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Ali LMA, Gary-Bobo M. Photochemical Internalization of siRNA for Cancer Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14153597. [PMID: 35892854 PMCID: PMC9331967 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14153597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The objective of this review is to focus on the different nanovectors capable of transporting genetic material such as small-interfering RNA (siRNA) in order to block the expression of genes responsible for the development of cancer. Usually, these nanovectors are internalized by cancer cells via the endo-lysosomal pathway. To increase the lysosomal cargo escape, excitation using a lamp or a laser, can be applied to induce a more efficient leakage of siRNA to the cytoplasm, which is the site of action of the siRNA to block the translation of RNA into proteins. This is the mechanism of photochemical internalization. Abstract In the race to design ever more effective therapy with ever more focused and controlled actions, nanomedicine and phototherapy seem to be two allies of choice. Indeed, the use of nanovectors making it possible to transport and protect genetic material is becoming increasingly important. In addition, the use of a method allowing the release of genetic material in a controlled way in space and time is also a strategy increasingly studied thanks to the use of lasers. In parallel, the use of interfering RNA and, more particularly, of small-interfering RNA (siRNA) has demonstrated significant potential for gene therapy. In this review, we focused on the design of the different nanovectors capable of transporting siRNAs and releasing them so that they can turn off the expression of deregulated genes in cancers through controlled photoexcitation with high precision. This mechanism, called photochemical internalization (PCI), corresponds to the lysosomal leakage of the cargo (siRNA in this case) after destabilization of the lysosomal membrane under light excitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lamiaa Mohamed Ahmed Ali
- IBMM, University Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, 34093 Montpellier, France;
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical Research Institute, University of Alexandria, Alexandria 21561, Egypt
- Correspondence:
| | - Magali Gary-Bobo
- IBMM, University Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, 34093 Montpellier, France;
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Photochemical Internalization for Intracellular Drug Delivery. From Basic Mechanisms to Clinical Research. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9020528. [PMID: 32075165 PMCID: PMC7073817 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9020528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Photochemical internalisation (PCI) is a unique intervention which involves the release of endocytosed macromolecules into the cytoplasmic matrix. PCI is based on the use of photosensitizers placed in endocytic vesicles that, following light activation, lead to rupture of the endocytic vesicles and the release of the macromolecules into the cytoplasmic matrix. This technology has been shown to improve the biological activity of a number of macromolecules that do not readily penetrate the plasma membrane, including type I ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs), gene-encoding plasmids, adenovirus and oligonucleotides and certain chemotherapeutics, such as bleomycin. This new intervention has also been found appealing for intracellular delivery of drugs incorporated into nanocarriers and for cancer vaccination. PCI is currently being evaluated in clinical trials. Data from the first-in-human phase I clinical trial as well as an update on the development of the PCI technology towards clinical practice is presented here.
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Liu F, Kong FF, Li QP, Yuan H, Du YZ, Hu FQ, Sun JH, You J. Low molecular weight polyethylenimine-conjugated gold nanospheres: a platform for selective gene therapy controlled by near-infrared light. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2017; 12:511-534. [DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2016-0273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Whether PEI2k-HAuNS could promote gene transfection efficiency controlled by near-infrared (NIR) light. Materials & methods: This safe nonviral gene delivery system was obtained by conjugating low molecular weight (2 kDa) polyethylenimine (PEI) onto hollow gold nanospheres (PEI2k-HAuNS). Upon NIR laser irradiation, there was a conspicuous increase both in the in vitro and in vivo transfection achieved by the nanocomplexes. Furthermore, a plasmid encoding the tumor suppressor TP53 (pTP53) was applied to test antitumor activity. Results: The enhanced gene transfection efficiency and therapy of PEI2k-HAuNS were achieved via the mediation of an NIR laser compared with the other treatments in vitro and in vivo. Conclusion: The application of NIR laser irradiated PEI2k-HAuNS can be used as a promising gene delivery systems in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Liu
- Department of Radiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou City 310016, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Fen-fen Kong
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing-po Li
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Yuan
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong-zhong Du
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Fu-qiang Hu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Ji-hong Sun
- Department of Radiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou City 310016, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian You
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
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Monnery BD, Wright M, Cavill R, Hoogenboom R, Shaunak S, Steinke JHG, Thanou M. Cytotoxicity of polycations: Relationship of molecular weight and the hydrolytic theory of the mechanism of toxicity. Int J Pharm 2017; 521:249-258. [PMID: 28232268 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.02.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Revised: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism of polycation cytotoxicity and the relationship to polymer molecular weight is poorly understood. To gain an insight into this important phenomenon a range of newly synthesised uniform (near monodisperse) linear polyethylenimines, commercially available poly(l-lysine)s and two commonly used PEI-based transfectants (broad 22kDa linear and 25kDa branched) were tested for their cytotoxicity against the A549 human lung carcinoma cell line. Cell membrane damage assays (LDH release) and cell viability assays (MTT) showed a strong relationship to dose and polymer molecular weight, and increasing incubation times revealed that even supposedly "non-toxic" low molecular weight polymers still damage cell membranes. The newly proposed mechanism of cell membrane damage is acid catalysed hydrolysis of lipidic phosphoester bonds, which was supported by observations of the hydrolysis of DOPC liposomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryn D Monnery
- Chemical Biology Section, Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Michael Wright
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London,Franklin-Wilkins Building, London, SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Rachel Cavill
- Department of Data Science and Knowledge Engineering, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Richard Hoogenboom
- Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S4, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Sunil Shaunak
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, London, W12 ONN, UK
| | - Joachim H G Steinke
- Chemical Biology Section, Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Maya Thanou
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London,Franklin-Wilkins Building, London, SE1 9NH, UK.
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Photocontrolled Intracellular RNA Delivery Using Nanoparticles or Carrier–Photosensitizer Conjugates. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2016; 139:101-19. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2015.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Dateki M, Imamura O, Arai M, Shimizu H, Takishima K. A novel strategy for selective gene delivery by using the inhibitory effect of blue light on jetPRIME-mediated transfection. Biotechnol Bioeng 2015; 113:1560-7. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.25906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Revised: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Minori Dateki
- Department of Biochemistry; National Defense Medical College; Tokorozawa 359-8513 Japan
| | - Osamu Imamura
- Department of Biochemistry; National Defense Medical College; Tokorozawa 359-8513 Japan
| | - Masaaki Arai
- Department of Biochemistry; National Defense Medical College; Tokorozawa 359-8513 Japan
| | - Hidehisa Shimizu
- Research Faculty of Agriculture; Division of Applied Bioscience; Hokkaido University; Sapporo Japan
| | - Kunio Takishima
- Department of Biochemistry; National Defense Medical College; Tokorozawa 359-8513 Japan
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Abstract
Photochemical internalization (PCI) is a method for releasing macromolecules from endosomal and lysosomal compartments. The PCI approach uses a photosensitizer that localizes to endosomal and lysosomal compartments, and a light source with appropriate light spectra for excitation of the photosensitizer. Upon photosensitizer excitation, endosomal and lysosomal membranes are destroyed, due to the formation of reactive oxygen species, followed by release of the endocytosed material. PCI has been demonstrated to enhance and control (site- and time-specific) delivery of various macromolecules such as viruses, proteins, chemotherapeutics, nucleic acid, and so on. In this Review we present past and current studies of PCI-controlled delivery of natural and artificial nucleic acids, such as peptide nucleic acids, siRNA molecules, mRNA molecules and plasmids. We also discuss critical aspects to further the possibilities for successful gene targeting in space and time.
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Light-induced mRNA transfection. Methods Mol Biol 2013; 969:89-100. [PMID: 23296929 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-260-5_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
mRNA-based transfection is an attractive strategy for manipulation of gene expression for gain-of-function studies and therapeutic applications. As a potential therapeutic regulator, mRNA transfection has mainly been hampered by poor delivery strategies, combined with lack of specific targeting to the intended tissue(s) or cells. In this chapter, we describe a protocol for light-induced mRNA transfection into human cancer cell lines with the benefit for time- and site-specific mRNA targeting. Light-induced mRNA transfection is achieved by delivering mRNA molecules into endosomal and lysosomal vesicles. Subsequently, a photosensitizer (PS) localized in the membranes of these vesicles is used to induce damage, resulting in release of mRNA molecules into the cytosol. The main benefit of the strategy proposed is the possibility for protein production from the delivered mRNA in a way that is controllable in a time- and site-specific manner.
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Jørgensen JAL, Longva AS, Hovig E, Bøe SL. Evaluation of Biodegradable Peptide Carriers for Light-Directed Targeting. Nucleic Acid Ther 2013; 23:131-9. [DOI: 10.1089/nat.2012.0403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ane Sager Longva
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Eivind Hovig
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sigurd Leinæs Bøe
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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Bøe SL, Jørgensen JAL, Longva AS, Lavelle T, Sæbøe-Larssen S, Hovig E. Light-controlled modulation of gene expression using polyamidoamine formulations. Nucleic Acid Ther 2013; 23:160-5. [PMID: 23530684 DOI: 10.1089/nat.2012.0413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A promising method that offers both time- and site-specific delivery of macromolecules is photochemical internalization technology (PCI). Here, we have characterized various polyamidoamine (PAMAM) carriers [generation (G) 0-7], for light-directed delivery of nucleic acids in vitro by the use of PCI technology. A number of parameters for optimal delivery of nucleic acids into human cancer cells, that is, various light-doses, carrier-doses, and small interfering RNA (siRNA)/messenger RNA (mRNA) doses were investigated for either up- or down-regulation of enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) gene expression. In summary, our results showed in an osteosarcoma cell line (OHS) [EGFP] model system the possibility for efficient light-directed siRNA silencing (>80% silencing) when using PAMAM G3 to G7 as carriers. Surprisingly, no EGFP mRNA up-regulation was detected either with or without PCI after EGFP mRNA/PAMAM (G0-G7) transfection in standard OHS cells. We have here identified properties for PAMAM formulations enabling light-directed siRNA delivery with the aim of developing a site-specific strategy for delivery of nucleic acids in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigurd Leinæs Bøe
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institute for Cancer Research , The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Montebello, Norway.
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Lee S, Shim G, Kim S, Kim YB, Kim CW, Byun Y, Oh YK. Enhanced Transfection Rates of Small-Interfering RNA Using Dioleylglutamide-Based Magnetic Lipoplexes. Oligonucleotides 2012. [DOI: 10.1089/oli.2010.0274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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12
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Hsu CY, Uludağ H. Cellular uptake pathways of lipid-modified cationic polymers in gene delivery to primary cells. Biomaterials 2012; 33:7834-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.06.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2012] [Accepted: 06/29/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Abstract
Because RNA interference (RNAi) can be applied to any gene, this technique has been widely used for studying gene functions. In addition, many researchers are attempting to use RNAi technology in RNAi-based therapies. However, several challenging and controversial issues have arisen during the widespread application of RNAi including target gene specificity, target cell specificity, and spatiotemporal control of gene silencing. To address these issues, several groups have utilized photochemistry to control the RNA release, both spatially and temporally. In this Account, we focus on recent studies using photocleavable protecting groups, photosensitizers, Hand gold nanoparticles for photoinduced RNAi. In 2005 the first report of photoinduced RNAi used a caged short interfering RNA (siRNA), an siRNA carrying a photocleavable protecting group. Caging groups block the bioactivities of target molecules, but allow for complete recovery of these functions via photoactivation. However, some RNAi activity can occur in these caged siRNAs, so it will be necessary to decrease this "leakage" and raise the RNAi activity restored after irradiation. This technique also uses UV light around 350 nm, which is cytotoxic, but in the near future we expect that it will be possible to use visible and near-infrared light We also examine the application of photochemical internalization (PCI) to RNAi technology, which involves a combination of photosensitizers and light. Instead of inducing RNAi using light, the strategy behind this method was to enhance RNAi using RNA carriers. Many wellknown RNA carriers deliver siRNAs into cells by endocytosis. The siRNAs are trapped in endocytic vesicles and have to be released into the cytoplasm in order to express their activity. To achieve the endosomal escape of siRNAs, PCI technology employed photosensitizers to generate light-dependent reactive oxygen species (ROS) that disrupted the endocytic vesicles. In most studies, RNAi-mediated knockdown of the target gene was detected even without PCI. Recently, a polymer capable of trapping the siRNA in endocytic vesicles controlled RNAi almost entirely by light. CLIP-RNAi uses photosensitizing carrier proteins that can be activated over a wide range of visible light wavelengths. With this method RNA carrier/siRNA complexes are completely trapped within endosomes, and RNAi is controlled strictly by light. Such precise, light-dependent control will open up new possibilities for cellular and molecular biology and therapy. Most recently, gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) conjugated to siRNA have provided temporal and spatial control of RNAi. The light-dependent melting of AuNPs accompanied by a shape transformation induces the release of thiolated siRNAs from AuNPs. In this method, the unique optical properties of the AuNP enable deep penetration of the excitation light into tissues at nearinfrared wavelengths. The development of photoinduced RNAi technology will lead to novel insights into gene functions and selective drug delivery, and many other scientific fields will continue to influence its progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Matsushita-Ishiodori
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushimanaka, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Takashi Ohtsuki
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushimanaka, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
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Bøe SL, Longva AS, Hovig E. A novel photosensitizer for light-controlled gene silencing. Nucleic Acid Ther 2012; 21:359-67. [PMID: 22004417 DOI: 10.1089/nat.2011.0309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
We here demonstrate for the first time that 5-carboxytetramethylrhodamine (TAMRA) covalently linked to nuclear localization signal (NLS)-conjugated peptide nucleic acids (PNAs) are photosensitizers (PSs) with the capacity to initiate photochemical damage to endocytic membranes, resulting in release of endocytosed material into cytosol. Our results show that TAMRA/PNA/NLS conjugates work as multifunctional molecules by offering cellular uptake, PNA-directed gene silencing, and the possibility for targeting in a light-controlled manner. In addition to PNA-directed gene silencing, we demonstrate that TAMRA/PNA/NLS molecules may function as a PS for light-controlled release of small interfering RNA molecules from the endocytic pathway when combined with an appropriate carrier. Using these strategies, we could silence the S100A4 gene at both protein and mRNA levels in a light-controlled manner, without any detectable reduction in cell viability. Our data demonstrate the possibility for light-controlled delivery of macromolecules entrapped within endocytic vesicles using multifunctional TAMRA/PNA/NLS molecules as PSs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigurd L Bøe
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institute of Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Norway.
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Jørgensen JAL, Hovig E, Bøe SL. Potent Gene Silencing In Vitro at Physiological pH Using Chitosan Polymers. Nucleic Acid Ther 2012; 22:96-102. [DOI: 10.1089/nat.2011.0335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Eivind Hovig
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institute of Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Montebello, Norway
| | - Sigurd Leinæs Bøe
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institute of Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Montebello, Norway
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Lee S, Shim G, Kim S, Kim YB, Kim CW, Byun Y, Oh YK. Enhanced Transfection Rates of Small-Interfering RNA Using Dioleylglutamide-Based Magnetic Lipoplexes. Nucleic Acid Ther 2011; 21:165-72. [DOI: 10.1089/nat.2010.0274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Soondong Lee
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Gayong Shim
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sunil Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Young Bong Kim
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Chan-Wha Kim
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Youngro Byun
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yu-Kyoung Oh
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
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Varkouhi AK, Lammers T, Schiffelers RM, van Steenbergen MJ, Hennink WE, Storm G. Gene silencing activity of siRNA polyplexes based on biodegradable polymers. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2011; 77:450-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2010.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2010] [Revised: 11/20/2010] [Accepted: 11/23/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Bøe S, Prasmickaite L, Engesæter B, Hovig E. Light-directed delivery of nucleic acids. Methods Mol Biol 2011; 764:107-121. [PMID: 21748636 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-188-8_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A major barrier within the field of non-viral gene therapy toward therapeutic strategies, e.g., tumor therapy, has been lack of appropriate specific delivery strategies to the intended target tissues or cells. In this chapter, we describe a protocol for light-directed delivery of nucleic acids through the use of photochemical internalization (PCI) technology. PCI is based on a photosensitizing compound that localizes to endocytic membranes. Upon illumination, the photosensitizing compound induces damage to the endocytic membranes, resulting in release of endocytosed material, i.e., nucleic acids into cytosol. The main benefit of the strategy described is the possibility for site-specific delivery of nucleic acids to a place of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigurd Bøe
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Montebello, Oslo, N-0310, Norway.
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Bøe SL, Longva AS, Hovig E. Cyclodextrin-containing polymer delivery system for light-directed siRNA gene silencing. Oligonucleotides 2010; 20:175-82. [PMID: 20645877 DOI: 10.1089/oli.2010.0230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we have investigated the possibility of combining a cyclodextrin-containing polymer (CDP) with siRNA molecules to modulate gene expression in a light-directed manner through photochemical internalization (PCI) technology. We utilized S100A4 as a model gene to evaluate the efficacy of gene silencing. After optimization of carrier/cargo ratio and illumination dose, real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction data showed between 80% and 90% silencing in the siRNA samples treated with PCI compared with untreated control. In contrast, only a 0%-10% silencing effect was detected in the siRNA samples without PCI treatment, demonstrating the potency of light-specific delivery of siRNA molecules. Light-directed siRNA delivery was shown in 2 different cell lines with corresponding potency. Further, time-lapse results demonstrated maximum gene silencing only at 5 hours after endosomal release, implying, for example, rapid carrier decondensation when using the CDP. This work represents a first success in using a CDP delivery agent, without endosomolytic properties for siRNA gene silencing in a light-directed manner, opening the opportunity to use CDPs for light-directed siRNA gene silencing in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigurd Leinaes Bøe
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institute of Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Montebello, Oslo, Norway.
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20
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Selbo PK, Weyergang A, Høgset A, Norum OJ, Berstad MB, Vikdal M, Berg K. Photochemical internalization provides time- and space-controlled endolysosomal escape of therapeutic molecules. J Control Release 2010; 148:2-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2010.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2010] [Revised: 05/31/2010] [Accepted: 06/13/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Lu W, Zhang G, Zhang R, Flores LG, Huang Q, Gelovani JG, Li C. Tumor site-specific silencing of NF-kappaB p65 by targeted hollow gold nanosphere-mediated photothermal transfection. Cancer Res 2010; 70:3177-88. [PMID: 20388791 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-09-3379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
NF-kappaB transcription factor is a critical regulator of the expression of genes involved in tumor formation and progression. Successful RNA interference (RNAi) therapeutics targeting NF-kappaB is challenged by small interfering RNA (siRNA) delivery systems, which can render targeted in vivo delivery, efficient endolysosomal escape, and dynamic control over activation of RNAi. Here, we report near-IR (NIR) light-inducible NF-kappaB downregulation through folate receptor-targeted hollow gold nanospheres carrying siRNA recognizing NF-kappaB p65 subunit. Using micro-positron emission tomography/computed tomography imaging, the targeted nanoconstructs exhibited significantly higher tumor uptake in nude mice bearing HeLa cervical cancer xenografts than nontargeted nanoparticles following i.v. administration. Mediated by hollow gold nanospheres, controllable cytoplasmic delivery of siRNA was obtained on NIR light irradiation through photothermal effect. Efficient downregulation of NF-kappaB p65 was achieved only in tumors irradiated with NIR light but not in nonirradiated tumors grown in the same mice. Liver, spleen, kidney, and lung were not affected by the treatments, in spite of significant uptake of the siRNA nanoparticles in these organs. We term this mode of action "photothermal transfection." Combined treatments with p65 siRNA photothermal transfection and irinotecan caused substantially enhanced tumor apoptosis and significant tumor growth delay compared with other treatment regimens. Therefore, photothermal transfection of NF-kappaB p65 siRNA could effectively sensitize the tumor to chemotherapeutic agents. Because NIR light can penetrate the skin and be delivered with high spatiotemporal control, therapeutic RNAi may benefit from this novel transfection strategy while avoiding unwanted side effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Lu
- Department of Experimental Diagnostic Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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Photochemical internalization: a new tool for gene and oligonucleotide delivery. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2010; 296:251-81. [PMID: 21504105 DOI: 10.1007/128_2010_63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Photochemical internalization (PCI) is a novel technology for release of endocytosed macromolecules into the cytosol. The technology is based on the use of photosensitizers located in endocytic vesicles. Upon activation by light such photosensitizers induce a release of macromolecules from their compartmentalization in endocytic vesicles. PCI has been shown to increase the biological activity of a large variety of macromolecules and other molecules that do not readily penetrate the plasma membrane, including type I ribosome-inactivating proteins, immunotoxins, plasmids, adenovirus, various oligonucleotides, dendrimer-based delivery of chemotherapeutica and unconjugated chemotherapeutica such as bleomycin and doxorubicin. This review will present the basis for the PCI concept and the most recent significant developments.
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Berg K, Weyergang A, Prasmickaite L, Bonsted A, Høgset A, Strand MTR, Wagner E, Selbo PK. Photochemical internalization (PCI): a technology for drug delivery. Methods Mol Biol 2010; 635:133-45. [PMID: 20552345 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60761-697-9_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The utilization of macromolecules in therapy of cancer and other diseases is becoming increasingly relevant. Recent advances in molecular biology and biotechnology have made it possible to improve targeting and design of cytotoxic agents, DNA complexes, and other macromolecules for clinical applications. To achieve the expected biological effect of these macromolecules, in many cases, internalization to the cell cytosol is crucial. At an intracellular level, the most fundamental obstruction for cytosolic release of the therapeutic molecule is the membrane-barrier of the endocytic vesicles. Photochemical internalization (PCI) is a novel technology for release of endocytosed macromolecules into the cytosol. The technology is based on the use of photosensitizers located in endocytic vesicles that upon activation by light induces a release of macromolecules from their compartmentalization in endocytic vesicles. PCI has been shown to potentiate the biological activity of a large variety of macromolecules and other molecules that do not readily penetrate the plasma membrane, including type I ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs), gene-encoding plasmids, adenovirus, oligonucleotides, and the chemotherapeutic bleomycin. PCI has also been shown to enhance the treatment effect of targeted therapeutic macromolecules. The present protocol describes PCI of an epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-targeted protein toxin (Cetuximab-saporin) linked via streptavidin-biotin for screening of targeted toxins as well as PCI of nonviral polyplex-based gene therapy. Although describing in detail PCI of targeted protein toxins and DNA polyplexes, the methodology presented in these protocols are also applicable for PCI of other gene therapy vectors (e.g., viral vectors), peptide nucleic acids (PNA), small interfering RNA (siRNA), polymers, nanoparticles, and some chemotherapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristian Berg
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Montebello, Oslo, Norway
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