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Jiang M, Zhao L, Cui X, Wu X, Zhang Y, Guan X, Ma J, Zhang W. Cooperating minimalist nanovaccine with PD-1 blockade for effective and feasible cancer immunotherapy. J Adv Res 2022; 35:49-60. [PMID: 35003793 PMCID: PMC8721234 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2021.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Facile antigen/adjuvant co-loaded nanovaccine made by convenient green preparation. The immunological activity of the antigen and adjuvant was maximally preserved. The minimalist nanovaccine had excellent stability and antitumor immune activation. Nanovaccine combined with PD-1 antibody synergistically enhanced therapy outcome. Good practicability for expanding clinical translation and personalized therapy.
Introduction Tumor vaccine has been a research boom for cancer immunotherapy, while its therapeutic outcome is severely depressed by the vulnerable in vivo delivery efficiency. Moreover, tumor immune escape is also another intractable issue, which has badly whittled down the therapeutic efficiency. Objectives Our study aims to solve the above dilemmas by cooperating minimalist nanovaccine with PD-1 blockade for effective and feasible cancer immunotherapy. Methods The minimalist antigen and adjuvant co-delivery nanovaccine was developed by employing natural polycationic protamine (PRT) to carry the electronegative ovalbumin (OVA) antigen and unmethylated Cytosine-phosphorothioate-Guanine (CpG) adjuvant via convenient chemical bench-free “green” preparation without chemical-synthesis and no organic solvent was required, which could preserve the immunological activities of the antigens and adjuvants. On that basis, PD-1 antibody (aPD-1) was utilized to block the tumor immune escape and cooperate with the nanovaccine by maintaining the tumoricidal-activity of the vaccine-induced T cells. Results Benefited from the polycationic PRT, the facile PRT/CpG/OVA nanovaccine displayed satisfactory delivery performance, involving enhanced cellular uptake in dendritic cells (DCs), realizable endosomal escape and promoted stimulation for DCs’ maturation. These features would be helpful for the antitumor immunotherapeutic efficiency of the nanovaccine. Furthermore, the cooperation of the nanovaccine with aPD-1 synergistically improved the immunotherapy outcome, profiting by the cooperation of the “T cell induction” competency of the nanovaccine and the “T cell maintenance” function of the aPD-1. Conclusion This study will provide new concepts for the design and construction of facile nanovaccines, and contribute valuable scientific basis for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxia Jiang
- College of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China
| | - Liping Zhao
- College of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China
| | - Xiaoming Cui
- College of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China
| | - Xinghan Wu
- College of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China
| | - Yuhan Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China
| | - Xiuwen Guan
- College of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Target Drug Delivery System, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China.,Shandong Engineering Research Center for Smart Materials and Regenerative Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China
| | - Jinlong Ma
- College of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Target Drug Delivery System, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China.,Shandong Engineering Research Center for Smart Materials and Regenerative Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China
| | - Weifen Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Target Drug Delivery System, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China.,Shandong Engineering Research Center for Smart Materials and Regenerative Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China
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2
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Ruseska I, Fresacher K, Petschacher C, Zimmer A. Use of Protamine in Nanopharmaceuticals-A Review. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:1508. [PMID: 34200384 PMCID: PMC8230241 DOI: 10.3390/nano11061508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Macromolecular biomolecules are currently dethroning classical small molecule therapeutics because of their improved targeting and delivery properties. Protamine-a small polycationic peptide-represents a promising candidate. In nature, it binds and protects DNA against degradation during spermatogenesis due to electrostatic interactions between the negatively charged DNA-phosphate backbone and the positively charged protamine. Researchers are mimicking this technique to develop innovative nanopharmaceutical drug delivery systems, incorporating protamine as a carrier for biologically active components such as DNA or RNA. The first part of this review highlights ongoing investigations in the field of protamine-associated nanotechnology, discussing the self-assembling manufacturing process and nanoparticle engineering. Immune-modulating properties of protamine are those that lead to the second key part, which is protamine in novel vaccine technologies. Protamine-based RNA delivery systems in vaccines (some belong to the new class of mRNA-vaccines) against infectious disease and their use in cancer treatment are reviewed, and we provide an update on the current state of latest developments with protamine as pharmaceutical excipient for vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Andreas Zimmer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Karl-Franzens-University Graz, Universitätsplatz 1, 8010 Graz, Austria; (I.R.); (K.F.); (C.P.)
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3
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Chuang YC, Tseng JC, Huang LR, Huang CM, Huang CYF, Chuang TH. Adjuvant Effect of Toll-Like Receptor 9 Activation on Cancer Immunotherapy Using Checkpoint Blockade. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1075. [PMID: 32547560 PMCID: PMC7274158 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy using checkpoint blockade has revolutionized cancer treatment, improving patient survival and quality of life. Nevertheless, the clinical outcomes of such immunotherapy are highly heterogeneous between patients. Depending on the cancer type, the patient response rates to this immunotherapy are limited to 20–30%. Based on the mechanism underlying the antitumor immune response, new therapeutic strategies have been designed with the aim of increasing the effectiveness and specificity of the antitumor immune response elicited by checkpoint blockade agents. The activation of toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) by its synthetic agonists induces the antitumor response within the innate immunity arm, generating adjuvant effects and priming the adaptive immune response elicited by checkpoint blockade during the effector phase of tumor-cell killing. This review first describes the underlying mechanisms of action and current status of monotherapy using TLR9 agonists and immune checkpoint inhibitors for cancer immunotherapy. The rationale for combining these two agents is discussed, and evidence indicating the current status of such combination therapy as a novel cancer treatment strategy is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chen Chuang
- Immunology Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Chih Tseng
- Immunology Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Li-Rung Huang
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Ming Huang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Ying F Huang
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Hsien Chuang
- Immunology Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
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4
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Modulating Immune Response with Nucleic Acid Nanoparticles. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24203740. [PMID: 31627288 PMCID: PMC6832290 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24203740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Nano-objects made of nucleic acids are becoming promising materials in the biomedical field. This is, in part, due to DNA and RNA self-assembly properties that can be accurately computed to fabricate various complex nanoarchitectures of 2D and 3D shapes. The nanoparticles can be assembled from DNA, RNA, and chemically modified oligonucleotide mixtures which, in turn, influence their chemical and biophysical properties. Solid-phase synthesis allows large-scale production of individual oligonucleotide strands with batch-to-batch consistency and exceptional purity. All of these advantageous characteristics of nucleic-acid-based nanoparticles were known to be exceptionally useful as a nanoplatform for drug delivery purposes. Recently, several important discoveries have been achieved, demonstrating that nucleic acid nanoparticles (NANPs) can also be used to modulate the immune response of host cells. The purpose of this review is to briefly overview studies demonstrating architectural design principles of NANPs, as well as the ability of NANPs to control immune responses.
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5
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Peleteiro M, Presas E, González-Aramundiz JV, Sánchez-Correa B, Simón-Vázquez R, Csaba N, Alonso MJ, González-Fernández Á. Polymeric Nanocapsules for Vaccine Delivery: Influence of the Polymeric Shell on the Interaction With the Immune System. Front Immunol 2018; 9:791. [PMID: 29725329 PMCID: PMC5916973 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of biomaterials and nanosystems in antigen delivery has played a major role in the development of novel vaccine formulations in the last few decades. In an effort to gain a deeper understanding of the interactions between these systems and immunocompetent cells, we describe here a systematic in vitro and in vivo study on three types of polymeric nanocapsules (NCs). These carriers, which contained protamine (PR), polyarginine (PARG), or chitosan (CS) in the external shell, and their corresponding nanoemulsion were prepared, and their main physicochemical properties were characterized. The particles had a mean particle size in the range 250–450 nm and a positive zeta potential (~30–40 mV). The interaction of the nanosystems with different components of the immune system were investigated by measuring cellular uptake, reactive oxygen species production, activation of the complement cascade, cytokine secretion profile, and MAP kinases/nuclear factor κB activation. The results of these in vitro cell experiments showed that the NC formulations that included the arginine-rich polymers (PR and PARG) showed a superior ability to trigger different immune processes. Considering this finding, protamine and polyarginine nanocapsules (PR and PARG NCs) were selected to assess the association of the recombinant hepatitis B surface antigen (rHBsAg) as a model antigen to evaluate their ability to produce a protective immune response in mice. In this case, the results showed that PR NCs elicited higher IgG levels than PARG NCs and that this IgG response was a combination of anti-rHBsAg IgG1/IgG2a. This work highlights the potential of PR NCs for antigen delivery as an alternative to other positively charged nanocarriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes Peleteiro
- Inmunología, Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CINBIO) (Centro Singular de Investigación de Galicia), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Galicia Sur, Universidade de Vigo, Vigo, Spain
| | - Elena Presas
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Jose Vicente González-Aramundiz
- Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Química, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Beatriz Sánchez-Correa
- Inmunología, Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CINBIO) (Centro Singular de Investigación de Galicia), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Galicia Sur, Universidade de Vigo, Vigo, Spain.,Immunology Unit, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Rosana Simón-Vázquez
- Inmunología, Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CINBIO) (Centro Singular de Investigación de Galicia), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Galicia Sur, Universidade de Vigo, Vigo, Spain
| | - Noemi Csaba
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - María J Alonso
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - África González-Fernández
- Inmunología, Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CINBIO) (Centro Singular de Investigación de Galicia), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Galicia Sur, Universidade de Vigo, Vigo, Spain
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6
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Takahashi H, Misato K, Aoshi T, Yamamoto Y, Kubota Y, Wu X, Kuroda E, Ishii KJ, Yamamoto H, Yoshioka Y. Carbonate Apatite Nanoparticles Act as Potent Vaccine Adjuvant Delivery Vehicles by Enhancing Cytokine Production Induced by Encapsulated Cytosine-Phosphate-Guanine Oligodeoxynucleotides. Front Immunol 2018; 9:783. [PMID: 29720976 PMCID: PMC5916113 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccine adjuvants that can induce not only antigen-specific antibody responses but also Th1-type immune responses and CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses are needed for the development of vaccines against infectious diseases and cancer. Of many available adjuvants, oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) with unmethylated cytosine-phosphate-guanine (CpG) motifs are the most promising for inducing the necessary immune responses, and these adjuvants are currently under clinical trials in humans. However, the development of novel delivery vehicles that enhance the adjuvant effects of CpG ODNs, subsequently increasing the production of cytokines such as type-I interferons (IFNs), is highly desirable. In this study, we demonstrate the potential of pH-responsive biodegradable carbonate apatite (CA) nanoparticles as CpG ODN delivery vehicles that can enhance the production of type-I IFNs (such as IFN-α) relative to that induced by CpG ODNs and can augment the adjuvant effects of CpG ODNs in vivo. In contrast to CpG ODNs, CA nanoparticles containing CpG ODNs (designated CA-CpG) induced significant IFN-α production by mouse dendritic cells and human peripheral blood mononuclear cells in vitro; and production of interleukin-12, and IFN-γ was higher in CA-CpG-treated groups than in CpG ODNs groups. In addition, treatment with CA-CpG resulted in higher cytokine production in draining lymph nodes than did treatment with CpG ODNs in vivo. Furthermore, vaccination with CA-CpG plus an antigen, such as ovalbumin or influenza virus hemagglutinin, resulted in higher antigen-specific antibody responses and CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses in vivo, in an interleukin-12- and type-I IFN-dependent manner, than did vaccination with the antigen plus CpG ODNs; in addition, the efficacy of the vaccine against influenza virus was higher with CA-CpG as the adjuvant than with CpG ODNs as the adjuvant. These data show the potential of CA nanoparticles to serve as CpG ODN delivery vehicles that increase the production of cytokines, especially IFN-α, induced by CpG ODNs and thus augment the efficacy of CpG ODNs as adjuvants. We expect that the strategy reported herein will facilitate the design and development of novel adjuvant delivery vehicles for vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Takahashi
- Vaccine Creation Project, BIKEN Innovative Vaccine Research Alliance Laboratories, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Kazuki Misato
- Vaccine Creation Project, BIKEN Innovative Vaccine Research Alliance Laboratories, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Taiki Aoshi
- Vaccine Dynamics Project, BIKEN Innovative Vaccine Research Alliance Laboratories, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.,Vaccine Dynamics Project, BIKEN Center for Innovative Vaccine Research and Development, The Research Foundation for Microbial Diseases of Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Yamamoto
- Vaccine Creation Project, BIKEN Center for Innovative Vaccine Research and Development, The Research Foundation for Microbial Diseases of Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Yui Kubota
- Division of Health Sciences, Department of Molecular Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Xin Wu
- Division of Health Sciences, Department of Molecular Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Etsushi Kuroda
- Laboratory of Adjuvant Innovation, Center for Vaccine and Adjuvant Research, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Ibaraki, Japan.,Laboratory of Vaccine Science, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Ken J Ishii
- Laboratory of Adjuvant Innovation, Center for Vaccine and Adjuvant Research, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Ibaraki, Japan.,Laboratory of Vaccine Science, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Yamamoto
- Division of Health Sciences, Department of Molecular Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Yasuo Yoshioka
- Vaccine Creation Project, BIKEN Innovative Vaccine Research Alliance Laboratories, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.,Vaccine Creation Project, BIKEN Center for Innovative Vaccine Research and Development, The Research Foundation for Microbial Diseases of Osaka University, Suita, Japan.,Laboratory of Nano-Design for Innovative Drug Development, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.,Global Center for Medical Engineering and Informatics, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
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7
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Hanagata N, Li X, Chen MH, Li J, Hattori S. Double-stranded phosphodiester cytosine-guanine oligodeoxynucleotide complexed with calcium phosphate as a potent vaccine adjuvant for activating cellular and Th1-type humoral immunities. Int J Nanomedicine 2017; 13:43-62. [PMID: 29317815 PMCID: PMC5743182 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s152141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Conventional class B cytosine-guanine (CpG) (CpG-B) oligodeoxynucleotide (ODNs) consisting of a single-stranded (ss) phosphorothioate (PT) backbone (ss CpG-B-PT) is converted from a proinflammatory cytokine inducer to a type-I interferon (IFN) inducer when complexed with cationic materials. In this study, we designed ss CpG-B and double-stranded (ds) CpG-B ODNs with a phosphodiester (PD) backbone (ss CpG-B-PD and ds CpG-B-PD, respectively) that became type-I IFN inducers upon complexation with Lipofectamine 2000 (Lipo), a cationic liposome. The ds CpG-B-PD complex induced higher IFN-β expression in mouse macrophage-like RAW264 cells than ss CpG-B-PD and ss CpG-B-PT complexes. The fold induction of IFN-β increased with the number of CpG motifs in ds CpG-B-PD, and a complex of ds CpG-B-PD consisting of 72 base pairs with nine CpG motifs (ds CpG-B72-PD) and Lipo showed the highest capacity to induce IFN-β. The materials and method used for complexation influenced the degree of IFN-β induction: ds CpG-B72-PD entrapped by calcium phosphate (CaP) (ds CpG-B72-PD/CaP) showed a higher induction capacity than ds CpG-B72-PD adsorbed onto the CaP surface. Entrapment of ds CpG-B72-PD by CaP also enhanced the induction of the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-12. Vaccinating mice with ds CpG-B72-PD/CaP in conjunction with ovalbumin (OVA) increased the ratios of OVA-specific CD8+ T cells to total CD8+ T cells in peripheral blood and of OVA-specific IgG2a associated with helper T (Th)1 cells to OVA-specific IgG1 associated with Th2 cells. These results indicate that ds CpG-B72-PD/CaP is an effective vaccine adjuvant that can activate both cellular and Th1-type humoral immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobutaka Hanagata
- Nanotechnology Innovation Station, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba.,Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Xianglan Li
- Nanotechnology Innovation Station, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba
| | - Min-Hua Chen
- Nanotechnology Innovation Station, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba
| | - Jie Li
- Nanotechnology Innovation Station, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba
| | - Shinya Hattori
- Nanotechnology Innovation Station, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba
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8
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Scheicher B, Lorenzer C, Gegenbauer K, Partlic J, Andreae F, Kirsch AH, Rosenkranz AR, Werzer O, Zimmer A. Manufacturing of a Secretoneurin Drug Delivery System with Self-Assembled Protamine Nanoparticles by Titration. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0164149. [PMID: 27828968 PMCID: PMC5102448 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0164149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Since therapeutic peptides and oligonucleotides are gathering interests as active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), nanoparticulate drug delivery systems are becoming of great importance. Thereby, the possibility to design drug delivery systems according to the therapeutic needs of APIs enhances clinical implementation. Over the last years, the focus of our group was laid on protamine-oligonucleotide-nanoparticles (so called proticles), however, the possibility to modify the size, zeta potential or loading efficiencies was limited. Therefore, at the present study we integrated a stepwise addition of protamine (titration) into the formation process of proticles loaded with the angiogenic neuropeptide secretoneurin (SN). A particle size around 130 nm was determined when proticles were assembled by the commonly used protamine addition at once. Through application of the protamine titration process it was possible to modify and adjust the particle size between approx. 120 and 1200 nm (dependent on mass ratio) without influencing the SN loading capacity. Dynamic light scattering pointed out that the difference in particle size was most probably the result of a secondary aggregation. Initially-formed particles of early stages in the titration process aggregated towards bigger assemblies. Atomic-force-microscopy images also revealed differences in morphology along with different particle size. In contrast, the SN loading was only influenced by the applied mass ratio, where a slight saturation effect was observable. Up to 65% of deployed SN could be imbedded into the proticle matrix. An in-vivo biodistribution study (i.m.) showed a retarded distribution of SN from the site of injection after the application of a SN-proticle formulation. Further, it was demonstrated that SN loaded proticles can be successfully freeze-dried and resuspended afterwards. To conclude, the integration of the protamine titration process offers new possibilities for the formulation of proticles in order to address key parameters of drug delivery systems as size, API loading or modified drug release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Scheicher
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Cornelia Lorenzer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Katrin Gegenbauer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Julia Partlic
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | | | - Alexander H. Kirsch
- Department of Internal Medicine, Clinical Division of Nephrology, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 27, Graz, Austria
| | - Alexander R. Rosenkranz
- Department of Internal Medicine, Clinical Division of Nephrology, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 27, Graz, Austria
| | - Oliver Werzer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Andreas Zimmer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- * E-mail:
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9
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Mammadov R, Cinar G, Gunduz N, Goktas M, Kayhan H, Tohumeken S, Topal AE, Orujalipoor I, Delibasi T, Dana A, Ide S, Tekinay AB, Guler MO. Virus-like nanostructures for tuning immune response. Sci Rep 2015; 5:16728. [PMID: 26577983 PMCID: PMC4649742 DOI: 10.1038/srep16728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthetic vaccines utilize viral signatures to trigger immune responses. Although the immune responses raised against the biochemical signatures of viruses are well characterized, the mechanism of how they affect immune response in the context of physical signatures is not well studied. In this work, we investigated the ability of zero- and one-dimensional self-assembled peptide nanostructures carrying unmethylated CpG motifs (signature of viral DNA) for tuning immune response. These nanostructures represent the two most common viral shapes, spheres and rods. The nanofibrous structures were found to direct immune response towards Th1 phenotype, which is responsible for acting against intracellular pathogens such as viruses, to a greater extent than nanospheres and CpG ODN alone. In addition, nanofibers exhibited enhanced uptake into dendritic cells compared to nanospheres or the ODN itself. The chemical stability of the ODN against nuclease-mediated degradation was also observed to be enhanced when complexed with the peptide nanostructures. In vivo studies showed that nanofibers promoted antigen-specific IgG production over 10-fold better than CpG ODN alone. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report showing the modulation of the nature of an immune response through the shape of the carrier system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashad Mammadov
- Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, National Nanotechnology Research Center (UNAM), Bilkent University, Ankara 06800, Turkey
| | - Goksu Cinar
- Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, National Nanotechnology Research Center (UNAM), Bilkent University, Ankara 06800, Turkey
| | - Nuray Gunduz
- Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, National Nanotechnology Research Center (UNAM), Bilkent University, Ankara 06800, Turkey
| | - Melis Goktas
- Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, National Nanotechnology Research Center (UNAM), Bilkent University, Ankara 06800, Turkey
| | - Handan Kayhan
- Adult Hematology Laboratory, School of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara 06500, Turkey
| | - Sehmus Tohumeken
- Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, National Nanotechnology Research Center (UNAM), Bilkent University, Ankara 06800, Turkey
| | - Ahmet E Topal
- Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, National Nanotechnology Research Center (UNAM), Bilkent University, Ankara 06800, Turkey
| | - Ilghar Orujalipoor
- Department of Physics Engineering, Hacettepe University, 06800, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Tuncay Delibasi
- Hacettepe University and Diskapi Research and Training Hospital, 06800, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Aykutlu Dana
- Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, National Nanotechnology Research Center (UNAM), Bilkent University, Ankara 06800, Turkey
| | - Semra Ide
- Department of Physics Engineering, Hacettepe University, 06800, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ayse B Tekinay
- Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, National Nanotechnology Research Center (UNAM), Bilkent University, Ankara 06800, Turkey
| | - Mustafa O Guler
- Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, National Nanotechnology Research Center (UNAM), Bilkent University, Ankara 06800, Turkey
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10
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Protamine-oligonucleotide-nanoparticles: Recent advances in drug delivery and drug targeting. Eur J Pharm Sci 2015; 75:54-9. [PMID: 25896372 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2015.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Revised: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Application of oligonucleotides as active compounds has become a crucial field of pharmaceutical research in recent years. In order to improve inadequate transfection rate and to avoid rapid enzymatic degradation of antisense oligonucleotides (AS-ODNs) a novel nanoparticulate delivery system was reported by our group at the beginning of 2000. AS-ODNs are condensed by the polycationic peptide protamine into solid particles in the size range of 100-200nm. Nanoparticle formation is driven by a self-assembling process based on electrostatic interactions between the oppositely charged biomolecules. This new delivery system was named "proticles" and showed very efficient protection against enzymatic digestion, high transfection rates and significant antisense effects in vitro. Throughout broader research, this promising approach was enlarged, and AS-ODNs were replaced by siRNA or CpG-oligonucleotides to address the aspect of immune-modulation and vaccination. More recent studies on proticles verified upscaling of the self-assembling process as well as the potential of proticle formulations for active drug targeting, like tumor- or atherosclerotic plaque targeting. Thereby also the application for diagnostic purposes was emphasized. This review will focus on the characterization of the nucleoprotein protamine as well as on the variety of possible nucleotides/peptides which were already assembled into the proticle matrix. Furthermore it will provide an insight into the broad area of application where proticles can present a valuable tool for successful oligonucleotide delivery.
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Gungor B, Yagci FC, Tincer G, Bayyurt B, Alpdundar E, Yildiz S, Ozcan M, Gursel I, Gursel M. CpG ODN nanorings induce IFNα from plasmacytoid dendritic cells and demonstrate potent vaccine adjuvant activity. Sci Transl Med 2015; 6:235ra61. [PMID: 24807558 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3007909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN) are short single-stranded synthetic DNA molecules that activate the immune system and have been found to be effective for preventing and treating infectious diseases, allergies, and cancers. Structurally distinct classes of synthetic ODN expressing CpG motifs differentially activate human immune cells. K-type ODN (K-ODN), which have progressed into human clinical trials as vaccine adjuvants and immunotherapeutic agents, are strong activators of B cells and trigger plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) to differentiate and produce tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα). In contrast, D-type ODN (D-ODN) stimulate large amounts of interferon-α (IFNα) secretion from pDCs. This activity depends on the ability of D-ODN to adopt nanometer-sized G quadruplex-based structures, complicating their manufacturing and hampering their progress into the clinic. In search of a D-ODN substitute, we attempted to multimerize K-ODN into stable nanostructures using cationic peptides. We show that short ODN with a rigid secondary structure form nuclease-resistant nanorings after condensation with the HIV-derived peptide Tat(47-57). The nanorings enhanced cellular internalization, targeted the ODN to early endosomes, and induced a robust IFNα response from human pDCs. Compared to the conventional K-ODN, nanorings boosted T helper 1-mediated immune responses in mice immunized with the inactivated foot and mouth disease virus vaccine and generated superior antitumor immunity when used as a therapeutic tumor vaccine adjuvant in C57BL/6 mice bearing ovalbumin-expressing EG.7 thymoma tumors. These results suggest that the nanorings can act as D-ODN surrogates and may find a niche for further clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bilgi Gungor
- Department of Biological Sciences, Middle East Technical University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
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Démoulins T, Milona P, McCullough KC. Alginate-coated chitosan nanogels differentially modulate class-A and class-B CpG-ODN targeting of dendritic cells and intracellular delivery. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2014; 10:1739-49. [PMID: 24941461 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2014.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Revised: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED CpG-oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG-ODNs) interact with dendritic cells (DCs), but evidence is less clear for CpG-ODN admixed with or incorporated into vaccine delivery vehicles. We loaded alginate-coated chitosan-nanogels (Ng) with class-A or class-B CpG-ODN, and compared with the same CpG-ODNs free or admixed with empty Ng. Experiments were performed on both porcine and human blood DC subpopulations. Encapsulation of class-A CpG-ODN (loading into Ng) strongly reduced the CpG-ODN uptake and intracellular trafficking in the cytosol; this was associated with a marked deficiency in IFN-α induction. In contrast, encapsulation of class-B CpG-ODN increased its uptake and did not influence consistently intracellular trafficking into the nucleus. The choice of CpG-ODN class as adjuvant is thus critical in terms of how it will behave with nanoparticulate vaccine delivery vehicles. The latter can have distinctive modulatory influences on the CpG-ODN, which would require definition for different CpG-ODN and delivery vehicles prior to vaccine formulation. FROM THE CLINICAL EDITOR This basic science study investigates the role of class-A and class-B CpG-oligodeoxynucleotides loaded into alginate-coated chitosan nanogels, demonstrating differential effects between the two classes as related to the use of these nanoformulations as vaccine delivery vehicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Démoulins
- Institute of Virology and Immunology (IVI), Mittelhäusern, Switzerland.
| | - Panagiota Milona
- Institute of Virology and Immunology (IVI), Mittelhäusern, Switzerland
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Levenson EA, Kiick KL. DNA-polymer conjugates for immune stimulation through Toll-like receptor 9 mediated pathways. Acta Biomater 2014; 10:1134-45. [PMID: 24316364 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2013.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Revised: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 11/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) containing unmethylated CpG dinucleotide motifs are agonists of Toll-like receptor 9 and are currently being investigated for use as vaccine adjuvants through the promotion of type I immunity. Several classes of ODN have been developed which differ in their propensity to aggregate, which in turn alters cytokine profiles and cellular subsets activated. Although aggregation state is correlated with the change in cytokine response, it is unknown if this results from a change in the number of ODNs available for binding and/or the possible engagement of multiple TLR9 molecules. Here, we examined the role of ligand valency on the activation of TLR9 through the synthesis of ODN-poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) conjugates. The compositions and size of the conjugates were characterized by UV-vis spectroscopy, proton nuclear magnetic resonance, gel permeation chromatography and dynamic light scattering. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays of cytokine secretion by murine-like macrophages indicate that these ODN-PAA polymer conjugates show enhanced immunostimulation at 100-fold lower concentrations than those required for ODN alone, for both TNF-α and IL-6 release, and are more potent than any other previously reported multivalent ODN constructs. Increasing valency was shown to significantly enhance cytokine expression, particularly for IL-6. Knockdown by siRNA demonstrates that these polymer conjugates are specific to TLR9. Our results define valency as a critical design parameter and polymer conjugation as an advantageous strategy for producing ODN immunomodulatory agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric A Levenson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Kristi L Kiick
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA; Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA; The Delaware Biotechnology Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA.
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Giri PK, Khuller GK. Is intranasal vaccination a feasible solution for tuberculosis? Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 7:1341-56. [DOI: 10.1586/14760584.7.9.1341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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15
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Protamine nanoparticles with CpG-oligodeoxynucleotide prevent an allergen-induced Th2-response in BALB/c mice. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2013; 85:656-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2013.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2012] [Revised: 02/06/2013] [Accepted: 03/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Knuschke T, Epple M, Westendorf AM. The type of adjuvant strongly influences the T-cell response during nanoparticle-based immunization. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2013; 10:164-9. [PMID: 23982325 DOI: 10.4161/hv.26203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Potent vaccines require the ability to effectively induce immune responses. Especially for the control of infectious diseases with intracellular pathogens, like viruses or bacteria, potent T-cell responses are indispensable. Several delivery systems such as nanoparticles have been considered to boost the immunogenicity of pathogen derived peptides or subunits for the induction of potent T-cell responses. Since they can be further functionalized with immunostimulants, like Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists, they improve the response by enhanced activation of the innate immune system. Currently, TLR agonists like unmethylated CpG oligonucleotides and the synthetic dsRNA derivate polyriboinosinic acid-polyribocytidylic acid (poly[I:C]) are widely used as vaccine adjuvants. CpG and poly(I:C) trigger different TLRs and therefore show differential signal transduction. Recently, we established biodegradable calcium phosphate (CaP) nanoparticles as potent T cell inducing vaccination vehicles. In this commentary we discuss the role of CpG and poly(I:C) for the effective induction of virus-specific T cells during immunization with CaP nanoparticles. The presented results underline the importance of the right formulation of vaccines for specific immunization purpose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torben Knuschke
- Infection Immunology; Institute of Medical Microbiology; University Hospital Essen; University of Duisburg-Essen; Essen, Germany
| | - Matthias Epple
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry; University of Duisburg-Essen; Campus Essen, and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CeNIDE); Essen, Germany
| | - Astrid M Westendorf
- Infection Immunology; Institute of Medical Microbiology; University Hospital Essen; University of Duisburg-Essen; Essen, Germany
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Démoulins T, Bassi I, Thomann-Harwood L, Jandus C, Kaeuper P, Simon HU, von Gunten S, McCullough KC. Alginate-coated chitosan nanogel capacity to modulate the effect of TLR ligands on blood dendritic cells. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2013; 9:806-17. [PMID: 23347894 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2013.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2012] [Revised: 11/16/2012] [Accepted: 01/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Biodegradable nanoparticles have been employed for vaccine delivery, frequently admixed with adjuvants. Surprisingly, there is little information on their modulation of immune responses, speculated to be negligible. We analyzed the immunomodulatory capacity of alginate-coated chitosan nanogels (Ng), on porcine and human blood dendritic cells (DCs), when applied with defined adjuvants targeting different DC subpopulations. DC maturation, cytokine production and cell migration were assessed. Ng differentially influenced the immunomodulatory characteristics of individual Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands: Pam3Cys-SK4-induced IL-1β was enhanced; CpG-oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG-ODN)-induced IFN-α, IL-6 and TNFα were impaired; CpG-ODN-induced CD86 and CCR7, and cell migration, were diminished-plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs) were particularly sensitive. Therein, the Ng influence on DC endocytosis of the TLR ligands was apparently a major contributory element. This demonstrates the importance of predefining the interplay between delivery vehicles and admixed immunostimulatory moieties, for ensuring appropriate immune activation and efficacious combinations. FROM THE CLINICAL EDITOR Biodegradable nanoparticles have been utilized in vaccine delivery; however, there is little information available on their immunomodulatory properties, which are thought to be negligible. This study clearly demonstrates that nanogels do influence the developing immune response, which needs to be taken into consideration when utilizing these otherwise very efficacious vaccine delivery approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Démoulins
- Institute of Virology and Immunoprophylaxis (IVI), Sensemattstrasse 293, 3147 Mittelhäusern, Switzerland.
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San Román B, De Andrés X, Muñoz PM, Obregón P, Asensio AC, Garrido V, Mansilla C, Arribillaga L, Lasarte JJ, De Andrés D, Amorena B, Grilló MJ. The extradomain A of fibronectin (EDA) combined with poly(I:C) enhances the immune response to HIV-1 p24 protein and the protection against recombinant Listeria monocytogenes-Gag infection in the mouse model. Vaccine 2012; 30:2564-9. [PMID: 22326778 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.01.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2011] [Revised: 12/05/2011] [Accepted: 01/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The development of effective vaccines against HIV-1 infection constitutes one of the major challenges in viral immunology. One of the protein candidates in vaccination against this virus is p24, since it is a conserved HIV antigen that has cytotoxic and helper T cell epitopes as well as B cell epitopes that may jointly confer enhanced protection against infection when used in immunization-challenge approaches. In this context, the adjuvant effect of EDA (used as EDAp24 fusion protein) and poly(I:C), as agonists of TLR4 and TLR3, respectively, was assessed in p24 immunizations using a recombinant Listeria monocytogenes HIV-1 Gag proteins (Lm-Gag, where p24 is the major antigen) for challenge in mice. Immunization with EDAp24 fusion protein together with poly(I:C) adjuvant induced a specific p24 IFN-γ production (Th1 profile) as well as protection against a Lm-Gag challenge, suggesting an additive or synergistic effect between both adjuvants. The combination of EDA (as a fusion protein with the antigen, which may favor antigen targeting to dendritic cells through TLR4) and poly(I:C) could thus be a good adjuvant candidate to enhance the immune response against HIV-1 proteins and its use may open new ways in vaccine investigations on this virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz San Román
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (CSIC-UPNA-Gobierno de Navarra), Carretera de Mutilva, sn. 31192 Mutilva, Navarra, Spain
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Eszterhas SK, Ilonzo NO, Crozier JE, Celaj S, Howell AL. Nanoparticles containing siRNA to silence CD4 and CCR5 reduce expression of these receptors and inhibit HIV-1 infection in human female reproductive tract tissue explants. Infect Dis Rep 2011; 3:e11. [PMID: 24470908 PMCID: PMC3892589 DOI: 10.4081/idr.2011.e11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2011] [Revised: 08/03/2011] [Accepted: 08/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Human Immunodeficiency Virus-type 1 (HIV-1) binds to CD4 and CCR5 receptors on target cells in the human female reproductive tract. We sought to determine whether reducing levels of messenger RNA (mRNA) transcripts that encode these receptors in female reproductive tract cells could protect mucosal tissue explants from HIV-1 infection. Explants prepared from the endometrium, endocervix, and ectocervix of hysterectomy tissues from HIV-1 sero-negative women were exposed to nanoparticles containing CD4- and CCR5-specific short-interfering RNA (siRNA) sequences. Explants were then exposed two days later to HIV-1, and HIV-1 reverse transcripts were measured five days post-infection. Explants treated with nanoparticles containing CD4- and CCR5-specific siRNA showed reduced levels of CD4 and CCR5 transcripts, and significantly lower levels of HIV-1 reverse transcripts compared to those treated with an irrelevant siRNA. In female reproductive tract explants and in peripheral blood cell cultures, siRNA transfection induced the secretion of IFN-alpha (IFN-α), a potent antiviral cytokine. In female mice, murine-specific Cd4-siRNA nanoparticles instilled within the uterus significantly reduced murine Cd4 transcripts by day 3. Our findings demonstrate that siRNA nanoparticles reduce expression of HIV-1 infectivity receptors in human female reproductive tract tissues and also inhibit HIV-1 infection. Murine studies demonstrate that nanoparticles can penetrate the reproductive tract tissues in vivo and silence gene expression. The induction of IFN-α after siRNA transfection can potentially contribute to the antiviral effect. These findings support the therapeutic development of nanoparticles to deliver siRNA molecules to silence host cell receptors in the female reproductive tract as a novel microbicide to inhibit mucosal HIV-1 transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan K Eszterhas
- V.A. Medical Center, White River Junction, VT; ; Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Nicole O Ilonzo
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | | | - Stela Celaj
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Alexandra L Howell
- V.A. Medical Center, White River Junction, VT; ; Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, NH, USA
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Almer G, Wernig K, Saba-Lepek M, Haj-Yahya S, Rattenberger J, Wagner J, Gradauer K, Frascione D, Pabst G, Leitinger G, Mangge H, Zimmer A, Prassl R. Adiponectin-coated nanoparticles for enhanced imaging of atherosclerotic plaques. Int J Nanomedicine 2011; 6:1279-90. [PMID: 21753879 PMCID: PMC3131194 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s18739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2011] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atherosclerosis is a leading cause of mortality in the Western world, and plaque diagnosis is still a challenge in cardiovascular medicine. The main focus of this study was to make atherosclerotic plaques visible using targeted nanoparticles for improved imaging. Today various biomarkers are known to be involved in the pathophysiologic scenario of atherosclerotic plaques. One promising new candidate is the globular domain of the adipocytokine adiponectin (gAd), which was used as a targeting sequence in this study. METHODS gAd was coupled to two different types of nanoparticles, namely protamine-oligonucleotide nanoparticles, known as proticles, and sterically stabilized liposomes. Both gAd-targeted nanoparticles were investigated for their potency to characterize critical scenarios within early and advanced atherosclerotic plaque lesions using an atherosclerotic mouse model. Aortic tissue from wild type and apolipoprotein E-deficient mice, both fed a high-fat diet, were stained with either fluorescent-labeled gAd or gAd-coupled nanoparticles. Ex vivo imaging was performed using confocal laser scanning microscopy. RESULTS gAd-targeted sterically stabilized liposomes generated a strong signal by accumulating at the surface of atherosclerotic plaques, while gAd-targeted proticles became internalized and showed more spotted plaque staining. CONCLUSION Our results offer a promising perspective for enhanced in vivo imaging using gAd-targeted nanoparticles. By means of nanoparticles, a higher payload of signal emitting molecules could be transported to atherosclerotic plaques. Additionally, the opportunity is opened up to visualize different regions in the plaque scenario, depending on the nature of the nanoparticle used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunter Almer
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Graz, Austria
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21
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Samulowitz U, Weber M, Weeratna R, Uhlmann E, Noll B, Krieg AM, Vollmer J. A novel class of immune-stimulatory CpG oligodeoxynucleotides unifies high potency in type I interferon induction with preferred structural properties. Oligonucleotides 2010; 20:93-101. [PMID: 20384481 DOI: 10.1089/oli.2009.0210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Unmethylated deoxycytidyl-deoxyguanosin dinucleotide (CpG)-containing oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) have been well characterized as agonists for Toll-like receptor 9. We here describe a new class of CpG ODNs, the so-called P-Class, which combines preferred properties of known CpG ODN classes. This P-Class contains two palindromic sequences, enabling it to form concatamers, multimeric units, where each molecule is bound via Watson-Crick basepairing to a second and a third palindrome. The type I interferon-inducing potency and efficacy of the double-palindromic P-Class ODN is substantially higher than that of previously described C-Class ODNs, and they stimulate superior cytokine production upon in vivo application. The multimeric structures of the P-Class can be resolved to monomers and dimers by formulation in low-salt buffer, retaining the strong and potent immune effects. Taken together, we have discovered a novel class of CpG ODNs, the P-Class, with promising superior activity for disease application.
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Sokolova V, Knuschke T, Kovtun A, Buer J, Epple M, Westendorf AM. The use of calcium phosphate nanoparticles encapsulating Toll-like receptor ligands and the antigen hemagglutinin to induce dendritic cell maturation and T cell activation. Biomaterials 2010; 31:5627-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2010.03.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2010] [Accepted: 03/25/2010] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Abstract
Previous studies have shown that single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) mixed with protamine forms particles and activates immune cells through Toll-like receptors (TLRs). We have found that the size of protamine-RNA particles generated depends on the electrolyte content when mixing the 2 components. Moreover, we have evidenced that (1) nanometric particles induce production of interferon-alpha, whereas (2) micrometric particles mainly induce production of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) in human immune cells. We found that the mechanisms underlying these observations are (1) nanoparticles but not microparticles are selectively phagocytosed by plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs), which produce interferon-alpha and (2) monocytes that produce TNF-alpha have a higher activation threshold than that of pDCs. Thus, at the same time as sensing pathogen-associated molecular patterns such as ssRNA, the immune system distinguishes the size of the associated structure in such a way as to trigger the adapted antivirus (nanometric) or antibacterial/antifungal (micrometric) immune response. Our results introduce a new dimension in danger signaling--how size qualitatively affects innate response.
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Koh CG, Zhang X, Liu S, Golan S, Yu B, Yang X, Guan J, Jin Y, Talmon Y, Muthusamy N, Chan KK, Byrd JC, Lee RJ, Marcucci G, Lee LJ. Delivery of antisense oligodeoxyribonucleotide lipopolyplex nanoparticles assembled by microfluidic hydrodynamic focusing. J Control Release 2009; 141:62-9. [PMID: 19716852 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2009.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2009] [Revised: 07/28/2009] [Accepted: 08/19/2009] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
A multi-inlet microfluidic hydrodynamic focusing (MF) system to prepare lipopolyplex (LP) containing Bcl-2 antisense deoxyoligonucleotide (ODN) was developed and evaluated. The lipopolyplex nanoparticles consist of ODN:protamine:lipids (1:0.3:12.5wt/wt ratio) and the lipids included DC-Chol:egg PC:PEG-DSPE (40:58:2mol/mol%). Using K562 human erythroleukemia cells, which contain an abundance of Bcl-2 and overexpression of transferrin receptors (TfR), and G3139 (oblimerson sodium or Genasense(TM)) as a model cell line and drug, respectively, the Bcl-2 down-regulation at the mRNA and protein levels as well as cellular uptake and apoptosis was compared between the conventional bulk mixing (BM) method and the MF method. The lipopolyplex size and surface charge were characterized by dynamic light scattering (DLS) and zeta potential (zeta) measurement, respectively, while the ODN encapsulation efficiency was determined by gel electrophoresis. Cryogenic transmission electron microscopy (Cryo-TEM) was used to determine the morphology of LPs. Our results demonstrated that MF produced LP nanoparticles had similar structures but smaller size and size distribution compared to BM LP nanoparticles. MF LP nanoparticles had higher level of Bcl-2 antisense uptake and showed more efficient down-regulation of Bcl-2 protein level than BM LP nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chee Guan Koh
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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Coch C, Busch N, Wimmenauer V, Hartmann E, Janke M, Abdel-Mottaleb MMA, Lamprecht A, Ludwig J, Barchet W, Schlee M, Hartmann G. Higher activation of TLR9 in plasmacytoid dendritic cells by microbial DNA compared with self-DNA based on CpG-specific recognition of phosphodiester DNA. J Leukoc Biol 2009; 86:663-70. [PMID: 19620253 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0509314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
TLR9 detects DNA in endolysosomal compartments of human B cells and PDC. Recently, the concept of the CpG motif specificity of TLR9-mediated detection, specifically of natural phosphodiester DNA, has been challenged. Unlike in human B cells, CpG specificity of natural phosphodiester DNA recognition in human PDC has not been analyzed in the literature. Here, we found that the induction of IFN-alpha and TNF-alpha in human PDC by phosphodiester ODNs containing one or two CG dinucleotides was reduced to a lower level when the CG dinucleotides were methylated and was abolished if the CGs were switched to GCs. Consistent with a high frequency of unmethylated CG dinucleotides, bacterial DNA induced high levels of IFN-alpha in PDC; IFN-alpha was reduced but not abolished upon methylation of bacterial DNA. Mammalian DNA containing low numbers of CG dinucleotides, which are frequently methylated, induced IFN-alpha in PDC consistently but on a much lower level than bacterial DNA. For activation of PDC, phosphodiester ODNs and genomic DNA strictly required complexation with cationic molecules such as the keratinocyte-derived antimicrobial peptide LL37 or a scrambled derivative. In conclusion, we demonstrate that self-DNA complexed to cationic molecules activate PDC and thus, indeed, may function as DAMPs; nevertheless, the preference of PDC for CpG containing DNA provides the basis for the discrimination of microbial from self-DNA even if DNA is presented in the condensed form of a complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Coch
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pharmacology, University Hospital of Bonn, D-53127 Bonn, Germany
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Enhancing the therapeutic efficacy of CpG oligonucleotides using biodegradable microparticles. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2009; 61:218-25. [PMID: 19168103 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2008.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/15/2008] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Oligonucleotides, with specific sequence surrounding CpG motifs, appear to be very effective for the induction of a potent Th1 responses. This molecule represents pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) that allows the pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs) present on innate immune cells to recognize them and become activated. PAMPs and related compounds are often labelled as immunopotentiators, allowing a clear distinction between them and particulate delivery systems such as emulsions, liposomes, virus-like particles and microparticles. Microparticles prepared from biodegradable, biocompatible polyesters, and poly (lactide co-glycolide) (PLG). They have been proven to be a good particulate delivery system for the co-delivery of antigens and adjuvants. PLG has been used in humans for many years as a resorbable suture material and controlled-release drug delivery systems. It has been demonstrated that antigen presenting cells (APCs) efficiently uptake the PLG microparticles ( approximately 1 microm) both in vivo and in vitro. After uptake, the PLG subsequently induces an antigen specific CTL response in rodents. Several groups, including our group, have evaluated CpG as an immunopotentiator in various formulations and delivery systems (i.e. emulsions and particulate systems). This review will discuss in detail the work conducted so far with CpG using PLG microparticles as a delivery system. We will also discuss the advantages and enhancement of immune properties of formulating CpG (soluble, adsorbed, and encapsulated forms) with PLG microparticles along with future directions for these microparticles with CpG.
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Sivamani E, DeLong RK, Qu R. Protamine-mediated DNA coating remarkably improves bombardment transformation efficiency in plant cells. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2009; 28:213-221. [PMID: 19015859 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-008-0636-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2008] [Revised: 10/24/2008] [Accepted: 10/26/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We have developed a method by which remarkably higher efficiencies of transient and stable transformation were achieved in bombardment transformation of plants. Over fivefold increase in transient gus gene expression was achieved when rice or maize suspension cells were bombarded with gold particles coated with plasmid DNA in the presence of protamine instead of the conventional spermidine. A 3.3-fold improvement in stable transformation efficiency was also observed using rice suspension cells with the new coating approach. The coated protamine-plasmid DNA complex resisted degradation by a DNase or by rice cell extract much longer than the spermidine-plasmid DNA complex. The results from this study suggest that protamine protects plasmid DNA longer than spermidine when being delivered inside the cells, probably by forming a nano-scale complex, and thus helps improve the efficiency of particle bombardment-mediated plant transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elumalai Sivamani
- Department of Crop Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7620, USA
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Saitoh SI, Miyake K. Regulatory molecules required for nucleotide-sensing Toll-like receptors. Immunol Rev 2009; 227:32-43. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2008.00729.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Sachdeva N, Asthana V, Brewer TH, Garcia D, Asthana D. Impaired restoration of plasmacytoid dendritic cells in HIV-1-infected patients with poor CD4 T cell reconstitution is associated with decrease in capacity to produce IFN-alpha but not proinflammatory cytokines. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 181:2887-97. [PMID: 18684980 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.4.2887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We analyzed reconstitution characteristics of plasmacytoid dendritic cells (PDCs) and myeloid DCs-1 in 38 HIV-1-infected patients with impaired restoration of CD4 T cell counts despite prolonged suppression of plasma viremia (discordant) and compared them with 42 patients showing good immunological and virological responses following highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). While myeloid DCs showed spontaneous recovery following HAART in both the groups, the discordant patients demonstrated poor peripheral reconstitution of PDCs as compared with concordant patients. The ability of PDCs to produce IFN-alpha following stimulation with TLR7 ligand imiquimod and TLR9 ligand CpG ODN-2216 was also impaired in discordant patients even after 2 years following initiation of HAART. Lower IFN-alpha expression in the PDCs following TLR stimulation was further associated with lower expression of transcription factor, IFN regulatory factor-7. In contrast, production of TNF-alpha and IL-6 following TLR stimulation was comparable in both groups of patients, indicating that impaired reconstitution characteristics do not affect the capacity of PDCs to produce proinflammatory cytokines. The discordant patients had significantly lower baseline CD4 T cell counts and higher baseline viral load at the initiation of HAART implying that lower baseline CD4 T cell counts and higher plasma viral load are associated with impaired restoration of CD4 T cells and PDCs, thus, increasing the susceptibility of discordant patients toward opportunistic infections despite virological control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naresh Sachdeva
- Laboratory for Clinical and Biological Studies, University of Miami-Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
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Gilliet M, Cao W, Liu YJ. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells: sensing nucleic acids in viral infection and autoimmune diseases. Nat Rev Immunol 2008; 8:594-606. [PMID: 18641647 DOI: 10.1038/nri2358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 909] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) are important mediators of antiviral immunity through their ability to produce large amounts of type I interferons (IFNs) on viral infection. This function of pDCs is linked to their expression of Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) and TLR9, which sense viral nucleic acids within the early endosomes. Exclusion of self nucleic acids from TLR-containing early endosomes normally prevents pDC responses to them. However, in some autoimmune diseases, self nucleic acids can be modified by host factors and gain entrance to pDC endosomes, where they activate TLR signalling. Several pDC receptors negatively regulate type I IFN responses by pDCs during viral infection and for normal homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Gilliet
- Department of Immunology and Center of Cancer Immunology Research, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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Higgins D, Marshall JD, Traquina P, Van Nest G, Livingston BD. Immunostimulatory DNA as a vaccine adjuvant. Expert Rev Vaccines 2007; 6:747-59. [PMID: 17931155 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.6.5.747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Immunostimulatory DNA containing unmethylated CpG motifs is recognized by Toll-like receptor 9, resulting in the activation of innate immune responses that subsequently amplify the adaptive-immune response. Advances in the characterization of Toll-like receptor 9 signaling have identified immunostimulatory sequences (ISS) with distinct biological activities. Numerous animal models have demonstrated that synthetic ISS are effective adjuvants that enhance both humoral and cellular immune responses in diverse indications, ranging from infectious disease to cancer and allergy. An added benefit supporting the use of ISS as a vaccine adjuvant is that the specific activation of a pathway critical to the regulation of the immune response results in minimal toxicity. To date, clinical testing has largely affirmed the potency and safety of ISS-adjuvanted vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debbie Higgins
- Preclinical Research, Dynavax Technologies, 2929 Seventh Street, Suite 100, Berkeley, CA 94710, USA.
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Wang X, Uto T, Akagi T, Akashi M, Baba M. Poly(γ-glutamic acid) nanoparticles as an efficient antigen delivery and adjuvant system: Potential for an AIDS vaccine. J Med Virol 2007; 80:11-9. [DOI: 10.1002/jmv.21029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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