with the purpose of identifying optimal aerobic exercise volume and intensity in the treatment of concussion could improve the specificity of the current guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dean M Cordingley
- Pan Am Clinic Foundation, Winnipeg, MB R3M 3E4 Canada
- Applied Health Sciences, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Stephen M Cornish
- Applied Health Sciences, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Recreation Management, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
- Centre for Aging, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
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Leddy JJ, Baker JG, Willer B. Active Rehabilitation of Concussion and Post-concussion Syndrome. Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am 2018; 27:437-54. [PMID: 27154855 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmr.2015.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Concussion is a physiological brain injury with physical, cognitive, and emotional sequelae. The macrophysiological insult to the brain affects the autonomic nervous system and its control of cerebral blood flow. Most patients recover within 2 weeks, but some do not. Persistence of symptoms beyond the generally accepted time frame for recovery is called post-concussion syndrome (PCS). PCS is not a single entity; it is a group of disorders that requires specific forms of therapy. Rest has been the mainstay of the treatment for concussion and PCS. This article discusses the rationale for the active treatment of concussion and PCS.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Leddy
- UBMD Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, SUNY Buffalo, 160 Farber Hall, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA.
| | - John G Baker
- UBMD Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine and Nuclear Medicine, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, School of Social Work, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Barry Willer
- Department of Psychiatry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
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Atkins CM, Bramlett HM, Dietrich WD. Is temperature an important variable in recovery after mild traumatic brain injury? F1000Res 2017; 6:2031. [PMID: 29188026 PMCID: PMC5698917 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.12025.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
With nearly 42 million mild traumatic brain injuries (mTBIs) occurring worldwide every year, understanding the factors that may adversely influence recovery after mTBI is important for developing guidelines in mTBI management. Extensive clinical evidence exists documenting the detrimental effects of elevated temperature levels on recovery after moderate to severe TBI. However, whether elevated temperature alters recovery after mTBI or concussion is an active area of investigation. Individuals engaged in exercise and competitive sports regularly experience body and brain temperature increases to hyperthermic levels and these temperature increases are prolonged in hot and humid ambient environments. Thus, there is a strong potential for hyperthermia to alter recovery after mTBI in a subset of individuals at risk for mTBI. Preclinical mTBI studies have found that elevating brain temperature to 39°C before mTBI significantly increases neuronal death within the cortex and hippocampus and also worsens cognitive deficits. This review summarizes the pathology and behavioral problems of mTBI that are exacerbated by hyperthermia and discusses whether hyperthermia is a variable that should be considered after concussion and mTBI. Finally, underlying pathophysiological mechanisms responsible for hyperthermia-induced altered responses to mTBI and potential gender considerations are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coleen M Atkins
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Lois Pope LIFE Center, 1095 NW 14th Terrace (R-48), Miami, FL, 33136-1060, USA
| | - Helen M Bramlett
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Lois Pope LIFE Center, 1095 NW 14th Terrace (R-48), Miami, FL, 33136-1060, USA
| | - W Dalton Dietrich
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Lois Pope LIFE Center, 1095 NW 14th Terrace (R-48), Miami, FL, 33136-1060, USA
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Toval A, Baños R, De la Cruz E, Morales-Delgado N, Pallarés JG, Ayad A, Tseng KY, Ferran JL. Habituation Training Improves Locomotor Performance in a Forced Running Wheel System in Rats. Front Behav Neurosci 2017; 11:42. [PMID: 28337132 PMCID: PMC5340750 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2017.00042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence supports that physical activity promotes mental health; and regular exercise may confer positive effects in neurological disorders. There is growing number of reports that requires the analysis of the impact of physical activity in animal models. Exercise in rodents can be performed under voluntary or forced conditions. The former presents the disadvantage that the volume and intensity of exercise varies from subject to subject. On the other hand, a major challenge of the forced training protocol is the low level of performance typically achieved within a given session. Thus, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the effectiveness of gradual increasing of the volume and intensity (training habituation protocol) to improve the locomotor performance in a forced running-wheel system in rats. Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to either a group that received an exercise training habituation protocol, or a control group. The locomotor performance during forced running was assessed by an incremental exercise test. The experimental results reveal that the total running time and the distance covered by habituated rats was significantly higher than in control ones. We conclude that the exercise habituation protocol improves the locomotor performance in forced running wheels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel Toval
- Department of Human Anatomy and Psychobiology, School of Medicine, University of MurciaMurcia, Spain; Institute of Biomedical Research of Murcia (IMIB), Virgen de la Arrixaca University Hospital, University of MurciaMurcia, Spain
| | - Raúl Baños
- Department of Human Anatomy and Psychobiology, School of Medicine, University of MurciaMurcia, Spain; Institute of Biomedical Research of Murcia (IMIB), Virgen de la Arrixaca University Hospital, University of MurciaMurcia, Spain
| | - Ernesto De la Cruz
- Department of Physical Activity and Sport, Faculty of Sport Science, University of Murcia Murcia, Spain
| | - Nicanor Morales-Delgado
- Department of Human Anatomy and Psychobiology, School of Medicine, University of MurciaMurcia, Spain; Institute of Biomedical Research of Murcia (IMIB), Virgen de la Arrixaca University Hospital, University of MurciaMurcia, Spain
| | - Jesús G Pallarés
- Human Performance and Sports Science Laboratory, University of Murcia Murcia, Spain
| | - Abdelmalik Ayad
- Department of Human Anatomy and Psychobiology, School of Medicine, University of MurciaMurcia, Spain; Institute of Biomedical Research of Murcia (IMIB), Virgen de la Arrixaca University Hospital, University of MurciaMurcia, Spain
| | - Kuei Y Tseng
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, The Chicago Medical School at Rosalind Franklin University North Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jose L Ferran
- Department of Human Anatomy and Psychobiology, School of Medicine, University of MurciaMurcia, Spain; Institute of Biomedical Research of Murcia (IMIB), Virgen de la Arrixaca University Hospital, University of MurciaMurcia, Spain
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Semple BD. Challenging the dogma that ‘rest is best’ after concussion (Commentary on Mychasiuk et al.). Eur J Neurosci 2016; 44:2405-2406. [DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bridgette D. Semple
- Department of Medicine (Royal Melbourne Hospital); Level 1, Melbourne Brain Centre; The University of Melbourne; Royal Parade Parkville VIC 3050 Australia
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Mychasiuk R, Hehar H, Ma I, Candy S, Esser MJ. Reducing the time interval between concussion and voluntary exercise restores motor impairment, short-term memory, and alterations to gene expression. Eur J Neurosci 2016; 44:2407-2417. [DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2016] [Revised: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Richelle Mychasiuk
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute; Department of Psychology; University of Calgary; Heritage Medical Research Building, 3330 Hospital Drive NW Calgary AB T2N 1N4 Canada
| | - Harleen Hehar
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute; Department of Psychology; University of Calgary; Heritage Medical Research Building, 3330 Hospital Drive NW Calgary AB T2N 1N4 Canada
| | - Irene Ma
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute; Department of Psychology; University of Calgary; Heritage Medical Research Building, 3330 Hospital Drive NW Calgary AB T2N 1N4 Canada
| | - Sydney Candy
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute; Faculty of Medicine; University of Calgary; Calgary AB Canada
| | - Michael J. Esser
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute; Faculty of Medicine; University of Calgary; Calgary AB Canada
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Hinds A, Leddy J, Freitas M, Czuczman N, Willer B. The Effect of Exertion on Heart Rate and Rating of Perceived Exertion in Acutely Concussed Individuals. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 7. [PMID: 27812398 PMCID: PMC5089811 DOI: 10.4172/2155-9562.1000388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Objective Research suggests that one physiological effect of concussion is a disruption in regulation of autonomic nervous system control that affects the balance between parasympathetic and sympathetic output. While changes in heart rate after concussion have been observed, the nature of the heart rate change during progressive exercise has not been well evaluated in acutely symptomatic patients. Additionally, little is known about the relationship between HR and RPE in this population. Methods We compared changes in heart rate and perceived effort during graded treadmill exertion in recently concussed patients to elucidate the effect of brain injury on cardiovascular response to exercise. Resting HR, HR on exercise initiation, and changes in HR and RPE during the Buffalo Concussion Treadmill Test (BCTT) were compared on two test visits: When patients were symptomatic (acute) and after recovery. Results were compared with the test-retest results obtained from a control group consisting of healthy, non-concussed individuals. Results Patients had a significantly lower HR at onset of exercise when acutely concussed as compared to when recovered and reported greater perceived exertion at every exercise intensity level when symptomatic, despite exercising at lower workloads, than when recovered. Sympathetic response to increased exertion was not affected by concussion - HR increased in response to exercise at a comparable rate in both tests. These differences observed in response to exercise between the first BCTT and follow-up evaluation in initially concussed patients were not present in non-concussed individuals. Conclusion Our results suggest that during the acute phase after concussion, acutely concussed patients demonstrated an impaired ability to shift from parasympathetic to sympathetic control over heart rate at the onset of exercise. Changes in the autonomic nervous system after concussion may be more complex than previously reported. Continued evaluation of autonomic regulatory effects in the acute phase after concussion is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Hinds
- Department of Psychiatry, University Sports Medicine, Buffalo New York, USA
| | - John Leddy
- UBMD Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Michael Freitas
- UBMD Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | | | - Barry Willer
- Department of Psychiatry, University Sports Medicine, Buffalo New York, USA
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10
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The interplay between neuropathology and activity based rehabilitation after traumatic brain injury. Brain Res 2016; 1640:152-163. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Revised: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Leddy J, Hinds A, Sirica D, Willer B. The Role of Controlled Exercise in Concussion Management. PM R 2016; 8:S91-S100. [PMID: 26972272 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmrj.2015.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Revised: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John Leddy
- UBMD Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, SUNY Buffalo, 160 Farber Hall, Buffalo, NY 14214
| | - Andrea Hinds
- Department of Psychiatry, SUNY Buffalo, Buffalo, NY
| | - Dan Sirica
- University at Buffalo School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo, NY
| | - Barry Willer
- Department of Psychiatry, SUNY Buffalo, Buffalo, NY
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Blake TA, McKay CD, Meeuwisse WH, Emery CA. The impact of concussion on cardiac autonomic function: A systematic review. Brain Inj 2015; 30:132-45. [DOI: 10.3109/02699052.2015.1093659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Lin YP, Jiang RC, Zhang JN. Stability of rat models of fluid percussion-induced traumatic brain injury: comparison of three different impact forces. Neural Regen Res 2015; 10:1088-94. [PMID: 26330831 PMCID: PMC4541239 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.160100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluid percussion-induced traumatic brain injury models have been widely used in experimental research for years. In an experiment, the stability of impaction is inevitably affected by factors such as the appearance of liquid spikes. Management of impact pressure is a crucial factor that determines the stability of these models, and direction of impact control is another basic element. To improve experimental stability, we calculated a pressure curve by generating repeated impacts using a fluid percussion device at different pendulum angles. A stereotactic frame was used to control the direction of impact. We produced stable and reproducible models, including mild, moderate, and severe traumatic brain injury, using the MODEL01-B device at pendulum angles of 6°, 11° and 13°, with corresponding impact force values of 1.0 ± 0.11 atm (101.32 ± 11.16 kPa), 2.6 ± 0.16 atm (263.44 ± 16.21 kPa), and 3.6 ± 0.16 atm (364.77 ± 16.21 kPa), respectively. Behavioral tests, hematoxylin-eosin staining, and magnetic resonance imaging revealed that models for different degrees of injury were consistent with the clinical properties of mild, moderate, and severe craniocerebral injuries. Using this method, we established fluid percussion models for different degrees of injury and stabilized pathological features based on precise power and direction control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Peng Lin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital; Tianjin Neurological Institute; Key Laboratory of Post-trauma Neurorepair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Injuries, Variations and Regeneration of Nervous System, Tianjin, China ; Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Rong-Cai Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital; Tianjin Neurological Institute; Key Laboratory of Post-trauma Neurorepair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Injuries, Variations and Regeneration of Nervous System, Tianjin, China
| | - Jian-Ning Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital; Tianjin Neurological Institute; Key Laboratory of Post-trauma Neurorepair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Injuries, Variations and Regeneration of Nervous System, Tianjin, China
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Griesbach GS, Tio DL, Nair S, Hovda DA. Recovery of stress response coincides with responsiveness to voluntary exercise after traumatic brain injury. J Neurotrauma 2013; 31:674-82. [PMID: 24151829 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2013.3151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
We have recently shown that there is a heightened stress response after a mild traumatic brain injury (TBI) during the first 2 post-injury weeks. This corresponds to the same post-injury period when exercise does not increase brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and autonomic dysfunction becomes evident with exercise. Here we determined stress and autonomic responses to voluntary and forced exercise at a post-injury time window when exercise has been found to elicit beneficial effects. Rats underwent a mild fluid percussion injury and were exercised at post-injury days 28-32 and 35-39. Cardiac and temperature autonomic function were evaluated. Hippocampal tissue was obtained immediately after exercise for analysis of BDNF. In contrast to the sub-acute period, corticosterone and adrenocorticotropic hormone responses to exercise were normalized in the TBI group. Irrespective of injury, forced exercise markedly stimulated the corticotrophic axis and did not increase BDNF. BDNF levels were increased with voluntary exercise in all animals. Rats exposed to forced exercise had lower activity levels during periods of non-exercise. This effect was more pronounced in the TBI rats. Cardiac and temperature autonomic responses to delayed exercise also recuperated. Rats with TBI that underwent forced exercise, however, had higher core body temperatures during experimental manipulations, thus suggesting that exposure to a potent stressor facilitates responsiveness to environmental stimulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace S Griesbach
- 1 Department of Neurosurgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA , Los Angeles, California
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