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Du J, Kageyama SI, Hirata H, Motegi A, Nakamura M, Hirano Y, Okumura M, Yamashita R, Tsuchihara K, Hojo H, Hirayama R, Akimoto T. Comparative analysis of the immune responses in cancer cells irradiated with X-ray, proton and carbon-ion beams. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 585:55-60. [PMID: 34784552 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Radiotherapy (RT) is an effective treatment option for cancer; however, its efficacy remains less than optimal in locally advanced cancer. Immune checkpoint inhibitor-based therapy, including the administration of anti-PD-L1 antibodies, is a promising approach that works synergistically with RT. Proton beam therapy and carbon-ion therapy are common options for patients with cancer. Proton and carbon ions are reported to induce an immune reaction in cancer cells; however, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we aimed to compare the immune responses after irradiation (IR) with X-ray, protons, and carbon ions in an oesophageal cancer cell line and the underlying mechanisms. An oesophageal cancer cell line, KYSE450, was irradiated with 1 fraction/15 GyE (Gy equivalent) of X-ray, proton, or carbon-ion beams, and then, the cells were harvested for RNA sequencing and gene enrichment analysis. We also knocked out STING and STAT1 in the quest for mechanistic insights. RNA sequencing data revealed that gene expression signatures and biological processes were different in KYSE450 irradiated with X-ray, proton, and carbon-ion beams 6-24 h after IR. However, after 3 days, a common gene expression signature was detected, associated with biological pathways involved in innate immune responses. Gene knock-out experiments revealed that the STING-STAT1 axis underlies the immune reactions after IR. X-Ray, proton, and carbon-ion IRs induced similar immune responses, regulated by the STING-STAT1 axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyan Du
- Division of Translational Informatics, Exploratory Oncology Research and Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, Chiba, Japan; Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Chiba, Japan
| | - Shun-Ichiro Kageyama
- Division of Radiation Oncology and Particle Therapy, Exploratory Oncology Research and Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, Chiba, Japan; Department of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hidenari Hirata
- Division of Radiation Oncology and Particle Therapy, Exploratory Oncology Research and Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, Chiba, Japan; Department of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Chiba, Japan
| | - Atsushi Motegi
- Division of Radiation Oncology and Particle Therapy, Exploratory Oncology Research and Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, Chiba, Japan; Department of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Chiba, Japan
| | - Masaki Nakamura
- Division of Radiation Oncology and Particle Therapy, Exploratory Oncology Research and Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, Chiba, Japan; Department of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Hirano
- Division of Radiation Oncology and Particle Therapy, Exploratory Oncology Research and Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, Chiba, Japan
| | - Masayuki Okumura
- Division of Radiation Oncology and Particle Therapy, Exploratory Oncology Research and Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, Chiba, Japan; Department of Radiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Aichi, Japan
| | - Riu Yamashita
- Division of Translational Informatics, Exploratory Oncology Research and Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, Chiba, Japan
| | - Katsuya Tsuchihara
- Division of Translational Informatics, Exploratory Oncology Research and Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, Chiba, Japan; Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hidehiro Hojo
- Division of Radiation Oncology and Particle Therapy, Exploratory Oncology Research and Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, Chiba, Japan; Department of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Chiba, Japan.
| | - Ryoichi Hirayama
- Radiation and Cancer Biology Group, Department of Charged Particle Therapy Research, Institute for Quantum Medical Science (iQMS), Quantum Life and Medical Science Directorate, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology (QST), Chiba, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Akimoto
- Division of Radiation Oncology and Particle Therapy, Exploratory Oncology Research and Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, Chiba, Japan; Department of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Chiba, Japan
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RKIP Pleiotropic Activities in Cancer and Inflammatory Diseases: Role in Immunity. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13246247. [PMID: 34944867 PMCID: PMC8699197 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13246247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The human body consists of tissues and organs formed by cells. In each cell there is a switch that allows the cell to divide or not. In contrast, cancer cells have their switch on which allow them to divide and invade other sites leading to death. Over two decades ago, Doctor Kam Yeung, University of Toledo, Ohio, has identified a factor (RKIP) that is responsible for the on/off switch which functions normally in healthy tissues but is inactive or absent in cancers. Since this early discovery, many additional properties have been ascribed to RKIP including its role in inhibiting cancer metastasis and resistance to therapeutics and its role in modulating the normal immune response. This review describes all of the above functions of RKIP and suggesting therapeutics to induce RKIP in cancers to inhibit their growth and metastases as well as inhibit its activity to treat non-cancerous inflammatory diseases. Abstract Several gene products play pivotal roles in the induction of inflammation and the progression of cancer. The Raf kinase inhibitory protein (RKIP) is a cytosolic protein that exerts pleiotropic activities in such conditions, and thus regulates oncogenesis and immune-mediated diseases through its deregulation. Herein, we review the general properties of RKIP, including its: (i) molecular structure; (ii) involvement in various cell signaling pathways (i.e., inhibition of the Raf/MEK/ERK pathway; the NF-kB pathway; GRK-2 or the STAT-3 pathway; as well as regulation of the GSK3Beta signaling; and the spindle checkpoints); (iii) regulation of RKIP expression; (iv) expression’s effects on oncogenesis; (v) role in the regulation of the immune system to diseases (i.e., RKIP regulation of T cell functions; the secretion of cytokines and immune mediators, apoptosis, immune check point inhibitors and RKIP involvement in inflammatory diseases); and (vi) bioinformatic analysis between normal and malignant tissues, as well as across various immune-related cells. Overall, the regulation of RKIP in different cancers and inflammatory diseases suggest that it can be used as a potential therapeutic target in the treatment of these diseases.
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Yesilkanal AE, Rosner MR. Targeting Raf Kinase Inhibitory Protein Regulation and Function. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:cancers10090306. [PMID: 30181452 PMCID: PMC6162369 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10090306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Raf Kinase Inhibitory Protein (RKIP) is a highly conserved kinase inhibitor that functions as a metastasis suppressor in a variety of cancers. Since RKIP can reprogram tumor cells to a non-metastatic state by rewiring kinase networks, elucidating the mechanism by which RKIP acts not only reveals molecular mechanisms that regulate metastasis, but also represents an opportunity to target these signaling networks therapeutically. Although RKIP is often lost during metastatic progression, the mechanism by which this occurs in tumor cells is complex and not well understood. In this review, we summarize our current understanding of RKIP regulation in tumors and consider experimental and computational strategies for recovering or mimicking its function by targeting mediators of metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Ekrem Yesilkanal
- Ben May Department for Cancer Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
- Committee on Cancer Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
| | - Marsha Rich Rosner
- Ben May Department for Cancer Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
- Committee on Cancer Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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Leveraging Epigenetics to Enhance the Cellular Response to Chemotherapies and Improve Tumor Immunogenicity. Adv Cancer Res 2018; 138:1-39. [PMID: 29551125 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acr.2018.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cancer chemotherapeutic drugs have greatly advanced our ability to successfully treat a variety of human malignancies. The different forms of stress produced by these agents in cancer cells result in both cell autonomous and cell nonautonomous effects. Desirable cell autonomous effects include reduced proliferative potential, cellular senescence, and cell death. More recently recognized cell nonautonomous effects, usually in the form of stimulating an antitumor immune response, have significant roles in therapeutic efficiency for a select number of chemotherapies. Unfortunately, the success of these therapeutics is not universal as not all tumors respond to treatment, and those that do respond will frequently relapse into therapy-resistant disease. Numerous strategies have been developed to sensitize tumors toward chemotherapies as a means to either improve initial responses, or serve as a secondary treatment strategy for therapy-resistant disease. Recently, targeting epigenetic regulators has emerged as a viable method of sensitizing tumors to the effects of chemotherapies, many of which are cytotoxic. In this review, we summarize these strategies and propose a path for future progress.
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Poma P, Labbozzetta M, D'Alessandro N, Notarbartolo M. NF-κB Is a Potential Molecular Drug Target in Triple-Negative Breast Cancers. OMICS-A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2017; 21:225-231. [PMID: 28388298 DOI: 10.1089/omi.2017.0020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer continues to cause significant burden in global health morbidity and mortality. Triple-negative breast cancers (TNBCs) are highly aggressive with poor prognosis and are characterized by lack of expression of estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, and human epidermal growth factor receptor (Her-2). TNBCs are often resistant to cytotoxic chemotherapy and pose major difficulty in achieving personalized medicine due to their molecular heterogeneity. There is increasing evidence that the aberrant activation of nuclear factor (NF)-κB signaling is a frequent characteristic of TNBCs. We evaluated the effects of different potential NF-κB inhibitors, such as bisindolylmaleimide I (BIS, a selective protein kinase C [PKC] inhibitor), MG132 (a proteasome inhibitor), curcumin (endowed with pleiotropic activities), and dehydroxymethylepoxyquinomicin (an inhibitor of NF-κB translocation into the nucleus) on the constitutive activation of NF-κB present in three TNBC cell lines (SUM 149, SUM 159, and MDA-MB-231). We also evaluated whether MDA-9/Syntenin plays a role in NF-κB activation, as observed in other cancer types. Indeed, silencing experiments with a siRNA anti-MDA-9/Syntenin produced a very strong reduction of NF-κB activation in all the three TNBC cell lines. We conclude that different approaches targeting NF-κB activation might potentially prove useful for innovation in anticancer drug development for TNBCs. Further research that bridge preclinical and clinical investigations with NF-κB inhibitors would be timely and warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Poma
- Pharmacology Unit, Department of Health Sciences and Mother and Child Care "G. D'Alessandro," School of Medicine, University of Palermo , Palermo, Italy
| | - Manuela Labbozzetta
- Pharmacology Unit, Department of Health Sciences and Mother and Child Care "G. D'Alessandro," School of Medicine, University of Palermo , Palermo, Italy
| | - Natale D'Alessandro
- Pharmacology Unit, Department of Health Sciences and Mother and Child Care "G. D'Alessandro," School of Medicine, University of Palermo , Palermo, Italy
| | - Monica Notarbartolo
- Pharmacology Unit, Department of Health Sciences and Mother and Child Care "G. D'Alessandro," School of Medicine, University of Palermo , Palermo, Italy
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Lee S, Wottrich S, Bonavida B. Crosstalks between Raf-kinase inhibitor protein and cancer stem cell transcription factors (Oct4, KLF4, Sox2, Nanog). Tumour Biol 2017; 39:1010428317692253. [PMID: 28378634 DOI: 10.1177/1010428317692253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Raf-kinase inhibitor protein has been reported to inhibit both the Raf/mitogen extracellular signal-regulated kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain of activated B cells pathways. It has also been reported in cancers that Raf-kinase inhibitor protein behaves as a metastatic suppressor as well as a chemo-immunosensitizing factor to drug/immune-mediated apoptosis. The majority of cancers exhibit low or no levels of Raf-kinase inhibitor protein. Hence, the activities of Raf-kinase inhibitor protein contrast, in part, to those mediated by several cancer stem cell transcription factors for their roles in resistance and metastasis. In this review, the existence of crosstalks in the signaling pathways between Raf-kinase inhibitor protein and several cancer stem cell transcription factors (Oct4, KLF4, Sox2 and Nanog) was assembled. Oct4 is induced by Lin28, and Raf-kinase inhibitor protein inhibits the microRNA binding protein Lin28. The expression of Raf-kinase inhibitor protein inversely correlates with the expression of Oct4. KLF4 does not interact directly with Raf-kinase inhibitor protein, but rather interacts indirectly via Raf-kinase inhibitor protein's regulation of the Oct4/Sox2/KLF4 complex through the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. The mechanism by which Raf-kinase inhibitor protein inhibits Sox2 is via the inhibition of the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway by Raf-kinase inhibitor protein. Thus, Raf-kinase inhibitor protein's relationship with Sox2 is via its regulation of Oct4. Inhibition of extracellular signal-regulated kinase by Raf-kinase inhibitor protein results in the upregulation of Nanog. The inhibition of Oct4 by Raf-kinase inhibitor protein results in the failure of the heterodimer formation of Oct4 and Sox2 that is necessary to bind to the Nanog promoter for the transcription of Nanog. The findings revealed that there exists a direct correlation between the expression of Raf-kinase inhibitor protein and the expression of each of the above transcription factors. Based on these analyses, we suggest that the expression level of Raf-kinase inhibitor protein may be involved in the regulation of the cancer stem cell phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- SoHyun Lee
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Stephanie Wottrich
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Benjamin Bonavida
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Inverse correlation between the metastasis suppressor RKIP and the metastasis inducer YY1: Contrasting roles in the regulation of chemo/immuno-resistance in cancer. Drug Resist Updat 2017; 30:28-38. [PMID: 28363333 DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2017.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Revised: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Several gene products have been postulated to mediate inherent and/or acquired anticancer drug resistance and tumor metastasis. Among these, the metastasis suppressor and chemo-immuno-sensitizing gene product, Raf Kinase Inhibitor Protein (RKIP), is poorly expressed in many cancers. In contrast, the metastasis inducer and chemo-immuno-resistant factor Yin Yang 1 (YY1) is overexpressed in many cancers. This inverse relationship between RKIP and YY1 expression suggests that these two gene products may be regulated via cross-talks of molecular signaling pathways, culminating in the expression of different phenotypes based on their targets. Analyses of the molecular regulation of the expression patterns of RKIP and YY1 as well as epigenetic, post-transcriptional, and post-translational regulation revealed the existence of several effector mechanisms and crosstalk pathways, of which five pathways of relevance have been identified and analyzed. The five examined cross-talk pathways include the following loops: RKIP/NF-κB/Snail/YY1, p38/MAPK/RKIP/GSK3β/Snail/YY1, RKIP/Smurf2/YY1/Snail, RKIP/MAPK/Myc/Let-7/HMGA2/Snail/YY1, as well as RKIP/GPCR/STAT3/miR-34/YY1. Each loop is comprised of multiple interactions and cascades that provide evidence for YY1's negative regulation of RKIP expression and vice versa. These loops elucidate potential prognostic motifs and targets for therapeutic intervention. Chiefly, these findings suggest that targeted inhibition of YY1 by specific small molecule inhibitors and/or the specific induction of RKIP expression and activity are potential therapeutic strategies to block tumor growth and metastasis in many cancers, as well as to overcome anticancer drug resistance. These strategies present potential alternatives for their synergistic uses in combination with low doses of conventional chemo-immunotherapeutics and hence, increasing survival, reducing toxicity, and improving quality of life.
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Rajkumar K, Nichita A, Anoor PK, Raju S, Singh SS, Burgula S. Understanding perspectives of signalling mechanisms regulating PEBP1 function. Cell Biochem Funct 2016; 34:394-403. [PMID: 27385268 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Revised: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Phosphatidylethanolamine-binding protein 1 (PEBP1), also known as Raf kinase inhibitor protein, belongs to PEBP family of proteins. It is known to interact with many proteins that are mainly involved in pathways that monitor cell proliferation and differentiation. PEBP1 in many cells interacts with several pathways, namely MAPK, GRK2, NF-кB, etc. that keeps the cell proliferation and differentiation in check. This protein is expressed by many cells in humans, including neurons where it is predominantly involved in production of choline acetyltransferase. Deregulated PEBP1 is known to cause cancer, diabetic nephropathy and neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's and dementia. Recent research led to the discovery of many drugs that mainly target the interaction of PEBP1 with its partners. These compounds are known to bind PEBP1 in its conserved domain which abrogate its association with interacting partners in several different pathways. We outline here the latest developments in understanding of PEBP1 function in maintaining cell integrity. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY Phosphatidylethanolamine-binding protein is crucial in regulation of MAPK and PKC pathways. Its diverse roles, including regulating these pathways keep cell differentiation and proliferation in check. This review outlines some latest findings which greatly add to our current knowledge of phosphatidylethanolamine-binding protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karthik Rajkumar
- Department of Microbiology, Osmania University, Hyderabad, India
| | - Aare Nichita
- Department of Microbiology, Osmania University, Hyderabad, India
| | | | - Swathi Raju
- Department of Microbiology, Osmania University, Hyderabad, India
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Labbozzetta M, Poma P, Vivona N, Gulino A, D'Alessandro N, Notarbartolo M. Epigenetic changes and nuclear factor-κB activation, but not microRNA-224, downregulate Raf-1 kinase inhibitor protein in triple-negative breast cancer SUM 159 cells. Oncol Lett 2015; 10:3807-3815. [PMID: 26788213 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2015.3787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Raf-1 kinase inhibitor protein (RKIP) is a tumor suppressor and metastasis inhibitor, which enhances drug-induced apoptosis of cancer cells. Downregulation of RKIP may be significant in the biology of highly aggressive and drug-resistant tumors, for example triple-negative breast cancers (TNBCs). Potential causes for the low levels of RKIP expressed by SUM 159 TNBC cells were investigated in the present study. Bisulphite modification, methylation specific-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and a TransAM NF-κB assay were performed and the results suggested that various mechanisms, including methylation of the gene promoter, histone deacetylation and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) activation, but not targeting by microRNA-224 (miR/miRNA-224), as determined by transfection of pre-miR-224 miRNA precursor or anti-miR-224 miRNA inhibitor, may downregulate RKIP in these cells. Furthermore, reverse transcription-quantitative PCR, western blotting, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulphophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium cell growth assay and flow cytometry revealed that in SUM 159 cells, the demethylating agent 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (5-AZA), the histone deacetylase inhibitor trichostatin A (TSA) and the NF-κB inhibitor dehydroxymethylepoxyquinomicin (DHMEQ) enhanced RKIP expression and resulted in significant cell growth inhibition and induction of apoptosis. 5-AZA and TSA mainly produced additive antitumor effects, while the combination of DHMEQ and TSA exhibited significant synergy in cell growth inhibition and induction of apoptosis assays. Increasing evidence that aberrant activation of NF-κB signaling is a frequent characteristic of TNBC highlights the fact that this transcription factor may be a useful target for treatment of such tumors. In addition to DHMEQ, proteasome inhibitors may also represent valuable therapeutic resources in this context. Notably, proteasome inhibitors, in addition to the inhibition of NF-κB activation, may also restore RKIP levels by inhibiting proteasome degradation of the ubiquitinated protein. The current results contribute to the understanding of the molecular mechanisms of RKIP downregulation in TNBC and suggest possible novel therapeutic approaches for the treatment of these types of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Labbozzetta
- Pharmacology Unit, Department of Health Sciences and Mother and Child Care 'G. D'Alessandro', University of Palermo, Palermo 90127, Italy
| | - Paola Poma
- Pharmacology Unit, Department of Health Sciences and Mother and Child Care 'G. D'Alessandro', University of Palermo, Palermo 90127, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Vivona
- Pharmacology Unit, Department of Health Sciences and Mother and Child Care 'G. D'Alessandro', University of Palermo, Palermo 90127, Italy
| | - Alessandro Gulino
- Tumor Immunology Unit, Department of Health Sciences and Mother and Child Care 'G. D'Alessandro', University of Palermo, Palermo 90127, Italy
| | - Natale D'Alessandro
- Pharmacology Unit, Department of Health Sciences and Mother and Child Care 'G. D'Alessandro', University of Palermo, Palermo 90127, Italy
| | - Monica Notarbartolo
- Pharmacology Unit, Department of Health Sciences and Mother and Child Care 'G. D'Alessandro', University of Palermo, Palermo 90127, Italy
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The biological complexity of RKIP signaling in human cancers. Exp Mol Med 2015; 47:e185. [PMID: 26403261 PMCID: PMC4650930 DOI: 10.1038/emm.2015.70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Revised: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The Raf kinase inhibitory protein (RKIP) has been demonstrated to modulate different intracellular signaling pathways in cancers. Studies have shown that RKIP is frequently downregulated in cancers; therefore, attempts have been made to upregulate the expression of RKIP using natural and synthetic agents for the treatment of human malignancies. Moreover, various regulators such as specific proteins and microRNAs (miRNAs) that are involved in the regulation of RKIP expression have also been identified. RKIP mechanistically modulates the apoptotic regulators of tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) signaling. Because of its critical role in human cancers, RKIP has drawn much research attention, and our understanding is expanding rapidly. Here, we summarize some of the biological complexities of RKIP regulation. However, we restrict our discussion to selected tumors by focusing on TRAIL, miRNAs and natural agents. Emerging evidence suggests a role for natural agents in RKIP regulation in cancer cells; therefore, naturally occurring agents may serve as cancer-targeting agents for cancer treatment. Although the literature suggests some advancement in our knowledge of RKIP biology, it is incomplete with regard to its preclinical and clinical efficacy; thus, further research is warranted. Furthermore, the mechanism by which chemotherapeutic drugs and novel compounds modulate RKIP and how nanotechnologically delivered RKIP can be therapeutically exploited remain to be determined.
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Zhang J, Du J, Liu Q, Zhang Y. Down-regulation of STAT3 expression using vector-based RNA interference promotes apoptosis in Hepatocarcinoma cells. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2015; 44:1201-5. [PMID: 26134753 DOI: 10.3109/21691401.2015.1029628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we followed a DNA vector-based RNAi approach to silence the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) expression in Bel-7402 cells, to explore how the Janus kinase (JAK)/STAT3 signaling pathway influences the apoptosis of hepatocarcinoma cells. According to GenBank's STAT3 cDNA, the plasmid pGCsi.U6/neoRFP STAT3, which was designed for expression of STAT3 small interfering RNA (siRNA), was constructed and synthesized, and then transfected into Bel-7402 cells using Lipofectamine 2000. Cells with or without siRNA transfection were treated in wells. The apoptotic rate was detected by flow cytometry (FCM) and by staining with the Annexin V/propidium iodide (PI) apoptosis detection kit. Simultaneously, the mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) was visualized by JC-1 fluorescence staining and observed using the inverted fluorescence microscope. Furthermore, the expression of caspase-3 protein was analyzed by Western blotting. The results showed that treatment with STAT3 siRNA displayed effects in the Bel-7402 cells, causing a significantly increased apoptotic ratio (P < 0.05). The mitochondrial membrane potential of the STAT3 siRNA group, observed by the JC-1 fluorescence staining, decreased significantly. The protein expression of active caspase-3 increased with STAT3 siRNA treatment, and was significantly higher than that of the control group (P < 0.05). STAT3 gene-silencing significantly improves the apoptotic effect against Bel-7402 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junwei Zhang
- a Institute of Oncology, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Shandong University , Jinan , P.R. China.,b Department of Oncology , The Central Hospital of Panjin , Panjin , P.R. China
| | - Jiajun Du
- c Department of thoracic surgery , Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Shandong University , Jinan , P.R. China
| | - Qi Liu
- a Institute of Oncology, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Shandong University , Jinan , P.R. China
| | - Yi Zhang
- d Department of General Surgery , The Central Hospital of Panjin , Panjin , P.R. China
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Li DX, Cai HY, Wang X, Feng YL, Cai SW. Promoter methylation of Raf kinase inhibitory protein: A significant prognostic indicator for patients with gastric adenocarcinoma. Exp Ther Med 2014; 8:844-850. [PMID: 25120612 PMCID: PMC4113522 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2014.1833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2014] [Accepted: 06/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA methylation has an important role in the development of carcinomas. As a metastasis suppressor gene, Raf kinase inhibitory protein (RKIP) suppresses tumor cell invasion and metastasis. In the present study, the associations between RKIP protein expression and promoter methylation with clinicopathological parameters, prognosis and survival rates in gastric adenocarcinoma were investigated. RKIP protein expression and promoter methylation were measured in 135 cases of surgically resected gastric adenocarcinoma specimens and corresponding normal tissues using immunohistochemistry and methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction, respectively. Kaplan-Meier analyses were performed to analyze the patient survival rate. Prognostic factors were determined using multivariate Cox analysis. RKIP promoter methylation was detected in 48.9% of gastric carcinoma tissues and 5.17% of adjacent tissues (P<0.05). RKIP protein expression was detected in 43.0% of gastric carcinoma tissues and 91.1% of adjacent tissues (P<0.05). The protein expression levels and promoter methylation of RKIP were shown to correlate with pathological staging, Union for International Cancer Control-stage, tumor differentiation and lymph node metastasis (P<0.05). In addition, the protein expression of RKIP in gastric carcinomas was demonstrated to be associated with promoter methylation of RKIP. Survival analysis of gastric carcinoma patients revealed that promoter methylation in RKIP-positive tumors correlated with a significantly shorter survival time when compared with RKIP-negative tumors (P=0.0002, using the log-rank test). Using multivariate Cox analysis, promoter methylation of RKIP was shown to be an independent prognostic factor (P=0.033). These results indicated that abnormal promoter methylation of RKIP may be one cause of downregulated RKIP expression. Downregulation of RKIP expression was shown to correlate with the incidence and development of gastric carcinomas. Thus, abnormal promoter methylation of RKIP may be a valuable biomarker for estimating gastric carcinoma prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Xia Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, P.R. China
| | - Hai-Yang Cai
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, P.R. China
| | - Xia Wang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Weihui, Henan 453100, P.R. China
| | - Yan-Ling Feng
- Department of Pathology, Public Health Clinical Center of Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, P.R. China
| | - Song-Wang Cai
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, P.R. China
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13
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Wen Z, Shu Y, Gao C, Wang X, Qi G, Zhang P, Li M, Shi J, Tian B. CDK5-mediated phosphorylation and autophagy of RKIP regulate neuronal death in Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2014; 35:2870-2880. [PMID: 25104559 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2014.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Revised: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Raf kinase inhibitor protein (RKIP) is a major negative mediator of the extracellular signal-related kinase (ERK)/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. The downregulation of RKIP is correlated with many cancers, but the mechanisms that underlie this downregulation and its roles in the nervous system remain unclear. Here, we demonstrate that RKIP is a substrate of cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (CDK5) in neurons and that the phosphorylation of RKIP at T42 causes the release of Raf-1. Moreover, T42 phosphorylation promotes the exposure and recognition of the target motif "KLYEQ" in the C-terminus of RKIP by chaperone Hsc70 and the subsequent degradation of RKIP via chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA). Furthermore, in the brain sample of Parkinson's disease (PD) patients and in 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine hydrochloride-induced and transgenic PD models, we demonstrate that CDK5-mediated phosphorylation and autophagy of RKIP are involved in the overactivation of the ERK/MAPK cascade, leading to S-phase reentry and neuronal loss. These findings provide evidence for the role of the CDK5/RKIP/ERK pathway in PD pathogenesis and suggest that this pathway may be a suitable therapeutic target in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Wen
- Department of Neurobiology, Tongji Medical School, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China; Key Laboratory of Neurological Diseases, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Yang Shu
- Department of Neurobiology, Tongji Medical School, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China; Key Laboratory of Neurological Diseases, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Caiyun Gao
- Department of Neurobiology, Tongji Medical School, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China; Key Laboratory of Neurological Diseases, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Xuemin Wang
- Department of Neurobiology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Guangjian Qi
- Department of Neurobiology, Tongji Medical School, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China; Key Laboratory of Neurological Diseases, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Pei Zhang
- Department of Neurobiology, Tongji Medical School, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China; Key Laboratory of Neurological Diseases, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Man Li
- Department of Neurobiology, Tongji Medical School, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China; Key Laboratory of Neurological Diseases, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Jing Shi
- Department of Neurobiology, Tongji Medical School, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China; Key Laboratory of Neurological Diseases, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Bo Tian
- Department of Neurobiology, Tongji Medical School, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China; Key Laboratory of Neurological Diseases, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China.
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14
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Zhang X, Zhang X, Liu C, Jia N, Li X, Xiao J. MiR‑224 promotes colorectal cancer cells proliferation via downregulation of P21WAF1/CIP1. Mol Med Rep 2014; 9:941-6. [PMID: 24430932 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.1900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Accepted: 11/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are between 19 and 25 mer non‑coding RNAs involved in cancer cell proliferation, apoptosis, stress responses and maintenance of stem cell potency. In the present study, miR‑224 was observed to be upregulated in colorectal cancer (CRC) tissue. Overexpression of miR‑224 facilitated proliferation of the CRC cell lines, HCT‑116 and SW‑480. Bioinformatics analysis revealed a putative miR‑224 binding site in the 3'‑untranslated region of CDKI1A (P21WAF1/CIP1). Western blot analysis and the luciferase reporter assay proved that miR‑224 represses P21WAF1/CIP1 expression and promotes cell cycle G1/S transition. These results suggest that the downregulation of miR‑224 in CRC is a novel potential therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiumei Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning 121000, P.R. China
| | - Xia Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning 121000, P.R. China
| | - Chao Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning 121000, P.R. China
| | - Ning Jia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning 121000, P.R. China
| | - Xinyu Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning 121000, P.R. China
| | - Jianying Xiao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning 121000, P.R. China
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15
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Al-Mulla F, Bitar MS, Taqi Z, Yeung KC. RKIP: much more than Raf kinase inhibitory protein. J Cell Physiol 2013; 228:1688-702. [PMID: 23359513 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Accepted: 01/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
From its discovery as a phosphatidylethanolamine-binding protein in bovine brain to its designation as a physiological inhibitor of Raf kinase protein, RKIP has emerged as a critical molecule for maintaining subdued, well-orchestrated cellular responses to stimuli. The disruption of RKIP in a wide range of pathologies, including cancer, Alzheimer's disease, and pancreatitis, makes it an exciting target for individualized therapy and disease-specific interventions. This review attempts to highlight recent advances in the RKIP field underscoring its potential role as a master modulator of many pivotal intracellular signaling cascades that control cellular growth, motility, apoptosis, genomic integrity, and therapeutic resistance. Specific biological and functional niches are highlighted to focus future research towards an enhanced understanding of the multiple roles of RKIP in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahd Al-Mulla
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Kuwait University Health Sciences Centre, Safat, Kuwait.
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