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Salod Z, Mahomed O. Protocol for a scoping review of potential vaccine candidates predicted by VaxiJen for different viral pathogens between 2017-2021. Syst Rev 2022; 11:284. [PMID: 36585703 PMCID: PMC9801145 DOI: 10.1186/s13643-022-02121-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vaccination is essential for the prevention of infectious diseases and has helped to reduce disease-related mortality, such as pneumonia. However, traditional vaccine development is time-consuming and risky. Reverse vaccinology (RV) is a promising alternative to developing vaccines based on the in silico discovery of antigens, often termed 'potential vaccine candidates' (PVCs), using a pathogen's proteome. RV prediction technologies, such as VaxiJen (founded in 2007), are used to take the first step toward vaccine development. VaxiJen is used by researchers to identify PVCs for various diseases. A 10-year review of these PVCs was published in 2017. There has since been no review of viral PVCs predicted by VaxiJen from 2017 to 2021. The proposed scoping review aims to address this gap. METHODS This protocol is reported according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Protocols (PRISMA-P) 2015 checklist. The review will employ Arksey and O'Malley's five-stage methodological framework, which was later enhanced by Levac et al. and the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI). The PRISMA extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) reporting guideline will be utilized with this framework. PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, EBSCOhost, and ProQuest One Academic will be searched using the term 'vaxijen'. The inclusion criteria will be English-only full-text original articles published in peer-reviewed journals and unpublished papers from 2017 to 2021. Rayyan will be used to deduplicate, screen titles and abstracts of articles. The articles' full texts will be examined. The data will be extracted using Microsoft Excel. Using a data charting form, data will be sifted and organized by key categories and themes. DISCUSSION This protocol was submitted for publication and went through an extensive peer review process. The review has implications for novel vaccine development against various viruses. The key limitation of this study is language bias due to the selection of English-only papers because of limited resources. This study will not require ethical clearance since it will use secondary data and will not include patients. Nevertheless, this research is part of a larger project that was submitted for ethical consideration to the Biomedical Research Ethics Committee of the University of KwaZulu-Natal in South Africa. This study's findings will be published in a peer-reviewed journal and provided to relevant stakeholders. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION Open Science Framework (OSF): https://osf.io/ht8wr.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zakia Salod
- Discipline of Public Health Medicine, School of Nursing and Public Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.
| | - Ozayr Mahomed
- Discipline of Public Health Medicine, School of Nursing and Public Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
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Sunita, Singh Y, Beamer G, Sun X, Shukla P. Recent developments in systems biology and genetic engineering toward design of vaccines for TB. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2022; 42:532-547. [PMID: 34641752 PMCID: PMC11208086 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2021.1951649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/30/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the most prevalent diseases worldwide. The currently available Bacillus Calmette-Guérin vaccine is not sufficient in protecting against pulmonary TB. Although many vaccines have been evaluated in clinical trials, but none of them yet has proven to be more successful. Thus, new strategies are urgently needed to design more effective TB vaccines. The emergence of new technologies will undoubtedly accelerate the process of vaccine development. This review summarizes the potential and validated applications of emerging technologies, including: systems biology (genomics, proteomics, and transcriptomics), genetic engineering, and other computational tools to discover and develop novel vaccines against TB. It also discussed that the significant implementation of these approaches will play crucial roles in the development of novel vaccines to cure and control TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunita
- Enzyme Technology and Protein Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, India
- Bacterial Pathogenesis Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Yogendra Singh
- Bacterial Pathogenesis Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Gillian Beamer
- Department of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA, USA
| | - Xingmin Sun
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine (COM), University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Pratyoosh Shukla
- Enzyme Technology and Protein Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, India
- School of Biotechnology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
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3
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Rittipornlertrak A, Nambooppha B, Muenthaisong A, Punyapornwithaya V, Tiwananthagorn S, Chung YT, Tuvshintulga B, Sivakumar T, Yokoyama N, Sthitmatee N. Structural and immunological characterization of an epitope within the PAN motif of ectodomain I in Babesia bovis apical membrane antigen 1 for vaccine development. PeerJ 2021; 9:e11765. [PMID: 34316404 PMCID: PMC8288113 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.11765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bovine babesiosis caused by Babesia bovis (B. bovis) has had a significant effect on the mobility and mortality rates of the cattle industry worldwide. Live-attenuated vaccines are currently being used in many endemic countries, but their wide use has been limited for a number of reasons. Although recombinant vaccines have been proposed as an alternative to live vaccines, such vaccines are not commercially available to date. Apical membrane antigen-1 (AMA-1) is one of the leading candidates in the development of a vaccine against diseases caused by apicomplexan parasite species. In Plasmodium falciparum (P. falciparum) AMA-1 (PfAMA-1), several antibodies against epitopes in the plasminogen, apple, and nematode (PAN) motif of PfAMA-1 domain I significantly inhibited parasite growth. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to predict an epitope from the PAN motif of domain I in the B. bovis AMA-1 (BbAMA-1) using a combination of linear and conformational B-cell epitope prediction software. The selected epitope was then bioinformatically analyzed, synthesized as a peptide (sBbAMA-1), and then used to immunize a rabbit. Subsequently, in vitro growth- and the invasion-inhibitory effects of the rabbit antiserum were immunologically characterized. Results Our results demonstrated that the predicted BbAMA-1 epitope was located on the surface-exposed α-helix of the PAN motif in domain I at the apex area between residues 181 and 230 with six polymorphic sites. Subsequently, sBbAMA-1 elicited antibodies capable of recognizing the native BbAMA-1 in immunoassays. Furthermore, anti-serum against sBbAMA-1 was immunologically evaluated for its growth- and invasion-inhibitory effects on B. bovis merozoites in vitro. Our results demonstrated that the rabbit anti-sBbAMA-1 serum at a dilution of 1:5 significantly inhibited (p < 0.05) the growth of B. bovis merozoites by approximately 50–70% on days 3 and 4 of cultivation, along with the invasion of merozoites by approximately 60% within 4 h of incubation when compared to the control groups. Conclusion Our results indicate that the epitope predicted from the PAN motif of BbAMA-1 domain I is neutralization-sensitive and may serve as a target antigen for vaccine development against bovine babesiosis caused by B. bovis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Boondarika Nambooppha
- Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Muang, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Anucha Muenthaisong
- Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Muang, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Veerasak Punyapornwithaya
- Department of Food Animal Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Muang, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Saruda Tiwananthagorn
- Department of Veterinary Bioscience and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Muang, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Yang-Tsung Chung
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Bumduuren Tuvshintulga
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Thillaiampalam Sivakumar
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Naoaki Yokoyama
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Nattawooti Sthitmatee
- Department of Veterinary Bioscience and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Muang, Chiang Mai, Thailand
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In Vitro Characterization of the Innate Immune Pathways Engaged by Live and Inactivated Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9060664. [PMID: 34204532 PMCID: PMC8234070 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9060664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) infection can lead to inflammation of the central nervous system. The disease can be effectively prevented by whole inactivated virus vaccines. Here, we investigated the innate immune profile induced in vitro by the antigen component of the vaccines, inactivated TBEV (I-TBEV), to gain insights into the mechanism of action of the TBE vaccine as compared to the live virus. To this end, we exposed human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) to inactivated and live TBEV and assessed cellular responses by RNA sequencing. Both inactivated and live TBEV significantly induced an interferon-dominated gene signature and an increased RIG-I-like receptor (RLR) expression. Using pathway-specific inhibitors, we assessed the involvement of pattern recognition receptors in the sensing of inactivated or live TBEV. Only RLR pathway inhibition significantly suppressed the downstream cascade induced by I-TBEV, while responses to the replicating virus were impacted by the inhibition of RIG-I-like, as well as Toll-like, receptors. Our results show that inactivated and live TBEV predominantly engaged an interferon response in our in vitro PBMC platform, and indicate RLRs as the main pattern recognition receptors involved in I-TBEV sensing.
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Xie J, Zi W, Li Z, He Y. Ontology-based Precision Vaccinology for Deep Mechanism Understanding and Precision Vaccine Development. Curr Pharm Des 2021; 27:900-910. [PMID: 33238868 DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666201125112131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Vaccination is one of the most important innovations in human history. It has also become a hot research area in a new application - the development of new vaccines against non-infectious diseases such as cancers. However, effective and safe vaccines still do not exist for many diseases, and where vaccines exist, their protective immune mechanisms are often unclear. Although licensed vaccines are generally safe, various adverse events, and sometimes severe adverse events, still exist for a small population. Precision medicine tailors medical intervention to the personal characteristics of individual patients or sub-populations of individuals with similar immunity-related characteristics. Precision vaccinology is a new strategy that applies precision medicine to the development, administration, and post-administration analysis of vaccines. Several conditions contribute to make this the right time to embark on the development of precision vaccinology. First, the increased level of research in vaccinology has generated voluminous "big data" repositories of vaccinology data. Secondly, new technologies such as multi-omics and immunoinformatics bring new methods for investigating vaccines and immunology. Finally, the advent of AI and machine learning software now makes possible the marriage of Big Data to the development of new vaccines in ways not possible before. However, something is missing in this marriage, and that is a common language that facilitates the correlation, analysis, and reporting nomenclature for the field of vaccinology. Solving this bioinformatics problem is the domain of applied biomedical ontology. Ontology in the informatics field is human- and machine-interpretable representation of entities and the relations among entities in a specific domain. The Vaccine Ontology (VO) and Ontology of Vaccine Adverse Events (OVAE) have been developed to support the standard representation of vaccines, vaccine components, vaccinations, host responses, and vaccine adverse events. Many other biomedical ontologies have also been developed and can be applied in vaccine research. Here, we review the current status of precision vaccinology and how ontological development will enhance this field, and propose an ontology-based precision vaccinology strategy to support precision vaccine research and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangan Xie
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Medical Electronics and Information Technology, School of Bioinformatics, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing, China
| | - Wenrui Zi
- Chongqing engineering research center of medical electronics and information technology, School of Bioinformatics, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhangyong Li
- Chongqing engineering research center of medical electronics and information technology, School of Bioinformatics, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing, China
| | - Yongqun He
- Unit of Laboratory Animal Medicine, Development of Microbiology and Immunology, Center of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
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Kennedy RB, Ovsyannikova IG, Palese P, Poland GA. Current Challenges in Vaccinology. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1181. [PMID: 32670279 PMCID: PMC7329983 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of vaccines, which prime the immune system to respond to future infections, has led to global declines in morbidity and mortality from dreadful infectious communicable diseases. However, many pathogens of public health importance are highly complex and/or rapidly evolving, posing unique challenges to vaccine development. Several of these challenges include an incomplete understanding of how immunity develops, host and pathogen genetic variability, and an increased societal skepticism regarding vaccine safety. In particular, new high-dimensional omics technologies, aided by bioinformatics, are driving new vaccine development (vaccinomics). Informed by recent insights into pathogen biology, host genetic diversity, and immunology, the increasing use of genomic approaches is leading to new models and understanding of host immune system responses that may provide solutions in the rapid development of novel vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard B Kennedy
- Mayo Clinic Vaccine Research Group, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Inna G Ovsyannikova
- Mayo Clinic Vaccine Research Group, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Peter Palese
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Gregory A Poland
- Mayo Clinic Vaccine Research Group, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
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Alti D, Sambamurthy C, Kalangi SK. Emergence of Leptin in Infection and Immunity: Scope and Challenges in Vaccines Formulation. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 8:147. [PMID: 29868503 PMCID: PMC5954041 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Deficiency of leptin (ob/ob) and/or desensitization of leptin signaling (db/db) and elevated expression of suppressor of cytokine signaling-3 (SOCS3) reported in obesity are also reported in a variety of pathologies including hypertriglyceridemia, insulin resistance, and malnutrition as the risk factors in host defense system. Viral infections cause the elevated SOCS3 expression, which inhibits leptin signaling. It results in immunosuppression by T-regulatory cells (Tregs). The host immunity becomes incompetent to manage pathogens' attack and invasion, which results in the accelerated infections and diminished vaccine-specific antibody response. Leptin was successfully used as mucosal vaccine adjuvant against Rhodococcus equi. Leptin induced the antibody response to Helicobacter pylori vaccination in mice. An integral leptin signaling in mucosal gut epithelial cells offered resistance against Clostridium difficile and Entameoba histolytica infections. We present in this review, the intervention of leptin in lethal diseases caused by microbial infections and propose the possible scope and challenges of leptin as an adjuvant tool in the development of effective vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayakar Alti
- School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | | | - Suresh K Kalangi
- School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
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Bragazzi NL, Gianfredi V, Villarini M, Rosselli R, Nasr A, Hussein A, Martini M, Behzadifar M. Vaccines Meet Big Data: State-of-the-Art and Future Prospects. From the Classical 3Is ("Isolate-Inactivate-Inject") Vaccinology 1.0 to Vaccinology 3.0, Vaccinomics, and Beyond: A Historical Overview. Front Public Health 2018; 6:62. [PMID: 29556492 PMCID: PMC5845111 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2018.00062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccines are public health interventions aimed at preventing infections-related mortality, morbidity, and disability. While vaccines have been successfully designed for those infectious diseases preventable by preexisting neutralizing specific antibodies, for other communicable diseases, additional immunological mechanisms should be elicited to achieve a full protection. “New vaccines” are particularly urgent in the nowadays society, in which economic growth, globalization, and immigration are leading to the emergence/reemergence of old and new infectious agents at the animal–human interface. Conventional vaccinology (the so-called “vaccinology 1.0”) was officially born in 1796 thanks to the contribution of Edward Jenner. Entering the twenty-first century, vaccinology has shifted from a classical discipline in which serendipity and the Pasteurian principle of the three Is (isolate, inactivate, and inject) played a major role to a science, characterized by a rational design and plan (“vaccinology 3.0”). This shift has been possible thanks to Big Data, characterized by different dimensions, such as high volume, velocity, and variety of data. Big Data sources include new cutting-edge, high-throughput technologies, electronic registries, social media, and social networks, among others. The current mini-review aims at exploring the potential roles as well as pitfalls and challenges of Big Data in shaping the future vaccinology, moving toward a tailored and personalized vaccine design and administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Luigi Bragazzi
- Department of Health Sciences (DISSAL), School of Public Health, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Vincenza Gianfredi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Unit of Public Health, School of Specialization in Hygiene and Preventive Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Milena Villarini
- Unit of Public Health, Department of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | | | - Ahmed Nasr
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Pathology University Milan Bicocca, San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy
| | - Amr Hussein
- Medical Faculty, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Mariano Martini
- Section of History of Medicine and Ethics, Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Masoud Behzadifar
- Health Management and Economics Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease caused mainly by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. In 2016, the WHO estimated 10.5 million new cases and 1.8 million deaths, making this disease the leading cause of death by an infectious agent. The current and projected TB situation necessitates the development of new vaccines with improved attributes compared to the traditional BCG method. Areas covered: In this review, the authors describe the most promising candidate vaccines against TB and discuss additional key elements in vaccine development, such as animal models, new adjuvants and immunization routes and new strategies for the identification of candidate vaccines. Expert opinion: At present, around 13 candidate vaccines for TB are in the clinical phase of evaluation; however, there is still no substitute for the BCG vaccine. One major impediment to developing an effective vaccine is our lack of understanding of several of the mechanisms associated with infection and the immune response against TB. However, the recent implementation of an entirely new set of technological advances will facilitate the proposal of new candidates. Finally, development of a new vaccine will require a major coordination of effort in order to achieve its effective administration to the people most in need of it.
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Munjal A, Khandia R, Tiwari R, Chakrabort S, Karthik K, Dhama K. Advances in Designing and Developing Vaccines Against Zika Virus. INT J PHARMACOL 2017. [DOI: 10.3923/ijp.2017.667.676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Carvalho A, Duarte-Oliveira C, Gonçalves SM, Campos A, Lacerda JF, Cunha C. Fungal Vaccines and Immunotherapeutics: Current Concepts and Future Challenges. CURRENT FUNGAL INFECTION REPORTS 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s12281-017-0272-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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12
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Anaplasma marginale: Diversity, Virulence, and Vaccine Landscape through a Genomics Approach. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:9032085. [PMID: 27610385 PMCID: PMC5005611 DOI: 10.1155/2016/9032085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In order to understand the genetic diversity of A. marginale, several efforts have been made around the world. This rickettsia affects a significant number of ruminants, causing bovine anaplasmosis, so the interest in its virulence and how it is transmitted have drawn interest not only from a molecular point of view but also, recently, some genomics research have been performed to elucidate genes and proteins with potential as antigens. Unfortunately, so far, we still do not have a recombinant anaplasmosis vaccine. In this review, we present a landscape of the multiple approaches carried out from the genomic perspective to generate valuable information that could be used in a holistic way to finally develop an anaplasmosis vaccine. These approaches include the analysis of the genetic diversity of A. marginale and how this affects control measures for the disease. Anaplasmosis vaccine development is also reviewed from the conventional vaccinomics to genome-base vaccinology approach based on proteomics, metabolomics, and transcriptomics analyses reported. The use of these new omics approaches will undoubtedly reveal new targets of interest in the near future, comprising information of potential antigens and the immunogenic effect of A. marginale proteins.
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Kennedy RB, Simon WL, Gibson MJ, Goergen KM, Grill DE, Oberg AL, Poland GA. The composition of immune cells serves as a predictor of adaptive immunity in a cohort of 50- to 74-year-old adults. Immunology 2016; 148:266-75. [PMID: 27188667 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Revised: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza causes significant morbidity and mortality annually. Although vaccination offers a considerable amount of protection, it is far from perfect, especially in aging populations. This is due to age-related defects in immune function, a process called immunosenescence. To date, there are no assays or methods to predict or explain variations in an individual's level of response to influenza vaccination. In this study, we measured levels of several immune cell subsets at baseline (Day 0) and at Days 3 and 28 post-vaccination using flow cytometry. Statistical modelling was performed to assess correlations between levels of cell subsets and Day 28 immune responses - haemagglutination inhibition (HAI) assay, virus neutralizing antibody (VNA) assay, and memory B cell ELISPOT. Changes in several groups of cell types from Day 0 to Day 28 and Day 3 to Day 28 were found to be significantly associated with immune response. Baseline levels of several immune cell subsets, including B cells and regulatory T cells, were able to partially explain variation in memory B-cell ELISPOT results. Increased expression of HLA-DR on plasmacytoid dendritic cells after vaccination was correlated with increased HAI and VNA responses. Our data suggest that the expression of activation markers (HLA-DR and CD86) on various immune cell subsets, as well as the relative distribution of cell subsets, both have value in predicting immune responses to influenza vaccination in older individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Krista M Goergen
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Science Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Diane E Grill
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Science Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Ann L Oberg
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Science Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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Poland GA, Whitaker JA, Poland CM, Ovsyannikova IG, Kennedy RB. Vaccinology in the third millennium: scientific and social challenges. Curr Opin Virol 2016; 17:116-125. [PMID: 27039875 PMCID: PMC4902778 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2016.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Revised: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The epidemiology of deaths due to vaccine-preventable diseases has been significantly and positively altered through the use of vaccines. Despite this, significant challenges remain in vaccine development and use in the third millennium. Both new (Ebola, Chikungunya, Zika, and West Nile) and re-emerging diseases (measles, mumps, and influenza) require the development of new or next-generation vaccines. The global aging of the population, and accumulating numbers of immunocompromised persons, will require new vaccine and adjuvant development to protect large segments of the population. After vaccine development, significant challenges remain globally in the cost and efficient use and acceptance of vaccines by the public. This article raises issues in these two areas and suggests a way forward that will benefit current and future generations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory A Poland
- Mayo Clinic Vaccine Research Group, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Mayo Clinic Division of General Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
| | - Jennifer A Whitaker
- Mayo Clinic Vaccine Research Group, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Mayo Clinic Division of General Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Mayo Clinic Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Caroline M Poland
- Taylor University Counseling Center, Taylor University, Upland, IN 46989, USA
| | - Inna G Ovsyannikova
- Mayo Clinic Vaccine Research Group, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Mayo Clinic Division of General Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Richard B Kennedy
- Mayo Clinic Vaccine Research Group, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Mayo Clinic Division of General Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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Abstract
In the two decades since their initial discovery, DNA vaccines technologies have come a long way. Unfortunately, when applied to human subjects inadequate immunogenicity is still the biggest challenge for practical DNA vaccine use. Many different strategies have been tested in preclinical models to address this problem, including novel plasmid vectors and codon optimization to enhance antigen expression, new gene transfection systems or electroporation to increase delivery efficiency, protein or live virus vector boosting regimens to maximise immune stimulation, and formulation of DNA vaccines with traditional or molecular adjuvants. Better understanding of the mechanisms of action of DNA vaccines has also enabled better use of the intrinsic host response to DNA to improve vaccine immunogenicity. This review summarizes recent advances in DNA vaccine technologies and related intracellular events and how these might impact on future directions of DNA vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Li
- a Vaxine Pty Ltd, Bedford Park , Adelaide , Australia.,b Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology , Flinders University, Flinders Medical Centre , Adelaide , SA , Australia
| | - Nikolai Petrovsky
- a Vaxine Pty Ltd, Bedford Park , Adelaide , Australia.,b Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology , Flinders University, Flinders Medical Centre , Adelaide , SA , Australia
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Chen RT, Shimabukuro TT, Martin DB, Zuber PLF, Weibel DM, Sturkenboom M. Enhancing Vaccine Safety Capacity Globally: A Lifecycle Perspective. Am J Prev Med 2015; 49:S364-76. [PMID: 26590436 DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2015.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Major vaccine safety controversies have arisen in several countries beginning in the last decades of 20th century. Such periodic vaccine safety controversies are unlikely to go away in the near future as more national immunization programs mature with near elimination of target vaccine-preventable diseases that result in relative greater prominence of adverse events following immunizations, both true reactions and temporally coincidental events. There are several ways in which vaccine safety capacity can be improved to potentially mitigate the impact of future vaccine safety controversies. This paper aims to take a "lifecycle" approach, examining some potential pre- and post-licensure opportunities to improve vaccine safety, in both developed (specifically U.S. and Europe) and low- and middle-income countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert T Chen
- Office of Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States.
| | - Tom T Shimabukuro
- Office of Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - David B Martin
- Office of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
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Chen RT, Shimabukuro TT, Martin DB, Zuber PLF, Weibel DM, Sturkenboom M. Enhancing vaccine safety capacity globally: A lifecycle perspective. Vaccine 2015; 33 Suppl 4:D46-54. [PMID: 26433922 PMCID: PMC4663114 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.06.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Revised: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Major vaccine safety controversies have arisen in several countries beginning in the last decades of 20th century. Such periodic vaccine safety controversies are unlikely to go away in the near future as more national immunization programs mature with near elimination of target vaccine-preventable diseases that result in relative greater prominence of adverse events following immunizations, both true reactions and temporally coincidental events. There are several ways in which vaccine safety capacity can be improved to potentially mitigate the impact of future vaccine safety controversies. This paper aims to take a "lifecycle" approach, examining some potential pre- and post-licensure opportunities to improve vaccine safety, in both developed (specifically U.S. and Europe) and low- and middle-income countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert T Chen
- Office of Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States.
| | - Tom T Shimabukuro
- Office of Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - David B Martin
- Office of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
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18
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Haralambieva IH, Kennedy RB, Ovsyannikova IG, Whitaker JA, Poland GA. Variability in Humoral Immunity to Measles Vaccine: New Developments. Trends Mol Med 2015; 21:789-801. [PMID: 26602762 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2015.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Revised: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Despite the existence of an effective measles vaccine, resurgence in measles cases in the USA and across Europe has occurred, including in individuals vaccinated with two doses of the vaccine. Host genetic factors result in inter-individual variation in measles vaccine-induced antibodies, and play a role in vaccine failure. Studies have identified HLA (human leukocyte antigen) and non-HLA genetic influences that individually or jointly contribute to the observed variability in the humoral response to vaccination among healthy individuals. In this exciting era, new high-dimensional approaches and techniques including vaccinomics, systems biology, GWAS, epitope prediction and sophisticated bioinformatics/statistical algorithms provide powerful tools to investigate immune response mechanisms to the measles vaccine. These might predict, on an individual basis, outcomes of acquired immunity post measles vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iana H Haralambieva
- Mayo Clinic Vaccine Research Group, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Mayo Clinic Division of General Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Richard B Kennedy
- Mayo Clinic Vaccine Research Group, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Mayo Clinic Division of General Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Inna G Ovsyannikova
- Mayo Clinic Vaccine Research Group, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Mayo Clinic Division of General Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Jennifer A Whitaker
- Mayo Clinic Vaccine Research Group, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Mayo Clinic Division of General Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Mayo Clinic Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Gregory A Poland
- Mayo Clinic Vaccine Research Group, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Mayo Clinic Division of General Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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19
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Weiner J, Kaufmann SHE, Maertzdorf J. High-throughput data analysis and data integration for vaccine trials. Vaccine 2015; 33:5249-55. [PMID: 25976544 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.04.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Revised: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Rational vaccine development can benefit from biomarker studies, which help to predict, optimize and evaluate the immunogenicity of vaccines and ultimately provide surrogate endpoints for vaccine trials. Systems biology approaches facilitate acquisition of both simple biomarkers and complex biosignatures. Yet, evaluation of high-throughput (HT) data requires a plethora of tools for data integration and analysis. In this review, we present an overview of methods for evaluation and integration of large amounts of data collected in vaccine trials from similar and divergent molecular HT techniques, such as transcriptomic, proteomic and metabolic profiling. We will describe a selection of relevant statistical and bioinformatic approaches that are frequently associated with systems biology. We will present data dimension reduction techniques, functional analysis approaches and methods of integrating heterogeneous HT data. Finally, we will provide a few examples of applications of these techniques in vaccine research and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- January Weiner
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Charitéplatz 1, D-10117, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Stefan H E Kaufmann
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Charitéplatz 1, D-10117, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Jeroen Maertzdorf
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Charitéplatz 1, D-10117, Berlin, Germany
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20
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Doolan DL, Apte SH, Proietti C. Genome-based vaccine design: the promise for malaria and other infectious diseases. Int J Parasitol 2014; 44:901-13. [PMID: 25196370 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2014.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2014] [Revised: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Vaccines are one of the most effective interventions to improve public health, however, the generation of highly effective vaccines for many diseases has remained difficult. Three chronic diseases that characterise these difficulties include malaria, tuberculosis and HIV, and they alone account for half of the global infectious disease burden. The whole organism vaccine approach pioneered by Jenner in 1796 and refined by Pasteur in 1857 with the "isolate, inactivate and inject" paradigm has proved highly successful for many viral and bacterial pathogens causing acute disease but has failed with respect to malaria, tuberculosis and HIV as well as many other diseases. A significant advance of the past decade has been the elucidation of the genomes, proteomes and transcriptomes of many pathogens. This information provides the foundation for new 21st Century approaches to identify target antigens for the development of vaccines, drugs and diagnostic tests. Innovative genome-based vaccine strategies have shown potential for a number of challenging pathogens, including malaria. We advocate that genome-based rational vaccine design will overcome the problem of poorly immunogenic, poorly protective vaccines that has plagued vaccine developers for many years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise L Doolan
- Infectious Diseases Programme, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4029, Australia.
| | - Simon H Apte
- Infectious Diseases Programme, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4029, Australia
| | - Carla Proietti
- Infectious Diseases Programme, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4029, Australia
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21
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Schulz C, Hammerschmidt S. Exploitation of physiology and metabolomics to identify pneumococcal vaccine candidates. Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 12:1061-75. [PMID: 24053399 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.2013.824708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae (the pneumococcus) is the etiologic agent of community-acquired pneumonia and invasive pneumococcal diseases such as septicemia and bacterial meningitis. The increasing antibiotic resistance and the suboptimal efficacy or limited serotype coverage of currently available vaccines urgently requires novel approaches in exploring new antimicrobials, therapeutic intervention strategies and vaccines. The current vaccine development strategies rely on the hypothesis that surface-exposed proteins, which are essential for pneumococcal virulence, are the most suitable candidates for future protein-based vaccines. Since virulence is closely linked with bacterial fitness, the potential of a pathogen to colonize and infect the host depends further on its physiology. This review summarizes the application of genome-wide techniques and their exploitation to decipher fundamental insights into bacterial factors associated with fitness, metabolism and virulence, leading to the discovery of vaccine candidates or antimicrobials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Schulz
- Department Genetics of Microorganisms, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, Ernst Moritz Arndt Universität Greifswald, Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Strasse 15a, D 17487 Greifswald, Germany
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22
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Posteraro B, Pastorino R, Di Giannantonio P, Ianuale C, Amore R, Ricciardi W, Boccia S. The link between genetic variation and variability in vaccine responses: Systematic review and meta-analyses. Vaccine 2014; 32:1661-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.01.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Revised: 12/23/2013] [Accepted: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Abstract
The goal of active vaccination is to induce all the immune effector pathways and to establish immunological memory allowing prolonged surveillance against pathogens or cancer cells. DNA vaccination platform is an intriguing strategy owing to its ability to mobilize both branches of the immune system (i.e., innate immunity as well as adaptive immunity). Since plasmids offer several advantages for biotechnological applications due to their modular structure and easy manipulation, a wide range of strategies can be applied to improve DNA vaccine performance. This chapter discusses this topic in detail taking into account antigen/epitope selection and optimization, inclusion of intracellular targeting sequences and genetic adjuvants, and provision of T cell help.
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24
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Beck A, Tesh RB, Wood TG, Widen SG, Ryman KD, Barrett ADT. Comparison of the live attenuated yellow fever vaccine 17D-204 strain to its virulent parental strain Asibi by deep sequencing. J Infect Dis 2013; 209:334-44. [PMID: 24141982 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jit546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The first comparison of a live RNA viral vaccine strain to its wild-type parental strain by deep sequencing is presented using as a model the yellow fever virus (YFV) live vaccine strain 17D-204 and its wild-type parental strain, Asibi. METHODS The YFV 17D-204 vaccine genome was compared to that of the parental strain Asibi by massively parallel methods. Variability was compared on multiple scales of the viral genomes. A modeled exploration of small-frequency variants was performed to reconstruct plausible regions of mutational plasticity. RESULTS Overt quasispecies diversity is a feature of the parental strain, whereas the live vaccine strain lacks diversity according to multiple independent measurements. A lack of attenuating mutations in the Asibi population relative to that of 17D-204 was observed, demonstrating that the vaccine strain was derived by discrete mutation of Asibi and not by selection of genomes in the wild-type population. CONCLUSIONS Relative quasispecies structure is a plausible correlate of attenuation for live viral vaccines. Analyses such as these of attenuated viruses improve our understanding of the molecular basis of vaccine attenuation and provide critical information on the stability of live vaccines and the risk of reversion to virulence.
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25
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Wang CC, Zhu B, Fan X, Gicquel B, Zhang Y. Systems approach to tuberculosis vaccine development. Respirology 2013; 18:412-20. [PMID: 23331331 DOI: 10.1111/resp.12052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2012] [Revised: 12/26/2012] [Accepted: 01/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Tuberculosis is both highly prevalent across the world and eludes our attempts to control it. The current bacillus Calmette-Guérin vaccine has unreliable protection against adult pulmonary tuberculosis. As a result, tuberculosis vaccine development has been an ongoing area of research for several decades. Only recently have research efforts resulted in the development of several vaccine candidates that are further along in clinical trials. The majority of the barriers surrounding tuberculosis vaccine development are related to the lack of defined biomarkers for tuberculosis protective immunity and the lack of understanding of the complex interactions between the host and pathogen in the human immune system. As a result, testing various antigens discovered through molecular biology techniques have been only with surrogates of protection and do not accurately predict protective immunity. This review will address new discoveries in latency antigens and new next-generation candidate vaccines that promise the possibility of sterile eradication. Also discussed are the potentially important roles of systems biology and vaccinomics in shortening development of an efficacious tuberculosis vaccine through utilization of high-throughput technology, computer modelling and integrative approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles C Wang
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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26
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Haralambieva IH, Ovsyannikova IG, Pankratz VS, Kennedy RB, Jacobson RM, Poland GA. The genetic basis for interindividual immune response variation to measles vaccine: new understanding and new vaccine approaches. Expert Rev Vaccines 2013; 12:57-70. [PMID: 23256739 DOI: 10.1586/erv.12.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The live-attenuated measles vaccine is effective, but measles outbreaks still occur in vaccinated populations. This warrants elucidation of the determinants of measles vaccine-induced protective immunity. Interindividual variability in markers of measles vaccine-induced immunity, including neutralizing antibody levels, is regulated in part by host genetic factor variations. This review summarizes recent advances in our understanding of measles vaccine immunogenetics relative to the perspective of developing better measles vaccines. Important genetic regulators of measles vaccine-induced immunity, such as HLA class I and HLA class II genotypes, single nucleotide polymorphisms in cytokine/cytokine receptor genes (IL12B, IL12RB1, IL2, IL10) and the cell surface measles virus receptor CD46 gene, have been identified and independently replicated. New technologies present many opportunities for identification of novel genetic signatures and genetic architectures. These findings help explain a variety of immune response-related phenotypes and promote a new paradigm of 'vaccinomics' for novel vaccine development.
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27
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Poland GA, Kennedy RB, McKinney BA, Ovsyannikova IG, Lambert ND, Jacobson RM, Oberg AL. Vaccinomics, adversomics, and the immune response network theory: individualized vaccinology in the 21st century. Semin Immunol 2013; 25:89-103. [PMID: 23755893 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2013.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2012] [Revised: 03/23/2013] [Accepted: 04/18/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Vaccines, like drugs and medical procedures, are increasingly amenable to individualization or personalization, often based on novel data resulting from high throughput "omics" technologies. As a result of these technologies, 21st century vaccinology will increasingly see the abandonment of a "one size fits all" approach to vaccine dosing and delivery, as well as the abandonment of the empiric "isolate-inactivate-inject" paradigm for vaccine development. In this review, we discuss the immune response network theory and its application to the new field of vaccinomics and adversomics, and illustrate how vaccinomics can lead to new vaccine candidates, new understandings of how vaccines stimulate immune responses, new biomarkers for vaccine response, and facilitate the understanding of what genetic and other factors might be responsible for rare side effects due to vaccines. Perhaps most exciting will be the ability, at a systems biology level, to integrate increasingly complex high throughput data into descriptive and predictive equations for immune responses to vaccines. Herein, we discuss the above with a view toward the future of vaccinology.
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28
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Kollmann TR. Variation between Populations in the Innate Immune Response to Vaccine Adjuvants. Front Immunol 2013; 4:81. [PMID: 23565115 PMCID: PMC3613898 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The success of the World Health Organization recommended “Expanded Program of Immunization” (EPI) and similar regional or national programs has been astounding. However, infectious threats currently not covered by these programs continue to infect millions of infants around the world. Furthermore, many infants do not receive existing vaccines either on time or for the required number of doses to provide optimal protection. Nor do all infants around the world develop the same protective immune response to the same vaccine. As a result approximately three million infants die every year from vaccine preventable infections. To tackle these issues, new vaccines need to be developed as well as existing ones made easier to administer. This requires identification of age-optimized vaccine schedules and formulations. In order to be most effective this approach will need to take population-based differences in response to vaccines and adjuvants into account. This review summarizes what is currently known about differences between populations around the world in the innate immune response to existing as well as new and promising vaccine adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias R Kollmann
- Division of Infectious and Immunological Diseases, Department of Paediatrics, University of British Columbia Vancouver, BC, Canada
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29
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White SJ, Taylor MJ, Hurt RT, Jensen MD, Poland GA. Leptin-based adjuvants: an innovative approach to improve vaccine response. Vaccine 2013; 31:1666-72. [PMID: 23370154 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2012] [Revised: 01/04/2013] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Leptin is a pleiotropic hormone with multiple direct and regulatory immune functions. Leptin deficiency or resistance hinders the immunologic, metabolic, and neuroendocrinologic processes necessary to thwart infections and their associated complications, and to possibly protect against infectious diseases following vaccination. Circulating leptin levels are proportional to body fat mass. High circulating leptin concentrations, as observed in obesity, are indicative of the development of leptin transport saturation/signaling desensitization. Leptin bridges nutritional status and immunity. Although its role in vaccine response is currently unknown, over-nutrition has been shown to suppress vaccine-induced immune responses. For instance, obesity (BMI ≥30 kg/m(2)) is associated with lower antigen-specific antibody titers following influenza, hepatitis B, and tetanus vaccinations. This suggests that obesity, and possibly saturable leptin levels, are contributing factors to poor vaccine immunogenicity. While leptin-based therapies have not been investigated as vaccine adjuvants thus far, leptin's role in immunity suggests that application of these therapies is promising and worth investigation to enhance vaccine response in people with leptin signaling impairments. This review will examine the possibility of using leptin as a vaccine adjuvant by: briefly reviewing the distribution and signal transduction of leptin and its receptors; discussing the physiology of leptin with emphasis on its immune functions; reviewing the causes of attenuation of leptin signaling; and finally, providing plausible inferences for the innovative use of leptin-based pharmacotherapies as vaccine adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J White
- Mayo Clinic Vaccine Research Group, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, United States
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30
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Abstract
Infectious diseases are responsible for an overwhelming number of deaths worldwide and their clinical management is often hampered by the emergence of multi-drug-resistant strains. Therefore, prevention through vaccination currently represents the best course of action to combat them. However, immune escape and evasion by pathogens often render vaccine development difficult. Furthermore, most currently available vaccines were empirically designed. In this review, we discuss why rational design of vaccines is not only desirable but also necessary. We introduce recent developments towards specifically tailored antigens, adjuvants, and delivery systems, and discuss the methodological gaps and lack of knowledge still hampering true rational vaccine design. Finally, we address the potential and limitations of different strategies and technologies for advancing vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Rueckert
- Department of Vaccinology and Applied Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Carlos A. Guzmán
- Department of Vaccinology and Applied Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
- * E-mail:
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31
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Prachi P, Biagini M, Bagnoli F. Vaccinology Is Turning into an Omics-Based Science. Drug Dev Res 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ddr.21048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Prachi Prachi
- Novartis Vaccines; Research Center; via Fiorentina 1; 53100; Siena; Italy
| | | | - Fabio Bagnoli
- Novartis Vaccines; Research Center; via Fiorentina 1; 53100; Siena; Italy
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32
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Li L, Saade F, Petrovsky N. The future of human DNA vaccines. J Biotechnol 2012; 162:171-82. [PMID: 22981627 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2012.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2012] [Revised: 08/01/2012] [Accepted: 08/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
DNA vaccines have evolved greatly over the last 20 years since their invention, but have yet to become a competitive alternative to conventional protein or carbohydrate based human vaccines. Whilst safety concerns were an initial barrier, the Achilles heel of DNA vaccines remains their poor immunogenicity when compared to protein vaccines. A wide variety of strategies have been developed to optimize DNA vaccine immunogenicity, including codon optimization, genetic adjuvants, electroporation and sophisticated prime-boost regimens, with each of these methods having its advantages and limitations. Whilst each of these methods has contributed to incremental improvements in DNA vaccine efficacy, more is still needed if human DNA vaccines are to succeed commercially. This review foresees a final breakthrough in human DNA vaccines will come from application of the latest cutting-edge technologies, including "epigenetics" and "omics" approaches, alongside traditional techniques to improve immunogenicity such as adjuvants and electroporation, thereby overcoming the current limitations of DNA vaccines in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Li
- Vaxine Pty Ltd, Bedford Park, Adelaide 5042, Australia
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33
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Vaccinology: the name, the concept, the adjectives. Vaccine 2012; 30:5491-5. [PMID: 22766245 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.06.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2012] [Revised: 06/17/2012] [Accepted: 06/18/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The visibility of the term vaccinology has become more pronounced in the 21st century in defining a scientific field that has absorbed aspects from different scientific domains until finally acquiring an identity of its own. As a result, vaccinology brings together a long tradition of researchers who have operated within a linear paradigm and incorporates new generations of scientists who have forged an exciting and diverse network of knowledge within this field. The term vaccinology, which initially appeared in isolation at the time of Jenner and once again with the emergence of the Pasteurian model, acquired further prominence thanks to the efforts of the vaccinologists who chronicled the production of vaccines in the last third of the 20th century. The term has since become truly consolidated, with the appearance of new adjectives during this century. This study provides a historical perspective for the frequency of use and evolution of this increasingly widespread term.
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34
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Carvalho A, Cunha C, Iannitti RG, Casagrande A, Bistoni F, Aversa F, Romani L. Host defense pathways against fungi: the basis for vaccines and immunotherapy. Front Microbiol 2012; 3:176. [PMID: 22590466 PMCID: PMC3349272 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2012.00176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2012] [Accepted: 04/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal vaccines have long been a goal in the fields of immunology and microbiology to counter the high mortality and morbidity rates owing to fungal diseases, particularly in immunocompromised patients. However, the design of effective vaccination formulations for durable protection to the different fungi has lagged behind due to the important differences among fungi and their biology and our limited understanding of the complex host–pathogen interactions and immune responses. Overcoming these challenges is expected to contribute to improved vaccination strategies aimed at personalized efficacy across distinct target patient populations. This likely requires the integration of multifaceted approaches encompassing advanced immunology, systems biology, immunogenetics, and bioinformatics in the fields of fungal and host biology and their reciprocal interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agostinho Carvalho
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, University of Perugia Perugia, Italy
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35
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Lemaire D, Barbosa T, Rihet P. Coping with genetic diversity: the contribution of pathogen and human genomics to modern vaccinology. Braz J Med Biol Res 2011; 45:376-85. [PMID: 22030866 PMCID: PMC3854287 DOI: 10.1590/s0100-879x2011007500142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2011] [Accepted: 10/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccine development faces major difficulties partly because of genetic variation in both infectious organisms and humans. This causes antigenic variation in infectious agents and a high interindividual variability in the human response to the vaccine. The exponential growth of genome sequence information has induced a shift from conventional culture-based to genome-based vaccinology, and allows the tackling of challenges in vaccine development due to pathogen genetic variability. Additionally, recent advances in immunogenetics and genomics should help in the understanding of the influence of genetic factors on the interindividual and interpopulation variations in immune responses to vaccines, and could be useful for developing new vaccine strategies. Accumulating results provide evidence for the existence of a number of genes involved in protective immune responses that are induced either by natural infections or vaccines. Variation in immune responses could be viewed as the result of a perturbation of gene networks; this should help in understanding how a particular polymorphism or a combination thereof could affect protective immune responses. Here we will present: i) the first genome-based vaccines that served as proof of concept, and that provided new critical insights into vaccine development strategies; ii) an overview of genetic predisposition in infectious diseases and genetic control in responses to vaccines; iii) population genetic differences that are a rationale behind group-targeted vaccines; iv) an outlook for genetic control in infectious diseases, with special emphasis on the concept of molecular networks that will provide a structure to the huge amount of genomic data.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Lemaire
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brasil
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