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Kumar Y, Yang J, Hu T, Chen L, Xu Z, Xu L, Hu XX, Tang G, Wang JM, Li Y, Poon WS, Wan W, Zhang L, Mat WK, Pun FW, Lee P, Cheong THY, Ding X, Ng SK, Tsang SY, Chen JF, Zhang P, Li S, Wang HY, Xue H. Massive interstitial copy-neutral loss-of-heterozygosity as evidence for cancer being a disease of the DNA-damage response. BMC Med Genomics 2015. [PMID: 26208496 PMCID: PMC4515014 DOI: 10.1186/s12920-015-0104-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The presence of loss-of-heterozygosity (LOH) mutations in cancer cell genomes is commonly encountered. Moreover, the occurrences of LOHs in tumor suppressor genes play important roles in oncogenesis. However, because the causative mechanisms underlying LOH mutations in cancer cells yet remain to be elucidated, enquiry into the nature of these mechanisms based on a comprehensive examination of the characteristics of LOHs in multiple types of cancers has become a necessity. Methods We performed next-generation sequencing on inter-Alu sequences of five different types of solid tumors and acute myeloid leukemias, employing the AluScan platform which entailed amplification of such sequences using multiple PCR primers based on the consensus sequences of Alu elements; as well as the whole genome sequences of a lung-to-liver metastatic cancer and a primary liver cancer. Paired-end sequencing reads were aligned to the reference human genome to identify major and minor alleles so that the partition of LOH products between homozygous-major vs. homozygous-minor alleles could be determined at single-base resolution. Strict filtering conditions were employed to avoid false positives. Measurements of LOH occurrences in copy number variation (CNV)-neutral regions were obtained through removal of CNV-associated LOHs. Results We found: (a) average occurrence of copy-neutral LOHs amounting to 6.9 % of heterologous loci in the various cancers; (b) the mainly interstitial nature of the LOHs; and (c) preference for formation of homozygous-major over homozygous-minor, and transitional over transversional, LOHs. Conclusions The characteristics of the cancer LOHs, observed in both AluScan and whole genome sequencings, point to the formation of LOHs through repair of double-strand breaks by interhomolog recombination, or gene conversion, as the consequence of a defective DNA-damage response, leading to a unified mechanism for generating the mutations required for oncogenesis as well as the progression of cancer cells. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12920-015-0104-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yogesh Kumar
- Division of Life Science, Applied Genomics Centre and Centre for Statistical Science, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong.
| | - Jianfeng Yang
- Division of Life Science, Applied Genomics Centre and Centre for Statistical Science, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong.
| | - Taobo Hu
- Division of Life Science, Applied Genomics Centre and Centre for Statistical Science, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong.
| | - Lei Chen
- Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Institute, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Zhi Xu
- Department of Oncology, Nanjing First Hospital, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Lin Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Cancer Molecular Biology and Translational Medicine, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Nanjing, China.
| | - Xiao-Xia Hu
- Department of Hematology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Gusheng Tang
- Department of Hematology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Jian-Min Wang
- Department of Hematology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Yi Li
- Department of Surgery, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Wai-Sang Poon
- Department of Surgery, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Weiqing Wan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, 6 Tiantan Xili, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100050, China.
| | - Liwei Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, 6 Tiantan Xili, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100050, China.
| | - Wai-Kin Mat
- Division of Life Science, Applied Genomics Centre and Centre for Statistical Science, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong.
| | - Frank W Pun
- Division of Life Science, Applied Genomics Centre and Centre for Statistical Science, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong.
| | - Peggy Lee
- Division of Life Science, Applied Genomics Centre and Centre for Statistical Science, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong.
| | - Timothy H Y Cheong
- Division of Life Science, Applied Genomics Centre and Centre for Statistical Science, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong.
| | - Xiaofan Ding
- Division of Life Science, Applied Genomics Centre and Centre for Statistical Science, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong.
| | - Siu-Kin Ng
- Division of Life Science, Applied Genomics Centre and Centre for Statistical Science, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong.
| | - Shui-Ying Tsang
- Division of Life Science, Applied Genomics Centre and Centre for Statistical Science, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong.
| | - Jin-Fei Chen
- Department of Oncology, Nanjing First Hospital, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Peng Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Bioinformatics Division, TNLIST, and Department of Automation, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
| | - Shao Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Bioinformatics Division, TNLIST, and Department of Automation, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
| | - Hong-Yang Wang
- Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Institute, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Hong Xue
- Division of Life Science, Applied Genomics Centre and Centre for Statistical Science, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong.
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Abstract
Medulloblastoma is the most common malignant brain tumor in children and, as such, has been the focus of tremendous efforts to genomically characterize it. What was once thought to be a single disease has been divided into multiple, molecularly unique subgroups through gene expression profiling. Each subgroup is not only unique in its origin and pathogenesis but also in the prognosis and potential therapeutic options. Targeted therapy of malignancies has long been the goal of clinical oncology. The progress made in the classification of medulloblastoma should be used as a model for future studies. With the evolution of epigenetic and genomic sequencing, especially when used in tandem with high-throughput pharmacologic screening protocols, the potential for subgroup-specific targeting is closer than ever. This review focuses on the development of the molecular classification system and its potential use in developing prognostic models as well as for the advancement of targeted therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayman Samkari
- Department of Pediatrics, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA; Section of Oncology, St Christopher׳s Hospital for Children, Philadelphia, PA.
| | - Jason C White
- Department of Pediatrics, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Roger J Packer
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC; Brain Tumor Institute, Center for Neuroscience and Behavioral Medicine, Children׳s National Health System, Washington, DC
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Yang JF, Ding XF, Chen L, Mat WK, Xu MZ, Chen JF, Wang JM, Xu L, Poon WS, Kwong A, Leung GKK, Tan TC, Yu CH, Ke YB, Xu XY, Ke XY, Ma RC, Chan JC, Wan WQ, Zhang LW, Kumar Y, Tsang SY, Li S, Wang HY, Xue H. Copy number variation analysis based on AluScan sequences. J Clin Bioinforma 2014; 4:15. [PMID: 25558350 PMCID: PMC4273479 DOI: 10.1186/s13336-014-0015-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AluScan combines inter-Alu PCR using multiple Alu-based primers with opposite orientations and next-generation sequencing to capture a huge number of Alu-proximal genomic sequences for investigation. Its requirement of only sub-microgram quantities of DNA facilitates the examination of large numbers of samples. However, the special features of AluScan data rendered difficult the calling of copy number variation (CNV) directly using the calling algorithms designed for whole genome sequencing (WGS) or exome sequencing. RESULTS In this study, an AluScanCNV package has been assembled for efficient CNV calling from AluScan sequencing data employing a Geary-Hinkley transformation (GHT) of read-depth ratios between either paired test-control samples, or between test samples and a reference template constructed from reference samples, to call the localized CNVs, followed by use of a GISTIC-like algorithm to identify recurrent CNVs and circular binary segmentation (CBS) to reveal large extended CNVs. To evaluate the utility of CNVs called from AluScan data, the AluScans from 23 non-cancer and 38 cancer genomes were analyzed in this study. The glioma samples analyzed yielded the familiar extended copy-number losses on chromosomes 1p and 9. Also, the recurrent somatic CNVs identified from liver cancer samples were similar to those reported for liver cancer WGS with respect to a striking enrichment of copy-number gains in chromosomes 1q and 8q. When localized or recurrent CNV-features capable of distinguishing between liver and non-liver cancer samples were selected by correlation-based machine learning, a highly accurate separation of the liver and non-liver cancer classes was attained. CONCLUSIONS The results obtained from non-cancer and cancerous tissues indicated that the AluScanCNV package can be employed to call localized, recurrent and extended CNVs from AluScan sequences. Moreover, both the localized and recurrent CNVs identified by this method could be subjected to machine-learning selection to yield distinguishing CNV-features that were capable of separating between liver cancers and other types of cancers. Since the method is applicable to any human DNA sample with or without the availability of a paired control, it can also be employed to analyze the constitutional CNVs of individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Feng Yang
- Division of Life Science and Applied Genomics Centre, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiao-Fan Ding
- Division of Life Science and Applied Genomics Centre, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
| | - Lei Chen
- National Center for Liver Cancer Research and Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, 225 Changhai Road, Shanghai, 200438 China
| | - Wai-Kin Mat
- Division of Life Science and Applied Genomics Centre, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
| | - Michelle Zhi Xu
- Department of Oncology, Nanjing First Hospital, No. 68 Changle Road, Nanjing, 210006 China
| | - Jin-Fei Chen
- Department of Oncology, Nanjing First Hospital, No. 68 Changle Road, Nanjing, 210006 China
| | - Jian-Min Wang
- Department of Hematology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, 174 Changhai Road, Shanghai, 200433 China
| | - Lin Xu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Cancer Research, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Cancer Institute of Jiangsu Province, Baiziting 42, Nanjing, 210009 China
| | - Wai-Sang Poon
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Prince of Wales Hospital, Chinese University of Hong Kong, 30-32 Ngan Shing Street, Sha Tin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ava Kwong
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, 102 Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Gilberto Ka-Kit Leung
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, 102 Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Tze-Ching Tan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, 30 Gascoigne Road, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chi-Hung Yu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, 30 Gascoigne Road, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yue-Bin Ke
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No 8 Longyuan Road, Nanshan district, Shenzhen City, 518055 China
| | - Xin-Yun Xu
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No 8 Longyuan Road, Nanshan district, Shenzhen City, 518055 China
| | - Xiao-Yan Ke
- Nanjing Brain Hospital and Nanjing Institute of Neuropsychiatry, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029 China
| | - Ronald Cw Ma
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, 9th floor, Clinical Sciences Building, The Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Juliana Cn Chan
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, 9th floor, Clinical Sciences Building, The Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Wei-Qing Wan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, 6 Tiantan Xili, Dongcheng District, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050 China
| | - Li-Wei Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, 6 Tiantan Xili, Dongcheng District, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050 China
| | - Yogesh Kumar
- Division of Life Science and Applied Genomics Centre, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
| | - Shui-Ying Tsang
- Division of Life Science and Applied Genomics Centre, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
| | - Shao Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Bioinformatics Division, TNLIST, Department of Automation, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084 China
| | - Hong-Yang Wang
- National Center for Liver Cancer Research and Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, 225 Changhai Road, Shanghai, 200438 China.,International Cooperation Laboratory on Signal Transduction, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, 225 Changhai Road, Shanghai, 200438 China
| | - Hong Xue
- Division of Life Science and Applied Genomics Centre, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
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Are pediatric brain tumors on the rise in the USA? Significant incidence and survival findings from the SEER database analysis. Childs Nerv Syst 2014; 30:147-54. [PMID: 24162619 DOI: 10.1007/s00381-013-2307-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2013] [Accepted: 10/09/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Central nervous system tumors are the second most common form of cancer in children between the ages of 1 and 19 years. We aimed to provide the most recent data on the incidence and survival of these tumors in the USA and to assess the literature. METHODS Frequency, rates, and survival sessions were calculated using the November 2008 submission for the US Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results Program. Data were collected and analyzed for children and adolescents aged 1 to 19 years with primary brain tumors. RESULTS We found that the incidence rate of all pediatric brain tumors has been on a gradual but steady increase from 1973 to 2008 (p < 0.001). The average annual increase was 1.37 %. Our survival analysis of the individual tumors revealed that the 5-year overall survival for children diagnosed between 1974 and 1978 with medulloblastoma was 43.7 %. However, this increased to 62.8 % for children diagnosed between 1999 and 2003. A similar survival trend was also observed when all the other pediatric brain cancer histologies were collectively analyzed (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS From our study, we can conclude that contrary to previous reports indicating a plateau in the incidence rates of pediatric brain tumors since the mid-1980s, there has been an increase from 1973 to 2008. Potential causes include environmental carcinogens, but more research is needed to investigate the factors behind this sustained rise in incidence over the years.
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Epigenetic Silencing of DKK3 in medulloblastoma. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:7492-505. [PMID: 23567267 PMCID: PMC3645699 DOI: 10.3390/ijms14047492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2013] [Revised: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 03/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Medulloblastoma (MB) is a malignant pediatric brain tumor arising in the cerebellum consisting of four distinct subgroups: WNT, SHH, Group 3 and Group 4, which exhibit different molecular phenotypes. We studied the expression of Dickkopf (DKK) 1–4 family genes, inhibitors of the Wnt signaling cascade, in MB by screening 355 expression profiles derived from four independent datasets. Upregulation of DKK1, DKK2 and DKK4 mRNA was observed in the WNT subgroup, whereas DKK3 was downregulated in 80% MBs across subgroups with respect to the normal cerebellum (p < 0.001). Since copy number aberrations targeting the DKK3 locus (11p15.3) are rare events, we hypothesized that epigenetic factors could play a role in DKK3 regulation. Accordingly, we studied 77 miRNAs predicting to repress DKK3; however, no significant inverse correlation between miRNA/mRNA expression was observed. Moreover, the low methylation levels in the DKK3 promoters (median: 3%, 5% and 5% for promoter 1, 2 and 3, respectively) excluded the downregulation of gene expression by methylation. On the other hand, the treatment of MB cells with Trichostatin A (TSA), a potent inhibitor of histone deacetylases (HDAC), was able to restore both DKK3 mRNA and protein. In conclusion, DKK3 downregulation across all MB subgroups may be due to epigenetic mechanisms, in particular, through chromatin condensation.
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Current world literature. Curr Opin Pediatr 2012; 24:134-44. [PMID: 22245849 DOI: 10.1097/mop.0b013e328350498a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Pezzolo A, Coco S, Raso A, Parodi F, Pistorio A, Valdora F, Capra V, Zollo M, Aschero S, Basso E, Cama A, Nozza P, Gambini C, Cinalli G, Garrè ML, Iolascon A, Pistoia V, Tonini GP. Loss of 10q26.1-q26.3 in association with 7q34-q36.3 gain or 17q24.3-q25.3 gain predict poor outcome in pediatric medulloblastoma. Cancer Lett 2011; 308:215-24. [PMID: 21652146 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2011.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2011] [Revised: 05/04/2011] [Accepted: 05/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Medulloblastoma (MB) is the most common malignant brain tumor of childhood. We have investigated for novel chromosomal imbalances and prognostic markers of pediatric MB. Forty MBs out of 64, were analyzed using high resolution prometaphase comparative genomic hybridization. Chromosome 10q26.1-q26.3 loss combined with 17q24.3-q25.3 gain and/or 7q34-q36.3 gain in tumors predicted poor patient's survival. A minimal deleted region of 14.12cM at 10q26.1-q26.3 was refined by LOH analysis. We propose a new prognostic marker for pediatric MB patient risk stratification based on the presence of 10q26.1-q26.3 loss plus 17q24.3-q25.3 gain and/or 7q34-q36.3 gain associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Pezzolo
- Department of Experimental and Laboratory Medicine, IRCCS G. Gaslini Hospital, Genoa, Italy.
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