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Paz IDA, Rigo GT, Sgarioni A, Baroni BM, Frasson VB, Vaz MA. Alternating Current Is More Fatigable Than Pulsed Current in People Who Are Healthy: A Double-Blind, Randomized Crossover Trial. Phys Ther 2021; 101:6131761. [PMID: 33561279 DOI: 10.1093/ptj/pzab056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Tolerance level and rapid fatigue onset are limitations in the use of neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) as an electrotherapeutic resource in rehabilitation and training protocols; however, it is unclear if pulsed current (PC) and alternating current (AC) produce different fatigue levels when applied at submaximal contraction level. The purpose of this study was to compare fatigue and discomfort levels between PC and AC during a submaximal contraction protocol in people who are healthy. METHODS In this double-blind, randomized crossover trial conducted in a laboratory setting, 30 male volunteers [23.23 years of age (SD = 4.59)] performed 2 submaximal fatigue protocols (with a 7-day interval) in a randomized order: PC (pulse duration = 2 milliseconds, pulse frequency = 100 Hz) and AC (2.5 kHz, pulse duration = 0.4 milliseconds, burst frequency = 100 Hz). NMES currents were applied to the knee extensor motor point of the dominant limb. The NMES protocol consisted of 80 evoked contractions (time on:off = 5:10 seconds) and lasted 20 minutes. The current was maintained at a constant intensity throughout the NMES protocol. The primary outcome measures were maximal voluntary isometric contraction, fatigue index (evoked torque decline), fatigability (number of contractions for a 50% drop in evoked-torque from the protocol start), total evoked torque-time integral (TTI), decline in TTI, and discomfort level. RESULTS AC at 2.5 kHz demonstrated higher maximal voluntary isometric contraction decline post-fatigue, higher fatigue index, higher fatigability (ie, fewer contractions to reach the 50% evoked torque decline from the protocol start), smaller total TTI, and higher TTI decline compared with PC. No between-currents difference was observed in discomfort level. CONCLUSION PC is less fatigable than AC at 2.5 kHz. IMPACT Based on this study, PC is the preferred current choice when the NMES goal is to generate higher muscle work, higher mechanical load, and smaller fatigability during training both for athletes who are healthy and for rehabilitation programs for people with disease or injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel de Almeida Paz
- Exercise Research Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physical Therapy and Dance, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Graciane Taglian Rigo
- Exercise Research Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physical Therapy and Dance, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Amanda Sgarioni
- Exercise Research Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physical Therapy and Dance, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Bruno Manfredini Baroni
- Graduate Program in Rehabilitation Sciences, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Viviane Bortoluzzi Frasson
- Graduate Program in Rehabilitation Sciences, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Physique Centro de Fisioterapia, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Marco Aurélio Vaz
- Exercise Research Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physical Therapy and Dance, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Physique Centro de Fisioterapia, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Gonnelli F, Rejc E, Giovanelli N, Floreani M, Porcelli S, Harkema S, Willhite A, Stills S, Richardson T, Lazzer S. Effects of NMES pulse width and intensity on muscle mechanical output and oxygen extraction in able-bodied and paraplegic individuals. Eur J Appl Physiol 2021; 121:1653-1664. [PMID: 33656575 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-021-04647-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation (NMES) is commonly used in neuromuscular rehabilitation protocols, and its parameters selection substantially affects the characteristics of muscle activation. Here, we investigated the effects of short pulse width (200 µs) and higher intensity (short-high) NMES or long pulse width (1000 µs) and lower intensity (long-low) NMES on muscle mechanical output and fractional oxygen extraction. Muscle contractions were elicited with 100 Hz stimulation frequency, and the initial torque output was matched by adjusting stimulation intensity. METHODS Fourteen able-bodied and six spinal cord-injured (SCI) individuals participated in the study. The NMES protocol (75 isometric contractions, 1-s on-3-s off) targeting the knee extensors was performed with long-low or short-high NMES applied over the midline between anterior superior iliac spine and patella protrusion in two different days. Muscle work was estimated by torque-time integral, contractile properties by rate of torque development and half-relaxation time, and vastus lateralis fractional oxygen extraction was assessed by Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS). RESULTS Torque-time integral elicited by the two NMES paradigms was similar throughout the stimulation protocol, with differences ranging between 1.4% (p = 0.877; able-bodied, mid-part of the protocol) and 9.9% (p = 0.147; SCI, mid-part of the protocol). Contractile properties were also comparable in the two NMES paradigms. However, long-low NMES resulted in higher fractional oxygen extraction in able-bodied (+ 36%; p = 0.006). CONCLUSION Long-low and short-high NMES recruited quadriceps femoris motor units that demonstrated similar contractile and fatigability properties. However, long-low NMES conceivably resulted in the preferential recruitment of vastus lateralis muscle fibers as detected by NIRS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Gonnelli
- Department of Medicine, University of Udine, Udine, Italy.,School of Sport Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy.,Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, University of Louisville, 220 Abraham Flexner Way, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Enrico Rejc
- Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, University of Louisville, 220 Abraham Flexner Way, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA. .,Department of Neurosurgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA.
| | - Nicola Giovanelli
- Department of Medicine, University of Udine, Udine, Italy.,School of Sport Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Mirco Floreani
- Department of Medicine, University of Udine, Udine, Italy.,School of Sport Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Simone Porcelli
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.,Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council, Segrate, Italy
| | - Susan Harkema
- Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, University of Louisville, 220 Abraham Flexner Way, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Andrea Willhite
- Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, University of Louisville, 220 Abraham Flexner Way, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Sean Stills
- Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, University of Louisville, 220 Abraham Flexner Way, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Tine Richardson
- Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, University of Louisville, 220 Abraham Flexner Way, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Stefano Lazzer
- Department of Medicine, University of Udine, Udine, Italy.,School of Sport Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
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Legg Ditterline B, Harkema SJ, Willhite A, Stills S, Ugiliweneza B, Rejc E. Epidural stimulation for cardiovascular function increases lower limb lean mass in individuals with chronic motor complete spinal cord injury. Exp Physiol 2020; 105:1684-1691. [PMID: 32749719 DOI: 10.1113/ep088876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? Spinal cord injury results in paralysis and deleterious neuromuscular and autonomic adaptations. Lumbosacral epidural stimulation can modulate motor and/or autonomic functions. Does long-term epidural stimulation for normalizing cardiovascular function affect leg muscle properties? What is the main finding and its importance? Leg lean mass increased after long-term epidural stimulation for cardiovascular function, which was applied in the sitting position and did not activate the leg muscles. Leg muscle strength and fatigue resistance, assessed in a subgroup of individuals, also increased. These adaptations might support interventions for motor recovery and warrant further mechanistic investigation. ABSTRACT Chronic motor complete spinal cord injury (SCI) results in paralysis and deleterious neuromuscular and autonomic adaptations. Paralysed muscles demonstrate atrophy, loss of force and increased fatigability. Also, SCI-induced autonomic impairment results in persistently low resting blood pressure and heart rate, among other features. We previously reported that spinal cord epidural stimulation (scES) optimized for cardiovascular (CV) function (CV-scES), which is applied in sitting position and does not activate the leg muscles, can maintain systolic blood pressure within a normotensive range during quiet sitting and during orthostatic stress. In the present study, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry collected from six individuals with chronic clinically motor complete SCI demonstrated that 88 ± 11 sessions of CV-scES (7 days week-1 ; 2 h day-1 in four individuals and 5 h day-1 in two individuals) over a period of ∼6 months significantly increased lower limb lean mass (by 0.67 ± 0.39 kg or 9.4 ± 8.1%; P < 0.001). Additionally, muscle strength and fatigability data elicited by neuromuscular electrical stimulation in three of these individuals demonstrated a general increase (57 ± 117%) in maximal torque output (between 2 and 44 N m in 14 of the 17 muscle groups tested overall) and torque-time integral during intermittent, fatiguing contractions (63 ± 71%; between 7 and 230% in 16 of the 17 muscle groups tested overall). In contrast, whole-body mass and composition did not change significantly. In conclusion, long-term use of CV-scES can have a significant impact on lower limb muscle properties after chronic motor complete SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bonnie Legg Ditterline
- Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA.,Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Susan J Harkema
- Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA.,Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA.,Frazier Rehabilitation Institute, University of Louisville Health, Louisville, KY, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Andrea Willhite
- Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Sean Stills
- Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Beatrice Ugiliweneza
- Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA.,Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Enrico Rejc
- Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA.,Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
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Arpin DJ, Ugiliweneza B, Forrest G, Harkema SJ, Rejc E. Optimizing Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation Pulse Width and Amplitude to Promote Central Activation in Individuals With Severe Spinal Cord Injury. Front Physiol 2019; 10:1310. [PMID: 31681016 PMCID: PMC6813182 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) is one of the most effective treatments for counteracting the deleterious skeletal muscle adaptations that occur after spinal cord injury (SCI). Additionally, previous findings suggest that NMES can activate motor units via both peripheral and central mechanisms; however, this NMES-promoted central activation is not well understood. In this study, we aimed at investigating the effects of NMES on central activation in 10 individuals with motor complete SCI, focusing on understanding how to optimize NMES pulse width and amplitude for promoting central activation in this population. To this end, we used NMES to generate isometric contractions of the knee extensors and ankle plantarflexors while electromyographic (EMG) activity was recorded from the vastus lateralis and gastrocnemius medialis, respectively. We used EMG activity that persisted after the termination of NMES delivery (post-NMES) as a neurophysiological marker to assess central activation and explored differences in post-NMES EMG activity promoted by 500 and 1,000 μs pulse width NMES. Additionally, we explored the relationships between post-NMES EMG amplitude, torque output, and stimulation amplitude. Our results show that the higher pulse width (1,000 μs) demonstrated a greater effect on central activation as quantified by more frequent occurrences of post-NMES EMG activity (p = 0.002) and a 3.551 μV higher EMG amplitude (p = 0.003) when controlling for the torque output generated by 500 and 1,000 μs pulse width NMES. Importantly, we also found that the interplay among central activation, stimulation amplitude, and muscle torque output differs across SCI individuals, conceivably because of the individual-specific characteristics of the cord lesion and following plasticity of the spinal circuitry. These results suggest that NMES can be optimized to promote central activation, which may lead to novel opportunities for motor function recovery after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Arpin
- Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States.,Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Beatrice Ugiliweneza
- Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States.,Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Gail Forrest
- Human Performance and Engineering Research, Kessler Foundation, West Orange, NJ, United States.,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Susan J Harkema
- Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States.,Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States.,Frazier Rehab Institute, KentuckyOne Health, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Enrico Rejc
- Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States.,Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
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