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Feldman MJ, Bliss-Moreau E, Lindquist KA. The neurobiology of interoception and affect. Trends Cogn Sci 2024; 28:643-661. [PMID: 38395706 PMCID: PMC11222051 DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2024.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Scholars have argued for centuries that affective states involve interoception, or representations of the state of the body. Yet, we lack a mechanistic understanding of how signals from the body are transduced, transmitted, compressed, and integrated by the brains of humans to produce affective states. We suggest that to understand how the body contributes to affect, we first need to understand information flow through the nervous system's interoceptive pathways. We outline such a model and discuss how unique anatomical and physiological aspects of interoceptive pathways may give rise to the qualities of affective experiences in general and valence and arousal in particular. We conclude by considering implications and future directions for research on interoception, affect, emotions, and human mental experiences.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Feldman
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| | - E Bliss-Moreau
- Department of Psychology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA; California National Primate Research Center, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - K A Lindquist
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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2
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Salfi F, Toro S, Saporito G, Sucapane P, Marano M, Montaruli G, Cacchio A, Ferrara M, Pistoia F. Facial emotion recognition and judgment of affective scenes in Parkinson's disease. Heliyon 2024; 10:e32947. [PMID: 38975139 PMCID: PMC11226888 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e32947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Emotional dysfunctions in Parkinson's disease (PD) remain a controversial issue. While previous investigations showed compromised recognition of expressive faces in PD, no studies evaluated potential deficits in recognizing the emotional valence of affective scenes. This study aimed to investigate both facial emotion recognition performance and the ability to judge affective scenes in PD patients. Forty PD patients (mean age ± SD: 64.50 ± 8.19 years; 27 men) and forty healthy subjects (64.95 ± 8.25 years; 27 men) were included. Exclusion criteria were previous psychiatric disorders, previous Deep Brain Stimulation, and cognitive impairment. Participants were evaluated through the Ekman 60-Faces test and the International Affective Picture System. The accuracy in recognizing the emotional valence of facial expressions and affective scenes was compared between groups using linear mixed models. Pearson's correlation was performed to test the association between accuracy measures. The groups did not differ in sex, age, education, and Mini-Mental State Examination scores. Patients showed a lower recognition accuracy of facial expressions (68.54 % ± 15.83 %) than healthy participants (78.67 % ± 12.04 %; p < 0.001). Specifically, the PD group was characterized by lower recognition of faces expressing fear, sadness, and anger than the control group (all p < 0.020). No difference was detected for faces expressing disgust, surprise, and happiness (all p ≥ 0.25). Furthermore, patients showed lower accuracy in recognizing the emotional valence of affective scenes (66.75 % ± 14.59 %) than healthy subjects (74.83 % ± 12.65 %; p = 0.010). Pearson's correlations indicated that higher accuracy in recognizing the emotional facial expressions was associated with higher accuracy in classifying the valence of affective scenes in patients (r = 0.57, p < 0.001) and control participants (r = 0.57, p < 0.001). Our study suggested maladaptive affective processing in PD, leading patients to misinterpret both facial expressions and the emotional valence of complex evocative scenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Salfi
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Via Vetoio, 67100, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Stefano Toro
- Research Unit of Neurology, Neurophysiology, Neurobiology and Psychiatry, Department of Medicine, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro Del Portillo 21, 00128, Rome, Italy
| | - Gennaro Saporito
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Via Vetoio, 67100, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Patrizia Sucapane
- Parkinson's and Movement Disorder Center, Neurology Unit, San Salvatore Hospital, Via Lorenzo Natali 1, 67100, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Massimo Marano
- Research Unit of Neurology, Neurophysiology, Neurobiology and Psychiatry, Department of Medicine, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro Del Portillo 21, 00128, Rome, Italy
| | - Gianluca Montaruli
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Via Vetoio, 67100, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Angelo Cacchio
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Via Vetoio, 67100, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Michele Ferrara
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Via Vetoio, 67100, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Francesca Pistoia
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Via Vetoio, 67100, L'Aquila, Italy
- Parkinson's and Movement Disorder Center, Neurology Unit, San Salvatore Hospital, Via Lorenzo Natali 1, 67100, L'Aquila, Italy
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3
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Scandola M, Beccherle M, Togni R, Caffini G, Ferrari F, Aglioti SM, Moro V. Topographic mapping of the sensorimotor qualities of empathic reactivity: A psychophysiological study in people with spinal cord injuries. Psychophysiology 2024; 61:e14547. [PMID: 38372443 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.14547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
The experience of empathy for pain is underpinned by sensorimotor and affective dimensions which, although interconnected, are at least in part behaviorally and neurally distinct. Spinal cord injuries (SCI) induce a massive, below-lesion level, sensorimotor body-brain disconnection. This condition may make it possible to test whether sensorimotor deprivation alters specific dimensions of empathic reactivity to observed pain. To explore this issue, we asked SCI people with paraplegia and healthy controls to observe videos of painful or neutral stimuli administered to a hand (intact) or a foot (deafferented). The stimuli were displayed by means of a virtual reality set-up and seen from a first person (1PP) or third person (3PP) visual perspective. A number of measures were recorded ranging from explicit behaviors like explicit verbal reports on the videos, to implicit measures of muscular activity (like EMG from the corrugator and zygomatic muscles that may represent a proxy of sensorimotor empathy) and of autonomic reactivity (like the electrodermal response and Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia that may represent a general proxy of affective empathy). While no across group differences in explicit verbal reports about the pain stimuli were found, SCI people exhibited reduced facial muscle reactivity to the stimuli applied to the foot (but not the hand) seen from the 1PP. Tellingly, the corrugator activity correlated with SCI participants' neuropathic pain. There were no across group differences in autonomic reactivity suggesting that SCI lesions may affect sensorimotor dimensions connected to empathy for pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Scandola
- NPSY.Lab-VR, Department of Human Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Maddalena Beccherle
- NPSY.Lab-VR, Department of Human Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
- CLN2S@Sapienza, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Giulia Caffini
- NPSY.Lab-VR, Department of Human Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | | | - Salvatore Maria Aglioti
- CLN2S@Sapienza, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Fondazione Santa Lucia, IRCCS Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Moro
- NPSY.Lab-VR, Department of Human Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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Woelk SP, Garfinkel SN. Dissociative Symptoms and Interoceptive Integration. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2024. [PMID: 38755513 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2024_480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Dissociative symptoms and disorders of dissociation are characterised by disturbances in the experience of the self and the surrounding world, manifesting as a breakdown in the normal integration of consciousness, memory, identity, emotion, and perception. This paper aims to provide insights into dissociative symptoms from the perspective of interoception, the sense of the body's internal physiological state, adopting a transdiagnostic framework.Dissociative symptoms are associated with a blunting of autonomic reactivity and a reduction in interoceptive precision. In addition to the central function of interoception in homeostasis, afferent visceral signals and their neural and mental representation have been shown to shape emotional feeling states, support memory encoding, and contribute to self-representation. Changes in interoceptive processing and disrupted integration of interoceptive signals into wider cognition may contribute to detachment from the body and the world, blunted emotional experience, and altered subjective recall, as experienced by individuals who suffer from dissociation.A better understanding of the role of altered interoceptive integration across the symptom areas of dissociation could thus provide insights into the neurophysiological mechanisms underlying dissociative disorders. As new therapeutic approaches targeting interoceptive processing emerge, recognising the significance of interoceptive mechanisms in dissociation holds potential implications for future treatment targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sascha P Woelk
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, UK.
| | - Sarah N Garfinkel
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, UK
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Li J, Shan Y, Zhao X, Shan G, Wei PH, Liu L, Wang C, Wu H, Song W, Tang Y, Zhao GG, Lu J. Structural and functional changes in the brain after chronic complete thoracic spinal cord injury. Brain Res 2024; 1823:148680. [PMID: 37977412 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2023.148680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate whether brain anatomical structures and functional network connectivity are altered after chronic complete thoracic spinal cord injury (cctSCI) and to determine how these changes impact clinical outcomes. Structural and resting-state functional MRI was performed for 19 cctSCI patients (18 for final statistics) and 19 healthy controls. Voxel-based morphometry (VBM) was used to assess gray matter volume (GMV) with differences between cctSCI patients and controls. VBM results were used as seeds for whole-brain functional connectivity (FC) analysis. The relationship between brain changes and clinical variables was investigated. Compared with those of the control group, the left triangular inferior frontal gyrus, middle frontal gyrus, orbital inferior frontal gyrus, precuneus and parietal superior gyrus volumes of SCI patients decreased, while the left superior frontal gyrus and supplementary motor area volumes increased. Additionally, when the regions with increased GMV were used as seeds, the FC of the parahippocampus and thalamus increased. Subsequent partial correlation analysis showed a positive correlation between FC and total sensorimotor score based on the ASIA criteria (p = 0.001, r = 0.746). Overall, the structural and functional changes in the brain after cctSCI occurred in some visual and cognitive areas and sensory or motor control areas. These findings aid in improving our understanding of the underlying brain injury mechanisms and the subsequent structural and functional reorganization to reveal potential therapeutic targets and track treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Brain Informatics, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Yi Shan
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Brain Informatics, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Xiaojing Zhao
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Brain Informatics, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Guixiang Shan
- Department of Rehabilitation, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Peng-Hu Wei
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Lin Liu
- Department of Rehabilitation, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Changming Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Hang Wu
- Department of Medical Engineering, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Weiqun Song
- Department of Rehabilitation, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Yi Tang
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders, Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Guo-Guang Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China; Clinical Research Center for Epilepsy Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China; Beijing Municipal Geriatric Medical Research Center, Beijing 100053, China.
| | - Jie Lu
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Brain Informatics, Beijing 100053, China.
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Moro V, Beccherle M, Scandola M, Aglioti SM. Massive body-brain disconnection consequent to spinal cord injuries drives profound changes in higher-order cognitive and emotional functions: A PRISMA scoping review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2023; 154:105395. [PMID: 37734697 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) leads to a massive disconnection between the brain and the body parts below the lesion level representing a unique opportunity to explore how the body influences a person's mental life. We performed a systematic scoping review of 59 studies on higher-order cognitive and emotional changes after SCI. The results suggest that fluid abilities (e.g. attention, executive functions) and emotional regulation (e.g. emotional reactivity and discrimination) are impaired in people with SCI, with progressive deterioration over time. Although not systematically explored, the factors that are directly (e.g. the severity and level of the lesion) and indirectly associated (e.g. blood pressure, sleeping disorders, medication) with the damage may play a role in these deficits. The inconsistency which was found in the results may derive from the various methods used and the heterogeneity of samples (i.e. the lesion completeness, the time interval since lesion onset). Future studies which are specifically controlled for methods, clinical and socio-cultural dimensions are needed to better understand the role of the body in cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Moro
- NPSY.Lab-VR, Department of Human Sciences, University of Verona, Lungadige Porta Vittoria, 17, 37129 Verona, Italy.
| | - Maddalena Beccherle
- NPSY.Lab-VR, Department of Human Sciences, University of Verona, Lungadige Porta Vittoria, 17, 37129 Verona, Italy; Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome and cln2s@sapienza Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Italy.
| | - Michele Scandola
- NPSY.Lab-VR, Department of Human Sciences, University of Verona, Lungadige Porta Vittoria, 17, 37129 Verona, Italy
| | - Salvatore Maria Aglioti
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome and cln2s@sapienza Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Italy; Fondazione Santa Lucia IRCCS, Roma, Italy
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7
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Pecchinenda A, Gonzalez Pizzio AP, Salera C, Pazzaglia M. The role of arousal and motivation in emotional conflict resolution: Implications for spinal cord injury. Front Hum Neurosci 2022; 16:927622. [PMID: 36277056 PMCID: PMC9579344 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.927622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Under many conditions, emotional information is processed with priority and it may lead to cognitive conflict when it competes with task-relevant information. Accordingly, being able to ignore emotional information relies on cognitive control. The present perspective offers an integrative account of the mechanism that may underlie emotional conflict resolution in tasks involving response activation. We point to the contribution of emotional arousal and primed approach or avoidance motivation in accounting for emotional conflict resolution. We discuss the role of arousal in individuals with impairments in visceral pathways to the brain due to spinal cord lesions, as it may offer important insights into the “typical” mechanisms of emotional conflict control. We argue that a better understanding of emotional conflict control could be critical for adaptive and flexible behavior and has potential implications for the selection of appropriate therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Pecchinenda
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- IRCCS Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
- *Correspondence: Anna Pecchinenda,
| | - Adriana Patrizia Gonzalez Pizzio
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Ph.D. Program in Behavioral Neuroscience, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudia Salera
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Ph.D. Program in Behavioral Neuroscience, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Mariella Pazzaglia
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- IRCCS Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
- Mariella Pazzaglia,
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8
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Zanin E, Leochico CFD, Salizzato S, Rey-Matias RR, Pauletto P, Masiero S, Cerrel-Bazo HA. Differences between males and females with spinal cord injury in the experience of subliminal and explicit sexual pictures. Spinal Cord 2021; 60:142-148. [PMID: 34719671 DOI: 10.1038/s41393-021-00723-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Observational cross-sectional study. OBJECTIVES To determine the differences between persons with spinal cord injury (SCI) and control individuals in terms of conscious and unconscious sexual responses to subliminally presented visual sexual stimuli. SETTING Spinal cord injury rehabilitation center in northern Italy. METHODS A two-part behavioral experiment was conducted on 40 participants (27 individuals with SCI; 13 controls). In first part, all participants were subliminally exposed to a prime picture (neutral or sexual) and asked to rate the extent to which they were emotionally aroused, while watching a set of explicit target pictures (neutral or sexual). In the second part, choice reaction time task was employed, wherein participants were shown a subliminal prime picture (neutral or sexual) followed by an explicit target picture (neutral or sexual) superimposed by a black dot and were asked to locate the dot as fast as possible. RESULTS In the first part, men with SCI reported higher levels of emotional arousal to explicit sexual target pictures compared to other groups. In the second part, slower choice reaction times were found in the SCI group, particularly with sexual prime picture. Moreover, females with SCI spent more time during implicit motor learning tasks with sexual target pictures than other groups. CONCLUSION We found differences in the experience of subliminal and explicit sexual pictures not only between the two groups, but also between females and males with SCI. Attention should thus be paid when considering sexual experience at subliminal and conscious level in SCI population for future research and rehabilitative protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elia Zanin
- Ospedale Riabilitativo di Alta Specializzazione (ORAS)-ULSS 2 TV, Motta di Livenza, TV, Italy.
| | - Carl Froilan D Leochico
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, College of Medicine and Philippine General Hospital, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines.,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, St. Luke's Medical Center, Global City and Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Sara Salizzato
- Ospedale Riabilitativo di Alta Specializzazione (ORAS)-ULSS 2 TV, Motta di Livenza, TV, Italy
| | - Reynaldo R Rey-Matias
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, College of Medicine and Philippine General Hospital, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines.,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, St. Luke's Medical Center, Global City and Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Paolo Pauletto
- Ospedale Riabilitativo di Alta Specializzazione (ORAS)-ULSS 2 TV, Motta di Livenza, TV, Italy
| | - Stefano Masiero
- Department of Neuroscience-Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Padova, Medical School, Padova, Italy
| | - Humberto A Cerrel-Bazo
- Ospedale Riabilitativo di Alta Specializzazione (ORAS)-ULSS 2 TV, Motta di Livenza, TV, Italy.,Department of Neuroscience-Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Padova, Medical School, Padova, Italy
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Golesorkhi M, Gomez-Pilar J, Zilio F, Berberian N, Wolff A, Yagoub MCE, Northoff G. The brain and its time: intrinsic neural timescales are key for input processing. Commun Biol 2021; 4:970. [PMID: 34400800 PMCID: PMC8368044 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02483-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We process and integrate multiple timescales into one meaningful whole. Recent evidence suggests that the brain displays a complex multiscale temporal organization. Different regions exhibit different timescales as described by the concept of intrinsic neural timescales (INT); however, their function and neural mechanisms remains unclear. We review recent literature on INT and propose that they are key for input processing. Specifically, they are shared across different species, i.e., input sharing. This suggests a role of INT in encoding inputs through matching the inputs' stochastics with the ongoing temporal statistics of the brain's neural activity, i.e., input encoding. Following simulation and empirical data, we point out input integration versus segregation and input sampling as key temporal mechanisms of input processing. This deeply grounds the brain within its environmental and evolutionary context. It carries major implications in understanding mental features and psychiatric disorders, as well as going beyond the brain in integrating timescales into artificial intelligence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehrshad Golesorkhi
- grid.28046.380000 0001 2182 2255School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada ,grid.28046.380000 0001 2182 2255Mind, Brain Imaging and Neuroethics Research Unit, Institute of Mental Health, Royal Ottawa Mental Health Centre and University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Javier Gomez-Pilar
- grid.5239.d0000 0001 2286 5329Biomedical Engineering Group, University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain ,grid.413448.e0000 0000 9314 1427Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
| | - Federico Zilio
- grid.5608.b0000 0004 1757 3470Department of Philosophy, Sociology, Education and Applied Psychology, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Nareg Berberian
- grid.28046.380000 0001 2182 2255Mind, Brain Imaging and Neuroethics Research Unit, Institute of Mental Health, Royal Ottawa Mental Health Centre and University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Annemarie Wolff
- grid.28046.380000 0001 2182 2255Mind, Brain Imaging and Neuroethics Research Unit, Institute of Mental Health, Royal Ottawa Mental Health Centre and University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Mustapha C. E. Yagoub
- grid.28046.380000 0001 2182 2255School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Georg Northoff
- grid.28046.380000 0001 2182 2255Mind, Brain Imaging and Neuroethics Research Unit, Institute of Mental Health, Royal Ottawa Mental Health Centre and University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada ,grid.410595.c0000 0001 2230 9154Centre for Cognition and Brain Disorders, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China ,grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XMental Health Centre, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang China
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10
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Suárez-Iglesias D, García-Porro M, Clardy A, Ayán Pérez C. Feasibility and effects of a chair-based yoga program for adults with neurodisability. Disabil Rehabil 2021; 44:5220-5230. [PMID: 34100670 DOI: 10.1080/09638288.2021.1933617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: This study focuses on exploring the feasibility and the effects of practicing chair-based yoga for 10 weeks on health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and interoceptive body awareness (BA) in adults with neurodisability and moderate to severe physical dependence.Materials and Methods: A pre- and post-testing control group design was followed. Participants were 34 service users at a rehabilitation center. The intervention group (IG, n = 17, 53% men, mean age of 48.6 ± 11.4 years) took part in the 10-week chair-based yoga program. The control group (CG, n = 17, 53% men, mean age of 53.1 ± 11.0 years) received usual care. The outcome measures were feasibility (recruitment rate, attrition, completion rate, adherence, participation, safety and tolerability), HRQoL (WHOQoL-BREF questionnaire), and BA (the Multidimensional Assessment of Interoceptive Awareness, MAIA). Participants in the IG completed a questionnaire to measure their personal experience of participating in the program.Results and Conclusions: This study provides implications for a 10-week chair-based yoga program as a feasible, well-tolerated, and safe intervention, reinforced by the participants' retrospective judgment. Compared to the CG, the program produced statistically significant improvements over BA, such as subscales of MAIA Noticing (p = .031, Hedges gs = 0.76), Emotional Awareness (p < .001, Hedges gs = 1.68), and Trusting (p = .036, Hedges gs = 0.74), but not HRQoL, for the IG. Chair-based yoga programs could be a rehabilitation strategy in the socio-health care of a varied population with physical mobility impairments leading to wheelchair use.Implications for RehabilitationA 10-week chair-based yoga intervention was shown to be a feasible, well-tolerated, and safe therapy which allowed people of varying abilities to participate equitable.Chair-based yoga can help people with moderate to severe physical dependence due to neurodisability to improve their interoceptive body awareness.Chair-based yoga does not have a significant impact on the health-related quality of life of this sample of participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Suárez-Iglesias
- VALFIS ResearchGroup, Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), Faculty of Physical Activity and Sports Sciences, University of León, León, Spain
| | - Mabel García-Porro
- CRE Discapacidad y Dependencia, Institute for Older Persons and Social Services (IMSERSO), León, Spain
| | - Aisling Clardy
- UNESCO Chair in Disability Inclusive Physical Education, Sport, Recreation and Fitness, Munster Technological University (MTU), Kerry, Ireland
| | - Carlos Ayán Pérez
- Departamento de Didácticas Especiais, Universidade de Vigo, Well-Move Research Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur), SERGAS-UVIGO, Pontevedra, Spain
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11
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Cayoun BA, Shires AG. Co-emergence Reinforcement and Its Relevance to Interoceptive Desensitization in Mindfulness and Therapies Aiming at Transdiagnostic Efficacy. Front Psychol 2020; 11:545945. [PMID: 33414739 PMCID: PMC7783049 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.545945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Interoception, the ability to feel the body's internal sensations, is an essential aspect of emotional experience. There is mounting evidence that interoception is impaired in common mental health disorders and that poor interoceptive awareness is a major contributor to emotional reactivity, calling for clinical interventions to address this deficit. The manuscript presents a comprehensive theoretical review, drawing on multidisciplinary findings to propose a metatheory of reinforcement mechanisms applicable across a wide range of disorders. We present a reconsideration of operant conditioning through the co-emergence model of reinforcement, which is a neurophenomenological account of the interaction between cognition and interoception, and its consequences on behavior. The model suggests that during memory processing, the retrieval of autobiographical memory (including maladaptive cognition) is dependent upon its co-emerging interoceptive cues occurring at the encoding, consolidation and reconsolidation stages. Accordingly, "interoceptive reinforcement" during emotional distress is a common factor to all emotional disorders and a major cause for relapse. We propose that interoceptive desensitization has transdiagnostic benefits, readily achievable through the cultivation of equanimity during mindfulness training and can be integrated in cognitive and behavioral interventions to permit a transdiagnostic applicability. We summarize the contributions of this approach into 10 specific and testable propositions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alice G. Shires
- Mindfulness Integrated Therapies and Research Clinic, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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12
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Wei M, Roodenrys S, Miller L, Barkus E. Complex Scenes From the International Affective Picture System (IAPS). Exp Psychol 2020; 67:194-201. [PMID: 32900297 PMCID: PMC8210657 DOI: 10.1027/1618-3169/a000488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Complex scenes from standardized stimuli databases such as the International Affective Picture System (IAPS) are organized dimensionally rather than discretely. Further, the potentially unique function of socially relevant scenes is often overlooked. This study sought to identify discrete categories of complex scenes from the IAPS and to explore if there were qualitative features that make the emotional content of some social scenes identifiable with higher levels of agreement. One hundred and three participants (53.4% female, mean age 24.4) judged 118 IAPS scenes as reflecting fear, happy, sad, or neutral. A second judgment study was conducted with a separate group of participants (N = 117; 79.2% female; mean age 30.41) to further characterize valid affective scenes across the full range of basic emotions. Sixty images received agreement on their emotional category from >70% of judges and were considered valid. IAPS identifier codes for these images are available for reference (along with the supplementary material from the second judgment study), organized by emotional and social content. An incidental observation was such that compared to nonsocial scenes, lower agreement rates were observed for social scenes across the board. Qualitative features of social scenes that were classified into emotional categories based on higher levels of agreement are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryann Wei
- School of Psychology, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Steven Roodenrys
- Cognitive Basis of Atypical Behaviour Initiative (CBABi), School of Psychology, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Leonie Miller
- Cognitive Basis of Atypical Behaviour Initiative (CBABi), School of Psychology, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Emma Barkus
- Cognitive Basis of Atypical Behaviour Initiative (CBABi), School of Psychology, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
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Karunakaran KD, Yuan R, He J, Zhao J, Cui JL, Zang YF, Zhang Z, Alvarez TL, Biswal BB. Resting-State Functional Connectivity of the Thalamus in Complete Spinal Cord Injury. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 2020; 34:122-133. [PMID: 31904298 DOI: 10.1177/1545968319893299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Background. Neuroimaging studies of spinal cord injury (SCI) have mostly examined the functional organization of the cortex, with only limited focus on the subcortical substrates of the injury. However, thalamus is an important modulator and sensory relay that requires investigation at a subnuclei level to gain insight into the neuroplasticity following SCI. Objective. To use resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging to examine the functional connectivity (FC) of thalamic subnuclei in complete SCI patients. Methods. A seed-based connectivity analysis was applied for 3 thalamic subnuclei: pulvinar, mediodorsal, and ventrolateral nucleus in each hemisphere. A nonparametric 2-sample t test with permutations was applied for each of the 6 thalamic seeds to compute FC differences between 22 healthy controls and 19 complete SCI patients with paraplegia. Results. Connectivity analysis showed a decrease in the FC of the bilateral mediodorsal nucleus with right superior temporal gyrus and anterior cingulate cortex in the SCI group. Similarly, the left ventrolateral nucleus exhibited decreased FC with left superior temporal gyrus in SCI group. In contrast, left pulvinar nucleus demonstrated an increase in FC with left inferior frontal gyrus and left inferior parietal lobule in SCI group. Our findings also indicate a negative relationship between postinjury durations and thalamic FC to regions of sensorimotor and visual cortices, where longer postinjury durations (~12 months) is associated with higher negative connectivity between these regions. Conclusion. This study provides evidence for reorganization in the thalamocortical connections known to be involved in multisensory integration and affective processing, with possible implications in the generation of sensory abnormalities after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rui Yuan
- Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jie He
- Hebei Medical University Third Affiliated Hospital, Shijazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Jian Zhao
- Armed Police Force Hospital of Sichuan, Leshan, Sichuan, China
| | - Jian-Ling Cui
- Hebei Medical University Third Affiliated Hospital, Shijazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Yu-Feng Zang
- Hangzhou Normal University Affiliated Hospital, Hangzhou, Zheijang, China
| | - Zhong Zhang
- Hebei Medical University Third Affiliated Hospital, Shijazhuang, Hebei, China
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Cognitive and Emotional Empathy in Individuals with Spinal Cord Injury. Behav Neurol 2019; 2019:1312934. [PMID: 30881519 PMCID: PMC6387693 DOI: 10.1155/2019/1312934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Empathy has been conceptualized as comprising a cognitive and an emotional component, the latter being further divided into direct and indirect aspects, which refer, respectively, to the explicit evaluation of the observer's feelings while attending someone in an emotional situation and to the physiological response of the observer. Empathy has been previously investigated in several neurological disorders. Objective This study is aimed at investigating empathy in patients with spinal cord injury (SCI). We hypothesize that, due to deafferentation following their injury, SCI patients will display difficulty in the processing of emotional stimuli and blunted empathic responses as compared to healthy controls. Materials and Methods 20 patients with spinal cord injury (SCI) (12 males and 8 females, mean age = 50.9, standard deviation (SD) = 16.1 years; mean education = 10.9, SD = 4.1 years) were included in the study and compared to 20 matched healthy subjects. Participants were investigated using the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (Form Y) (STAI-Y), the Beck Depression Scale, and the Toronto Alexithymia Scale. Moreover, participants were further evaluated by means of the Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI), which explores both cognitive and emotional aspects of empathy, and through an experimental protocol based on the use of a modified version of the computerized Multifaceted Empathy Test (MET) to evaluate emotional (direct and indirect) empathy and the ability to judge the valence of complex emotional scenes. Results As compared to healthy controls, SCI patients reported higher scores on the Perspective-Taking subscale of the IRI, while, on the modified MET, they were less accurate in identifying the valence of neutral scenes, notwithstanding their spared direct and indirect emotional empathy ability. Furthermore, we found a significant negative correlation between the time interval since injury and the direct emotional empathy scores on the positive images, as well as a negative correlation with the indirect emotional empathy scores on both positive and neutral images, indicating a blunting of the empathic responses as time elapses. Conclusion Results suggest that SCI patients, when analyzing the meaning of emotional stimuli, tend to rely on a cognitive empathy strategy rather than on emotion simulation.
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Karunakaran KD, He J, Zhao J, Cui JL, Zang YF, Zhang Z, Biswal BB. Differences in Cortical Gray Matter Atrophy of Paraplegia and Tetraplegia after Complete Spinal Cord Injury. J Neurotrauma 2019; 36:2045-2051. [PMID: 30430910 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2018.6040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Anatomical studies of spinal cord injury (SCI) using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) report diverging observations, from "no changes" to "tissue atrophy in motor and non-motor regions." These discrepancies among studies can be attributed to heterogeneity in extent, level, and post-injury duration observed within the SCI population. But, no studies have investigated structural changes associated with different levels of injury (paraplegia vs. tetraplegia). High-resolution MRI images were processed using a voxel-based morphometry technique to compare regional gray matter volume (GMV) between 16 complete paraplegia and 7 complete tetraplegia SCI subjects scanned within 2 years of injury when compared to 22 age-matched healthy controls using one-way analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). A post-hoc analysis using a region of interest-based approach was utilized to quantify GMV differences between healthy controls and subgroups of SCI. A voxel-wise one-sample t-test was also performed to evaluate the mean effect of post-injury duration on GMV of the SCI group. ANCOVA resulted in altered GMV in inferior frontal gyrus, bilateral mid orbital gyrus extending to rectal gyrus, and anterior cingulate cortex. Post-hoc analysis, in general, indicated GM atrophy after SCI, but tetraplegia showed a greater decrease in GMV when compared to paraplegia and healthy controls. Further, the GMV of the middle frontal gyrus, superior frontal gyrus, inferior frontal gyrus, insula, mid-orbital gyrus, and middle temporal gyrus was positively correlated with post-injury duration in both paraplegia and tetraplegia groups. GM atrophy after SCI is affected by level of cord injury, with higher levels of injury resulting in greater loss of GMV. Magnitude of GMV loss in the frontal cortex after SCI also appears to be dynamic within the first 2 years of injury. Understanding the effect of injury level and injury duration on structural changes after SCI can help to better understand the mechanisms leading to positive and negative clinical outcome in SCI patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jie He
- 2 Hebei Medical University, Third Affiliated Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Jian Zhao
- 3 Department of Radiology, Armed Police Force Hospital of Sichuan, Leshan, China
| | - Jian-Ling Cui
- 2 Hebei Medical University, Third Affiliated Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yu-Feng Zang
- 4 Hangzhou Normal University Affiliated Hospital, Center for Cognition and Brain Disorders, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhong Zhang
- 2 Hebei Medical University, Third Affiliated Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Bharat B Biswal
- 1 Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey
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Jakubczyk A, Trucco EM, Klimkiewicz A, Skrzeszewski J, Suszek H, Zaorska J, Nowakowska M, Michalska A, Wojnar M, Kopera M. Association Between Interoception and Emotion Regulation in Individuals With Alcohol Use Disorder. Front Psychiatry 2019; 10:1028. [PMID: 32116829 PMCID: PMC7008234 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.01028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Sensing body-related information includes interoceptive sensibility (the tendency to focus on internal body sensations) and accuracy (precision in perceiving real internal processes). Interoception and emotion regulation have both been linked to alcohol use disorder (AUD). However, the association between these factors have not been investigated within a clinical group of individuals with AUD. OBJECTIVES The current study examines associations between emotion regulation and interoceptive accuracy and sensibility among individuals with AUD and healthy controls (HCs). METHODS The sample comprised 165 individuals meeting criteria for AUD and 110 HCs. Interoceptive sensibility was assessed with a self-report measure (the Private Body Consciousness subscale) and interoceptive accuracy - with a behavioral measure (the Schandry test). Emotion regulation domains: non-acceptance of negative emotions, inability to engage in goal-directed behaviors when experiencing negative emotions, difficulties controlling impulsive behaviors when experiencing negative emotions, limited access to effective emotion regulation strategies, and lack of own emotional awareness and clarity were assessed with the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS). Associations between interoception and emotion regulation were assessed while controlling for sleep problems, depressive symptoms, age, and sex. RESULTS Higher interoceptive accuracy was negatively associated with DERS subscale of non-acceptance of negative emotions in the AUD group (but not in the HC group). Higher interoceptive sensibility was significantly associated with problems in controlling impulsive behaviors when experiencing negative emotions. This association was moderated by symptoms of AUD. Higher interoceptive sensibility was associated with higher emotional awareness, but only in the HC group. CONCLUSIONS Individuals with AUD who are more interoceptively accurate may be more effective in regulating their emotions. On the other hand, individuals with AUD who are more interoceptively sensible, may have problems with controlling their behaviors while experiencing negative emotional states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Jakubczyk
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Elisa M Trucco
- Department of Psychology and the Center for Children and Families, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States.,Department of Psychiatry, Addiction Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Anna Klimkiewicz
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Hubert Suszek
- Department of Psychology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Justyna Zaorska
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Aneta Michalska
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marcin Wojnar
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.,Department of Psychiatry, Addiction Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Maciej Kopera
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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Pistoia F, Conson M, Carolei A, Dema MG, Splendiani A, Curcio G, Sacco S. Post-earthquake Distress and Development of Emotional Expertise in Young Adults. Front Behav Neurosci 2018; 12:91. [PMID: 29867392 PMCID: PMC5951935 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2018.00091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
After a natural disaster like an earthquake about 15% of the population experience a post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, even those without a diagnosis of PTSD can suffer from disorders of the affective sphere, including anxiety, depression and alteration of emotion recognition. The objective of this study was to investigate the neuropsychological and emotional profile of students living in the earthquake-affected areas of L'Aquila, Italy. A group of students living in L'Aquila at the time of the 2009 earthquake was recruited, and compared to a control group of students not living in any earthquake-affected areas. Participants were assessed by means of the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) scale, the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI), the Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale Short Form, the Uncertainty Response Scale (URS), the Anxiety Sensitivity Index 3 (ASI-3), and the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire-Revised Short Form (EPQ-RS). Participants also took part in two behavioral experiments aimed at evaluating their ability to recognize facial expressions (by means of the Ekman and Friesen Pictures of Facial Affect) and to evaluate emotionally evocative scenes (by means of the International Affective Picture System (IAPS)). Results showed that students living in the earthquake-affected areas had a general increase of anxiety and anticipation of threats. Moreover, students living in the earthquake-affected areas showed a significantly higher overall accuracy in recognizing facial expressions as compared to controls. No significant differences between the two groups were detected in the evaluation of emotionally evocative scenes. The novel result lies in the greater accuracy of earthquake victims in recognizing facial expressions, despite the lack of differences from controls in evaluating affective evocative scenes. The trauma exposure may have increased vigilance for threats in earthquake victims, leading them to systematically pay attention to potential signs of approaching threats, such as emotional facial expressions, thus progressively developing particular "emotional expertise."
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Pistoia
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, Neurological Institute, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Conson
- Neuropsychology Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Caserta, Italy
| | - Antonio Carolei
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, Neurological Institute, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Maria G Dema
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Alessandra Splendiani
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Curcio
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Simona Sacco
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, Neurological Institute, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
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Marshall AC, Gentsch A, Schütz-Bosbach S. The Interaction between Interoceptive and Action States within a Framework of Predictive Coding. Front Psychol 2018; 9:180. [PMID: 29515495 PMCID: PMC5826270 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The notion of predictive coding assumes that perception is an iterative process between prior knowledge and sensory feedback. To date, this perspective has been primarily applied to exteroceptive perception as well as action and its associated phenomenological experiences such as agency. More recently, this predictive, inferential framework has been theoretically extended to interoception. This idea postulates that subjective feeling states are generated by top-down inferences made about internal and external causes of interoceptive afferents. While the processing of motor signals for action control and the emergence of selfhood have been studied extensively, the contributions of interoceptive input and especially the potential interaction of motor and interoceptive signals remain largely unaddressed. Here, we argue for a specific functional relation between motor and interoceptive awareness. Specifically, we implicate interoceptive predictions in the generation of subjective motor-related feeling states. Furthermore, we propose a distinction between reflexive and pre-reflexive modes of agentic action control and suggest that interoceptive input may affect each differently. Finally, we advocate the necessity of continuous interoceptive input for conscious forms of agentic action control. We conclude by discussing further research contributions that would allow for a fuller understanding of the interaction between agency and interoceptive awareness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda C. Marshall
- General and Experimental Psychology Unit, Department of Psychology, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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Bornemann B, Singer T. Taking time to feel our body: Steady increases in heartbeat perception accuracy and decreases in alexithymia over 9 months of contemplative mental training. Psychophysiology 2016; 54:469-482. [DOI: 10.1111/psyp.12790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Boris Bornemann
- Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences; Leipzig Germany
| | - Tania Singer
- Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences; Leipzig Germany
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Lucci G, Sablone P, Nista E. Commentary: Contribution of Interoceptive Information to Emotional Processing: Evidence from Individuals with Spinal Cord Injury. Front Integr Neurosci 2016; 10:40. [PMID: 27917113 PMCID: PMC5114285 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2016.00040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Giuliana Lucci
- Department of Psychology, University of Rome 'La Sapienza'Rome, Italy; IRCCS Fondazione Santa LuciaRome, Italy
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Bodily Contributions to Emotion: Schachter’s Legacy for a Psychological Constructionist View on Emotion. EMOTION REVIEW 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/1754073916639664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Although early emotion theorists posited that bodily changes contribute to emotion, the primary view in affective science over the last century has been that emotions produce bodily changes. Recent findings from physiology, neuroscience, and neuropsychology support the early intuition that body representations can help constitute emotion. These findings are consistent with the modern psychological constructionist hypothesis that emotions emerge when representations of bodily changes are conceptualized as an instance of emotion. We begin by introducing the psychological constructionist approach to emotion. With Schachter as inspiration, we next examine how embodied representations contribute to affective states, and ultimately emotion, with inflammation as a key example. We close by looking forward to future research on how body representations contribute to human experience.
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