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Sethi M, Sharma R, Mohapatra S, Mittal S. How to tackle complexity in urban climate resilience? Negotiating climate science, adaptation and multi-level governance in India. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0253904. [PMID: 34197514 PMCID: PMC8248603 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0253904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
As the world’s population is expected to be over 2/3rd urban by 2050, climate action in cities is a growing area of interest in the inter-disciplines of development policy, disaster mitigation and environmental governance. The climate impacts are expected to be quite severe in the developing world, given its urban societies are densely packed, vastly exposed to natural elements while possessing limited capabilities. There is a notable ambiguity and complexity that inhibits a methodical approach in identifying urban resilience measures. The complexity is due to intersection of large number of distinct variables in climate geoscience (precipitation and temperature anomalies at different locations, RCPs, timeline), adaptation alternatives (approach, priority, intervention level) and urban governance (functional mandate, institutional capacity, and plans & policies). This research examines how disparate and complex knowledge and information in these inter-disciplines can be processed for systematic ‘negotiation’ to situate, ground and operationalize resilience in cities. With India as a case, we test this by simulating mid-term and long-run climate scenarios (2050 & 2080) to map regional climate impacts that shows escalation in the intensity of climate events like heat waves, urban flooding, landslides and sea level rise. We draw on suitable adaptation measures for five key urban sectors- water, infrastructure (including energy), building, urban planning, health and conclude a sleuth of climate resilience building measures for policy application through national/ state policies, local urban plans and preparation of city resilience strategy, as well as advance the research on ‘negotiated resilience’ in urban areas
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahendra Sethi
- Technical University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Mercator Research Institute on Global Commons and Climate Change, Berlin, Germany
- Indian Society for Applied Research & Development, New Delhi, India
- * E-mail:
| | - Richa Sharma
- India Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Shilpi Mittal
- Indian Society for Applied Research & Development, New Delhi, India
- G.D. Goenka University, Gurugram, Haryana, India
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Özdemir V, Arga KY, Aziz RK, Bayram M, Conley SN, Dandara C, Endrenyi L, Fisher E, Garvey CK, Hekim N, Kunej T, Şardaş S, Von Schomberg R, Yassin AS, Yılmaz G, Wang W. Digging Deeper into Precision/Personalized Medicine: Cracking the Sugar Code, the Third Alphabet of Life, and Sociomateriality of the Cell. OMICS-A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2020; 24:62-80. [PMID: 32027574 DOI: 10.1089/omi.2019.0220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Precision/personalized medicine is a hot topic in health care. Often presented with the motto "the right drug, for the right patient, at the right dose, and the right time," precision medicine is a theory for rational therapeutics as well as practice to individualize health interventions (e.g., drugs, food, vaccines, medical devices, and exercise programs) using biomarkers. Yet, an alien visitor to planet Earth reading the contemporary textbooks on diagnostics might think precision medicine requires only two biomolecules omnipresent in the literature: nucleic acids (e.g., DNA) and proteins, known as the first and second alphabet of biology, respectively. However, the precision/personalized medicine community has tended to underappreciate the third alphabet of life, the "sugar code" (i.e., the information stored in glycans, glycoproteins, and glycolipids). This article brings together experts in precision/personalized medicine science, pharmacoglycomics, emerging technology governance, cultural studies, contemporary art, and responsible innovation to critically comment on the sociomateriality of the three alphabets of life together. First, the current transformation of targeted therapies with personalized glycomedicine and glycan biomarkers is examined. Next, we discuss the reasons as to why unraveling of the sugar code might have lagged behind the DNA and protein codes. While social scientists have historically noted the importance of constructivism (e.g., how people interpret technology and build their values, hopes, and expectations into emerging technologies), life scientists relied on the material properties of technologies in explaining why some innovations emerge rapidly and are more popular than others. The concept of sociomateriality integrates these two explanations by highlighting the inherent entanglement of the social and the material contributions to knowledge and what is presented to us as reality from everyday laboratory life. Hence, we present a hypothesis based on a sociomaterial conceptual lens: because materiality and synthesis of glycans are not directly driven by a template, and thus more complex and open ended than sequencing of a finite length genome, social construction of expectations from unraveling of the sugar code versus the DNA code might have evolved differently, as being future-uncertain versus future-proof, respectively, thus potentially explaining the "sugar lag" in precision/personalized medicine diagnostics over the past decades. We conclude by introducing systems scientists, physicians, and biotechnology industry to the concept, practice, and value of responsible innovation, while glycomedicine and other emerging biomarker technologies (e.g., metagenomics and pharmacomicrobiomics) transition to applications in health care, ecology, pharmaceutical/diagnostic industries, agriculture, food, and bioengineering, among others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vural Özdemir
- OMICS: A Journal of Integrative Biology, New Rochelle, New York.,Senior Advisor and Writer, Emerging Technology Governance and Responsible Innovation, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - K Yalçın Arga
- Health Institutes of Turkey, Istanbul, Turkey.,Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Marmara University, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Ramy K Aziz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.,The Center for Genome and Microbiome Research, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mustafa Bayram
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - Shannon N Conley
- STS Futures Lab, School of Integrated Sciences, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Virginia
| | - Collet Dandara
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pathology and Institute for Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Laszlo Endrenyi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Erik Fisher
- School for the Future of Innovation in Society and the Consortium for Science, Policy and Outcomes, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona
| | - Colin K Garvey
- Stanford Institute for Human-Centered Artificial Intelligence, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California
| | - Nezih Hekim
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, İstanbul Medipol University, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Tanja Kunej
- University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Department of Animal Science, Domzale, Slovenia
| | - Semra Şardaş
- Faculty of Pharmacy, İstinye University, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Rene Von Schomberg
- Directorate General for Research and Innovation, European Commission, Brussel, Belgium.,Technical University Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Aymen S Yassin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.,The Center for Genome and Microbiome Research, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Gürçim Yılmaz
- Writer and Editor, Cultural Studies, and Curator of Contemporary Arts, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Wei Wang
- Key Municipal Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia
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Dove ES, Barlas IÖ, Birch K, Boehme C, Borda-Rodriguez A, Byne WM, Chaverneff F, Coşkun Y, Dahl ML, Dereli T, Diwakar S, Elbeyli L, Endrenyi L, Eroğlu-Kesim B, Ferguson LR, Güngör K, Gürsoy U, Hekim N, Huzair F, Kaushik K, Kickbusch I, Kıroğlu O, Kolker E, Könönen E, Lin B, Llerena A, Malhan F, Nair B, Patrinos GP, Şardaş S, Sert Ö, Srivastava S, Steuten LMG, Toraman C, Vayena E, Wang W, Warnich L, Özdemir V. An Appeal to the Global Health Community for a Tripartite Innovation: An "Essential Diagnostics List," "Health in All Policies," and "See-Through 21(st) Century Science and Ethics". OMICS-A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2015; 19:435-42. [PMID: 26161545 DOI: 10.1089/omi.2015.0075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Diagnostics spanning a wide range of new biotechnologies, including proteomics, metabolomics, and nanotechnology, are emerging as companion tests to innovative medicines. In this Opinion, we present the rationale for promulgating an "Essential Diagnostics List." Additionally, we explain the ways in which adopting a vision for "Health in All Policies" could link essential diagnostics with robust and timely societal outcomes such as sustainable development, human rights, gender parity, and alleviation of poverty. We do so in three ways. First, we propose the need for a new, "see through" taxonomy for knowledge-based innovation as we transition from the material industries (e.g., textiles, plastic, cement, glass) dominant in the 20(th) century to the anticipated knowledge industry of the 21st century. If knowledge is the currency of the present century, then it is sensible to adopt an approach that thoroughly examines scientific knowledge, starting with the production aims, methods, quality, distribution, access, and the ends it purports to serve. Second, we explain that this knowledge trajectory focus on innovation is crucial and applicable across all sectors, including public, private, or public-private partnerships, as it underscores the fact that scientific knowledge is a co-product of technology, human values, and social systems. By making the value systems embedded in scientific design and knowledge co-production transparent, we all stand to benefit from sustainable and transparent science. Third, we appeal to the global health community to consider the necessary qualities of good governance for 21st century organizations that will embark on developing essential diagnostics. These have importance not only for science and knowledge-based innovation, but also for the ways in which we can build open, healthy, and peaceful civil societies today and for future generations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward S Dove
- 1 J. Kenyon Mason Institute for Medicine, Life Sciences and the Law, University of Edinburgh School of Law , Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - I Ömer Barlas
- 2 Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Mersin University , Mersin, Turkey
| | - Kean Birch
- 3 Department of Social Science, Faculty of Liberal Arts and Professional Studies, York University , Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Catharina Boehme
- 4 Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics (FIND) , Campus Biotech, Chemin des Mines, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Borda-Rodriguez
- 5 Secretaría Nacional de Educación Superior , Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación, Quito, Ecuador .,6 Development Policy and Practice Group, The Open University , Milton Keynes, United Kingdom
| | - William M Byne
- 7 Departments of Psychiatry, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY and The James J. Peters VA Medical Center , Bronx, New York
| | - Florence Chaverneff
- 8 Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, NYU Langone Medical Center , New York, New York
| | - Yavuz Coşkun
- 9 Office of the President, Gaziantep University , Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - Marja-Liisa Dahl
- 10 Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Karolinska Institute , Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Türkay Dereli
- 11 Department of Industrial Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Gaziantep University , Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - Shyam Diwakar
- 12 Amrita School of Biotechnology, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham (Amrita University) , Amritapuri, Clappana P.O., Kollam, Kerala, India
| | - Levent Elbeyli
- 13 Faculty of Medicine, Gaziantep University , Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - Laszlo Endrenyi
- 14 Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto , Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Lynnette R Ferguson
- 16 Discipline of Nutrition, The University of Auckland , Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Kıvanç Güngör
- 17 Faculty of Health Sciences, Gaziantep University , Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - Ulvi Gürsoy
- 18 Department of Periodontology, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku , Turku, Finland
| | - Nezih Hekim
- 19 School of Medicine, Beykent University , Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Farah Huzair
- 20 Science, Technology and Innovation Studies, School of Social and Political Science, University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | | | - Ilona Kickbusch
- 22 Global Health Program, Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies , Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Olcay Kıroğlu
- 23 Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Çukurova University , Adana, Turkey
| | - Eugene Kolker
- 24 Bioinformatics and High-Throughput Analysis Laboratory, Seattle Children's Research Institute and CDO Analytics , Seattle Children's, Seattle, Washington.,25 Departments of Biomedical Informatics and Medical Education and Pediatrics, and University of Washington , Seattle, Washington.,26 Data-Enabled Life Sciences Alliance (DELSA Global) , Seattle, Washington.,27 Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, College of Science, Northeastern University , Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Eija Könönen
- 18 Department of Periodontology, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku , Turku, Finland
| | - Biaoyang Lin
- 28 Department of Urology, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington.,29 Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, China
| | - Adrian Llerena
- 30 Extremadura University Hospital and Medical School , Badajoz, Extremadura, Spain
| | - Faruk Malhan
- 31 Istanbul Design Foundation , Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Bipin Nair
- 12 Amrita School of Biotechnology, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham (Amrita University) , Amritapuri, Clappana P.O., Kollam, Kerala, India
| | - George P Patrinos
- 32 Department of Pharmacy, University of Patras School of Health Sciences , Patras, Greece
| | - Semra Şardaş
- 33 Faculty of Pharmacy, Marmara University , Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Özlem Sert
- 34 Urban Studies Center and the Department of History, Hacettepe University , Beytepe, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sanjeeva Srivastava
- 35 Proteomics Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay , Powai, Mumbai, India
| | - Lotte M G Steuten
- 36 PANAXEA bv , Enschede, The Netherlands .,37 School of Pharmacy, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington
| | - Cengiz Toraman
- 38 Faculty of Communications and Department of Management Sciences, Gaziantep University , Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - Effy Vayena
- 39 Institute of Biomedical Ethics, University of Zurich , Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Wei Wang
- 40 School of Medical Sciences, Edith Cowan University , Perth, Australia .,41 Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University , Beijing, China
| | - Louise Warnich
- 42 Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University , Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Vural Özdemir
- 9 Office of the President, Gaziantep University , Gaziantep, Turkey .,11 Department of Industrial Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Gaziantep University , Gaziantep, Turkey .,12 Amrita School of Biotechnology, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham (Amrita University) , Amritapuri, Clappana P.O., Kollam, Kerala, India .,26 Data-Enabled Life Sciences Alliance (DELSA Global) , Seattle, Washington.,38 Faculty of Communications and Department of Management Sciences, Gaziantep University , Gaziantep, Turkey
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