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Kmiec EB, Bloh K. A toolmaker's perspective on CRISPR-directed gene editing as a therapeutic strategy for leukemia and beyond. Expert Rev Hematol 2021; 14:587-592. [PMID: 34047246 DOI: 10.1080/17474086.2021.1935853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eric B Kmiec
- Gene Editing Institute, Helen F. Graham Cancer Center and Research Institute, Newark, USA
| | - Kevin Bloh
- Gene Editing Institute, Helen F. Graham Cancer Center and Research Institute, Newark, USA.,University of Delaware, Department of Medical and Molecular Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Newark, USA
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2
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Bertoni C. Emerging gene editing strategies for Duchenne muscular dystrophy targeting stem cells. Front Physiol 2014; 5:148. [PMID: 24795643 PMCID: PMC4001063 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2014.00148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2013] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The progressive loss of muscle mass characteristic of many muscular dystrophies impairs the efficacy of most of the gene and molecular therapies currently being pursued for the treatment of those disorders. It is becoming increasingly evident that a therapeutic application, to be effective, needs to target not only mature myofibers, but also muscle progenitors cells or muscle stem cells able to form new muscle tissue and to restore myofibers lost as the result of the diseases or during normal homeostasis so as to guarantee effective and lost lasting effects. Correction of the genetic defect using oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) or engineered nucleases holds great potential for the treatment of many of the musculoskeletal disorders. The encouraging results obtained by studying in vitro systems and model organisms have set the groundwork for what is likely to become an emerging field in the area of molecular and regenerative medicine. Furthermore, the ability to isolate and expand from patients various types of muscle progenitor cells capable of committing to the myogenic lineage provides the opportunity to establish cell lines that can be used for transplantation following ex vivo manipulation and expansion. The purpose of this article is to provide a perspective on approaches aimed at correcting the genetic defect using gene editing strategies and currently under development for the treatment of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), the most sever of the neuromuscular disorders. Emphasis will be placed on describing the potential of using the patient own stem cell as source of transplantation and the challenges that gene editing technologies face in the field of regenerative biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Bertoni
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles CA, USA
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Wang X, Wang Y, Huang H, Chen B, Chen X, Hu J, Chang T, Lin RJ, Yee JK. Precise gene modification mediated by TALEN and single-stranded oligodeoxynucleotides in human cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e93575. [PMID: 24691488 PMCID: PMC3972112 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0093575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of human embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) facilitates in vitro studies of human disease mechanisms, speeds up the process of drug screening, and raises the feasibility of using cell replacement therapy in clinics. However, the study of genotype-phenotype relationships in ESCs or iPSCs is hampered by the low efficiency of site-specific gene editing. Transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs) spurred interest due to the ease of assembly, high efficiency and faithful gene targeting. In this study, we optimized the TALEN design to maximize its genomic cutting efficiency. We showed that using optimized TALENs in conjunction with single-strand oligodeoxynucleotide (ssODN) allowed efficient gene editing in human cells. Gene mutations and gene deletions for up to 7.8 kb can be accomplished at high efficiencies. We established human tumor cell lines and H9 ESC lines with homozygous deletion of the microRNA-21 (miR-21) gene and miR-9-2 gene. These cell lines provide a robust platform to dissect the roles these genes play during cell differentiation and tumorigenesis. We also observed that the endogenous homologous chromosome can serve as a donor template for gene editing. Overall, our studies demonstrate the versatility of using ssODN and TALEN to establish genetically modified cells for research and therapeutic application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoling Wang
- Department of Virology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California, United States of America
| | - Yingjia Wang
- Department of Virology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California, United States of America
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - He Huang
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Buyuan Chen
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California, United States of America
- Department of Hematology, Union Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Xinji Chen
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California, United States of America
- Department of Hematology, Union Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Jianda Hu
- Department of Hematology, Union Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Tammy Chang
- Department of Virology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California, United States of America
| | - Ren-Jang Lin
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California, United States of America
| | - Jiing-Kuan Yee
- Department of Virology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Papaioannou I, Simons JP, Owen JS. Oligonucleotide-directed gene-editing technology: mechanisms and future prospects. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2012; 12:329-42. [PMID: 22321001 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2012.660522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Gene editing, as defined here, uses short synthetic oligonucleotides to introduce small, site-specific changes into mammalian genomes, including repair of genetic point mutations. Early RNA-DNA oligonucleotides (chimeraplasts) were problematic, but application of single-stranded all-DNA molecules (ssODNs) has matured the technology into a reproducible tool with therapeutic potential. AREAS COVERED The review illustrates how gene-editing mechanisms are linked to DNA repair systems and DNA replication, and explains that while homologous recombination (HR) and nucleotide excision repair (NER) are implicated, the mismatch repair (MMR) system is inhibitory. Although edited cells often arrest in late S-phase or G2-phase, alternative ssODN chemistries can improve editing efficiency and cell viability. The final section focuses on the exciting tandem use of ssODNs with zinc finger nucleases to achieve high frequency genome editing. EXPERT OPINION For a decade, changing the genetic code of cells via ssODNs was largely done in reporter gene systems to optimize methods and as proof-of-principle. Today, editing endogenous genes is advancing, driven by a clearer understanding of mechanisms, by effective ssODN designs and by combination with engineered endonuclease technologies. Success is becoming routine in vitro and ex vivo, which includes editing embryonic stem (ES) and induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells, suggesting that in vivo organ gene editing is a future option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Papaioannou
- UCL Medical School, Division of Medicine (Upper 3rd Floor), Royal Free Campus, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, UK
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5
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Sargent RG, Kim S, Gruenert DC. Oligo/polynucleotide-based gene modification: strategies and therapeutic potential. Oligonucleotides 2011; 21:55-75. [PMID: 21417933 DOI: 10.1089/oli.2010.0273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Oligonucleotide- and polynucleotide-based gene modification strategies were developed as an alternative to transgene-based and classical gene targeting-based gene therapy approaches for treatment of genetic disorders. Unlike the transgene-based strategies, oligo/polynucleotide gene targeting approaches maintain gene integrity and the relationship between the protein coding and gene-specific regulatory sequences. Oligo/polynucleotide-based gene modification also has several advantages over classical vector-based homologous recombination approaches. These include essentially complete homology to the target sequence and the potential to rapidly engineer patient-specific oligo/polynucleotide gene modification reagents. Several oligo/polynucleotide-based approaches have been shown to successfully mediate sequence-specific modification of genomic DNA in mammalian cells. The strategies involve the use of polynucleotide small DNA fragments, triplex-forming oligonucleotides, and single-stranded oligodeoxynucleotides to mediate homologous exchange. The primary focus of this review will be on the mechanistic aspects of the small fragment homologous replacement, triplex-forming oligonucleotide-mediated, and single-stranded oligodeoxynucleotide-mediated gene modification strategies as it relates to their therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Geoffrey Sargent
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of California , San Francisco, California 94115, USA
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Falgowski K, Falgowski C, York-Vickers C, Kmiec EB. Strand bias influences the mechanism of gene editing directed by single-stranded DNA oligonucleotides. Nucleic Acids Res 2011; 39:4783-94. [PMID: 21343181 PMCID: PMC3113578 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkr061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene editing directed by modified single-stranded DNA oligonucleotides has been used to alter a single base pair in a variety of biological systems. It is likely that gene editing is facilitated by the direct incorporation of the oligonucleotides via replication and/or by direct conversion, most likely through the DNA mismatch repair pathway. The phenomenon of strand bias, however, as well as its importance to the gene editing reaction itself, has yet to be elucidated in terms of mechanism. We have taken a reductionist approach by using a genetic readout in Eschericha coli and a plasmid-based selectable system to evaluate the influence of strand bias on the mechanism of gene editing. We show that oligonucleotides (ODNs) designed to anneal to the lagging strand generate 100-fold greater 'editing' efficiency than 'those that anneal to' the leading strand. The majority of editing events (∼70%) occur by the incorporation of the ODN during replication within the lagging strand. Conversely, ODNs that anneal to the leading strand generate fewer editing events although this event may follow either the incorporation or direct conversion pathway. In general, the influence of DNA replication is independent of which ODN is used suggesting that the importance of strand bias is a reflection of the underlying mechanism used to carry out gene editing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerry Falgowski
- Marshall Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, Marshall University, Robert C. Byrd Biotechnology Science Center, 1700 Third Avenue, Suite 220, Huntington, WV 25755, USA
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7
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Aarts M, te Riele H. Progress and prospects: oligonucleotide-directed gene modification in mouse embryonic stem cells: a route to therapeutic application. Gene Ther 2010; 18:213-9. [PMID: 21160530 DOI: 10.1038/gt.2010.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Gene targeting by single-stranded oligodeoxyribonucleotides (ssODNs) is a promising technique for introducing site-specific sequence alterations without affecting the genomic organization of the target locus. Here, we discuss the significant progress that has been made over the last 5 years in unraveling the mechanisms and reaction parameters underlying ssODN-mediated gene targeting. We will specifically focus on ssODN-mediated gene targeting in murine embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and the impact of the DNA mismatch repair (MMR) system on the targeting process. Implications of novel findings for routine application of ssODN-mediated gene targeting and challenges that need to be overcome for future therapeutic applications are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Aarts
- Division of Molecular Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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8
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McLachlan J, Fernandez S, Helleday T, Bryant HE. Specific targeted gene repair using single-stranded DNA oligonucleotides at an endogenous locus in mammalian cells uses homologous recombination. DNA Repair (Amst) 2009; 8:1424-33. [PMID: 19854687 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2009.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2007] [Revised: 09/23/2009] [Accepted: 09/29/2009] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The feasibility of introducing point mutations in vivo using single-stranded DNA oligonucleotides (ssON) has been demonstrated but the efficiency and mechanism remain elusive and potential side effects have not been fully evaluated. Understanding the mechanism behind this potential therapy may help its development. Here, we demonstrate the specific repair of an endogenous non-functional hprt gene by a ssON in mammalian cells, and show that the frequency of such an event is enhanced when cells are in S-phase of the cell cycle. A potential barrier in using ssONs as gene therapy could be non-targeted mutations or gene rearrangements triggered by the ssON. Both the non-specific mutation frequencies and the frequency of gene rearrangements were largely unaffected by ssONs. Furthermore, we find that the introduction of a mutation causing the loss of a functional endogenous hprt gene by a ssON occurred at a similarly low but statistically significant frequency in wild type cells and in cells deficient in single strand break repair, nucleotide excision repair and mismatch repair. However, this mutation was not induced in XRCC3 mutant cells deficient in homologous recombination. Thus, our data suggest ssON-mediated targeted gene repair is more efficient in S-phase and involves homologous recombination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer McLachlan
- The Institute for Cancer Studies, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK
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Breyer D, Herman P, Brandenburger A, Gheysen G, Remaut E, Soumillion P, Van Doorsselaere J, Custers R, Pauwels K, Sneyers M, Reheul D. Genetic modification through oligonucleotide-mediated mutagenesis. A GMO regulatory challenge? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 8:57-64. [PMID: 19833073 DOI: 10.1051/ebr/2009007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
In the European Union, the definition of a GMO is technology-based. This means that a novel organism will be regulated under the GMO regulatory framework only if it has been developed with the use of defined techniques. This approach is now challenged with the emergence of new techniques. In this paper, we describe regulatory and safety issues associated with the use of oligonucleotide-mediated mutagenesis to develop novel organisms. We present scientific arguments for not having organisms developed through this technique fall within the scope of the EU regulation on GMOs. We conclude that any political decision on this issue should be taken on the basis of a broad reflection at EU level, while avoiding discrepancies at international level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Didier Breyer
- Scientific Institute of Public Health, Division of Biosafety and Biotechnology, Brussels, Belgium.
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10
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Abstract
Gene targeting by single-stranded oligodeoxyribonucleotides (ssODNs) is emerging as a powerful tool for the introduction of subtle gene modifications in mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells and the generation of mutant mice. Here, we have studied the role of ssODN composition, transcription and replication of the target locus, and DNA repair pathways to gain more insight into the parameters governing ssODN-mediated gene targeting in mouse ES cells. We demonstrated that unmodified ssODNs of 35–40 nt were most efficient in correcting a chromosomally integrated mutant neomycin reporter gene. Addition of chemical modifications did not further enhance the efficacy of these ssODNs. The observed strand bias was not affected by transcriptional activity and may rather be caused by the different accessibility of the DNA strands during DNA replication. Consistently, targeting frequencies were enhanced when cells were treated with hydroxyurea to reduce the rate of replication fork progression. Transient down-regulation of various DNA repair genes by RNAi had no effect on the targeting frequency. Taken together, our data suggest that ssODN-mediated gene targeting occurs within the context of a replication fork. This implies that any given genomic sequence, irrespective of transcriptional status, should be amenable to ssODN-mediated gene targeting. The ability of ES cells to differentiate into various cell types after ssODN-mediated gene targeting may offer opportunities for future therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marieke Aarts
- Division of Molecular Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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11
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Wuepping M, Kenner O, Hegele H, Schwandt S, Kaufmann D. Higher efficiency of thymine-adenine clamp-modified single-stranded oligonucleotides in targeted nucleotide sequence correction is not correlated with lower intracellular degradation. Hum Gene Ther 2009; 20:283-7. [PMID: 19061415 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2008.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Specific single-stranded oligonucleotides can induce targeted nucleotide sequence correction in eukaryotic genes in vitro and in vivo. Our model for investigating the reasons for the low correction rates achieved by this method is the correction of a point mutation in the hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase gene (hprt) in the cell line V79-151. Using single-stranded phosphorothioate-modified oligonucleotides, the correction rates of this hprt mutation were low but always reproducible. One reason for low exchange rates may be fast intracellular degradation of the oligonucleotides. Therefore we compared the exchange rates of different 3' and 5' end-modified oligonucleotides with their degradation rates. Thymine-adenine (TA) repeat (clamp)-modified oligonucleotides showed higher correction rates than those with a guanine-cytosine (GC) clamp and 5' clamps induced higher correction rates than clamps at the 3' end. Experiments on the stability of the most effective 5'-TA and 3'-TA clamp-modified oligonucleotide indicated rapid cleavage and the occurrence of shortened oligonucleotides in the presence of cytoplasmic and nuclear extracts. The phosphorothioate-modified oligonucleotides were more stable, but their correction rates were lower. We suggest that there is no direct correlation between the biological stability of the full-length oligonucleotides and the exchange rates achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Wuepping
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, Ulm, Germany
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12
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Papaioannou I, Disterer P, Owen JS. Use of internally nuclease-protected single-strand DNA oligonucleotides and silencing of the mismatch repair protein, MSH2, enhances the replication of corrected cells following gene editing. J Gene Med 2009; 11:267-74. [PMID: 19153972 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.1296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gene editing is potentially a powerful technology for introducing genetic changes by using short single-stranded DNA oligonucleotides (ssODNs). However, their efficiency is reduced by the mismatch repair system, especially MSH2, which may suppress gene editing, although findings vary depending on readout and type of oligonucleotide used. Additionally, successfully edited cells are reported to arrest at the S- or G2-phase. In the present study, we evaluate whether a novel ssODN design and down-regulation of MSH2 expression allows the isolation of replicating gene-edited cells. METHODS Cultured Chinese hamster ovary cells expressing mutated enhanced green fluorescent protein were targeted with ssODNs of varying design, all capable of restoring fluorescence, which allows the monitoring of correction events by flow cytometry. Converted cells were isolated by cell sorting and grown to determine colony formation efficiencies. MSH2 expression was suppressed with small interfering RNA and the cell cycle distribution of cells transfected with ssODN was quantified by flow cytometry, following propidium iodide or DRAQ5 staining. RESULTS Although efficiency was higher using ssODN end-protected with phosphorothioate, the potential of edited cells to form colonies was lower than those targeted with unmodified ssODN. We established that ssODN transfection itself perturbs the cell cycle and that MSH2 gene silencing increases correction efficiency. In both cases, however, the effect was dependent on the positioning of the protected nucleotides. Importantly, when internally protected ssODN was used in combination with MSH2 suppression, a higher proportion of G1-phase corrected cells was observed 48-64 h after transfection. CONCLUSIONS Use of internally protected ssODN and downregulating cellular MSH2 activity may facilitate isolation of viable, actively replicating gene-edited cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Papaioannou
- Department of Medicine, Royal Free and University College Medical School, Royal Free Campus, London, UK
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Igoucheva O, Alexeev V, Anni H, Rubin E. Oligonucleotide-mediated gene targeting in human hepatocytes: implications of mismatch repair. Oligonucleotides 2008; 18:111-22. [PMID: 18637729 DOI: 10.1089/oli.2008.0120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Gene therapy using viral vectors for liver diseases, particularly congenital disorders, is besought with difficulties, particularly immunologic reactions to viral antigens. As a result, nonviral methods for gene transfer in hepatocytes have also been explored. Gene repair by small synthetic single-stranded oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) produces targeted alterations in the genome of mammalian cells and represents a great potential for nonviral gene therapy. To test the feasibility of ODN-mediated gene repair within chromosomal DNA in human hepatocytes, two new cell lines with stably integrated mutant reporter genes, namely neomycin and enhanced green fluorescent protein were established. Targeting theses cells with ODNs specifically designed for repair resulted in site-directed and permanent gene conversion of the single-point mutation of the reporter genes. Moreover, the frequency of gene alteration was highly dependent on the mitotic activity of the cells, indicating that the proliferative status is an important factor for successful targeting in human hepatocytes. cDNA array expression profiling of DNA repair genes under different cell culture conditions combined with RNA interference assay showed that mismatch repair (MMR) in actively growing hepatocytes imposes a strong barrier to efficient gene repair mediated by ODNs. Suppression of MSH2 activity in hepatocytes transduced with short hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) targeted to MSH2 mRNA resulted in 25- to 30-fold increase in gene repair rate, suggesting a negative effect of MMR on ODN-mediated gene repair. Taken together, these data suggest that under appropriate conditions nonviral chromosomal targeting may represent a feasible approach to gene therapy in liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Igoucheva
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Jefferson Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA19107, USA.
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Site-specific gene modification by oligodeoxynucleotides in mouse bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Gene Ther 2008; 15:1035-48. [PMID: 18337839 DOI: 10.1038/gt.2008.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) had been employed in gene modification and represent an alternative approach to 'cure' genetic disorders caused by mutations. To test the ability of ODN-mediated gene repair in bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), we established MSCs cell lines with stably integrated mutant neomycin resistance and enhanced green fluorescent protein reporter genes. The established cultures showed morphologically homogenous population with phenotypic and functional features of mesenchymal progenitors. Transfection with gene-specific ODNs successfully repaired targeted cells resulting in the expression of functional proteins at relatively high frequency approaching 0.2%. Direct DNA sequencing confirmed that phenotype change resulted from the designated nucleotide correction at the target site. The position of the mismatch-forming nucleotide was shown to be important structural feature for ODN repair activity. The genetically corrected MSCs were healthy and maintained an undifferentiated state. Furthermore, the genetically modified MSCs were able to engraft into many tissues of unconditioned transgenic mice making them an attractive therapeutic tool in a wide range of clinical applications.
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Lim LE, Rando TA. Technology Insight: therapy for Duchenne muscular dystrophy—an opportunity for personalized medicine? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 4:149-58. [DOI: 10.1038/ncpneuro0737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2007] [Accepted: 11/29/2007] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Hegele H, Wuepping M, Ref C, Kenner O, Kaufmann D. Simultaneous targeted exchange of two nucleotides by single-stranded oligonucleotides clusters within a region of about fourteen nucleotides. BMC Mol Biol 2008; 9:14. [PMID: 18226192 PMCID: PMC2266939 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2199-9-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2007] [Accepted: 01/28/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Transfection of cells with gene-specific, single-stranded oligonucleotides can induce the targeted exchange of one or two nucleotides in the targeted gene. To characterize the features of the DNA-repair mechanisms involved, we examined the maximal distance for the simultaneous exchange of two nucleotides by a single-stranded oligonucleotide. The chosen experimental system was the correction of a hprt-point mutation in a hamster cell line, the generation of an additional nucleotide exchange at a variable distance from the first exchange position and the investigation of the rate of simultaneous nucleotide exchanges. Results The smaller the distance between the two exchange positions, the higher was the probability of a simultaneous exchange. The detected simultaneous nucleotide exchanges were found to cluster in a region of about fourteen nucleotides upstream and downstream from the first exchange position. Conclusion We suggest that the mechanism involved in the repair of the targeted DNA strand utilizes only a short sequence of the single-stranded oligonucleotide, which may be physically incorporated into the DNA or be used as a matrix for a repair process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heike Hegele
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Ulm, D 89070 Ulm, Germany.
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Morozov V, Wawrousek EF. Single-strand DNA-mediated targeted mutagenesis of genomic DNA in early mouse embryos is stimulated by Rad51/54 and by Ku70/86 inhibition. Gene Ther 2007; 15:468-72. [DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3303088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Parekh-Olmedo H, Kmiec EB. Progress and Prospects: targeted gene alteration (TGA). Gene Ther 2007; 14:1675-80. [DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3303053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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de Piédoue G, Andrieu-Soler C, Concordet JP, Maurisse R, Sun JS, Lopez B, Kuzniak I, Leboulch P, Feugeas JP. Targeted gene correction with 5' acridine-oligonucleotide conjugates. Oligonucleotides 2007; 17:258-63. [PMID: 17638529 DOI: 10.1089/oli.2007.0074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Single-stranded oligonucleotides (SSOs) mediate gene repair of punctual chromosomal mutations at a low frequency. We hypothesized that enhancement of DNA binding affinity of SSOs by intercalating agents may increase the number of corrected cells. Several biochemical modifications of SSOs were tested for their capability to correct a chromosomally integrated and mutated GFP reporter gene in human 293 cells. SSOs of 25 nucleotide length conjugated with acridine at their 5' end increased the efficiency of gene correction up to 10-fold compared to nonmodified SSOs. Acridine and psoralen conjugates were both evaluated, and acridine-modified SSOs were the most effective. Conjugation with acridine at the 3' end of the SSO inhibited gene correction, whereas flanking the SSO by acridine on both sides provided an intermediate level of correction. These results suggest that increasing the stability of hybridization between SSO and its target without hampering a 3' extension improves gene targeting, in agreement with the "annealing-integration" model of DNA repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- G de Piédoue
- INSERM U733, Laboratoire de Thérapie Génique Hématopoïétique, Institut Universitaire d'Hématologie, Hôpital Saint-Louis, 75010 Paris, France
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Rando TA. Non-viral gene therapy for Duchenne muscular dystrophy: Progress and challenges. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2007; 1772:263-71. [PMID: 17005381 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2006.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2006] [Revised: 07/24/2006] [Accepted: 07/25/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is one of the most common lethal, hereditary diseases of childhood. Since the identification of the genetic basis of this disorder, there has been the hope that a cure would be developed in the form of gene therapy. This has yet to be realized, but many different gene therapy approaches have seen dramatic advances in recent years. Although viral-mediated gene therapy has been at the forefront of the field, several non-viral gene therapy approaches have been applied to animal and cellular models of DMD. These include plasmid-mediated gene delivery, antisense-mediated exon skipping, and oligonucleotide-mediated gene editing. In the past several years, non-viral gene therapy has moved from the laboratory to the clinic. Advances in vector design, formulation, and delivery are likely to lead to even more rapid advances in the coming decade. Given the relative simplicity, safety, and cost-effectiveness of these methodologies, non-viral gene therapy continues to have great promise for future gene therapy approaches to the treatment of DMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A Rando
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, SUMC, Room A-343, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5235, USA.
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