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Pintér P, Alpár A. The Role of Extracellular Matrix in Human Neurodegenerative Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911085. [PMID: 36232390 PMCID: PMC9569603 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The dense neuropil of the central nervous system leaves only limited space for extracellular substances free. The advent of immunohistochemistry, soon followed by advanced diagnostic tools, enabled us to explore the biochemical heterogeneity and compartmentalization of the brain extracellular matrix in exploratory and clinical research alike. The composition of the extracellular matrix is critical to shape neuronal function; changes in its assembly trigger or reflect brain/spinal cord malfunction. In this study, we focus on extracellular matrix changes in neurodegenerative disorders. We summarize its phenotypic appearance and biochemical characteristics, as well as the major enzymes which regulate and remodel matrix establishment in disease. The specifically built basement membrane of the central nervous system, perineuronal nets and perisynaptic axonal coats can protect neurons from toxic agents, and biochemical analysis revealed how the individual glycosaminoglycan and proteoglycan components interact with these molecules. Depending on the site, type and progress of the disease, select matrix components can either proactively trigger the formation of disease-specific harmful products, or reactively accumulate, likely to reduce tissue breakdown and neuronal loss. We review the diagnostic use and the increasing importance of medical screening of extracellular matrix components, especially enzymes, which informs us about disease status and, better yet, allows us to forecast illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panka Pintér
- Department of Anatomy, Semmelweis University, 1113 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Alán Alpár
- Department of Anatomy, Semmelweis University, 1113 Budapest, Hungary
- SE NAP Research Group of Experimental Neuroanatomy and Developmental Biology, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 1051 Budapest, Hungary
- Correspondence:
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Sánchez-Ventura J, Lane MA, Udina E. The Role and Modulation of Spinal Perineuronal Nets in the Healthy and Injured Spinal Cord. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:893857. [PMID: 35669108 PMCID: PMC9163449 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.893857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Rather than being a stable scaffold, perineuronal nets (PNNs) are a dynamic and specialized extracellular matrix involved in plasticity modulation. They have been extensively studied in the brain and associated with neuroprotection, ionic buffering, and neural maturation. However, their biological function in the spinal cord and the effects of disrupting spinal PNNs remain elusive. The goal of this review is to summarize the current knowledge of spinal PNNs and their potential in pathological conditions such as traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI). We also highlighted interventions that have been used to modulate the extracellular matrix after SCI, targeting the glial scar and spinal PNNs, in an effort to promote regeneration and stabilization of the spinal circuits, respectively. These concepts are discussed in the framework of developmental and neuroplastic changes in PNNs, drawing similarities between immature and denervated neurons after an SCI, which may provide a useful context for future SCI research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Sánchez-Ventura
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Institute of Neuroscience, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Michael A. Lane
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- The Marion Murray Spinal Cord Research Center, College of Medicine, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Esther Udina
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Institute of Neuroscience, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Bellaterra, Spain
- *Correspondence: Esther Udina
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Trott JF, Schennink A, Horigan KC, Lemay DG, Cohen JR, Famula TR, Dragon JA, Hovey RC. Unique Transcriptomic Changes Underlie Hormonal Interactions During Mammary Histomorphogenesis in Female Pigs. Endocrinology 2022; 163:bqab256. [PMID: 34918063 PMCID: PMC10409904 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqab256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Successful lactation and the risk for developing breast cancer depend on growth and differentiation of the mammary gland (MG) epithelium that is regulated by ovarian steroids (17β-estradiol [E] and progesterone [P]) and pituitary-derived prolactin (PRL). Given that the MG of pigs share histomorphogenic features present in the normal human breast, we sought to define the transcriptional responses within the MG of pigs following exposure to all combinations of these hormones. Hormone-ablated female pigs were administered combinations of E, medroxyprogesterone 17-acetate (source of P), and either haloperidol (to induce PRL) or 2-bromo-α-ergocryptine. We subsequently monitored phenotypic changes in the MG including mitosis, receptors for E and P (ESR1 and PGR), level of phosphorylated STAT5 (pSTAT5), and the frequency of terminal ductal lobular unit (TDLU) subtypes; these changes were then associated with all transcriptomic changes. Estrogen altered the expression of approximately 20% of all genes that were mostly associated with mitosis, whereas PRL stimulated elements of fatty acid metabolism and an inflammatory response. Several outcomes, including increased pSTAT5, highlighted the ability of E to enhance PRL action. Regression of transcriptomic changes against several MG phenotypes revealed 1669 genes correlated with proliferation, among which 29 were E inducible. Additional gene expression signatures were associated with TDLU formation and the frequency of ESR1 or PGR. These data provide a link between the hormone-regulated genome and phenome of the MG in a species having a complex histoarchitecture like that in the human breast, and highlight an underexplored synergy between the actions of E and PRL during MG development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josephine F Trott
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Anke Schennink
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Katherine C Horigan
- Department of Animal Science, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont 05405, USA
| | - Danielle G Lemay
- US Department of Agriculture ARS Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Julia R Cohen
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Thomas R Famula
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Julie A Dragon
- Vermont Integrative Genomics Resource, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont 05405, USA
| | - Russell C Hovey
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA
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Welby E, Rehborg RJ, Harmelink M, Ebert AD. Assessment of cerebral spinal fluid biomarkers and microRNA-mediated disease mechanisms in spinal muscular atrophy patient samples. Hum Mol Genet 2021; 31:1830-1843. [PMID: 34919695 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddab365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) is a promising biospecimen for the detection of central nervous system biomarkers to monitor therapeutic efficacy at the cellular level in neurological diseases. Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) patients receiving intrathecal antisense oligonucleotide (nusinersen) therapy tend to show improved motor function, but the treatment effect on cellular health remains unknown. The objective of this study was to assess the potential of extracellular RNAs and microRNAs in SMA patient CSF as indicators of neuron and glial health following nusinersen treatment. Extracellular RNA analysis of CSF samples revealed ongoing cellular stress related to inflammation and glial differentiation, even after treatment administration. Downregulated microRNA expression associated with SMA-specific or general motor neuron dysfunction in animal and cellular models, tended to increase in nusinersen treated patient CSF samples and correlated with SMA Type 1 and 2 motor functioning improvements. However, miR-146a, known to be upregulated in SMA induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived astrocytes, showed increased expression in nusinersen treated CSF samples. We then used mRNA sequencing and multi-electrode arrays to assess the transcriptional and functional effects of miR-146a on healthy and SMA iPSC-derived motor neurons. miR-146a treatment on iPSC-derived motor neurons led to a downregulation of extracellular matrix genes associated with synaptic perineuronal net and alterations in spontaneous electrophysiological activity. Together, this study suggests that extracellular RNAs and microRNAs may serve as useful biomarkers to monitor cellular health during nusinersen treatment. Moreover, these data highlight the importance of addressing astrocyte health and response to nusinersen in SMA pathogenesis and treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Welby
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Rebecca J Rehborg
- Department of Neurology (Child Neurology), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Matthew Harmelink
- Department of Neurology (Child Neurology), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Allison D Ebert
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
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Yao Y, Wang J, He T, Li H, Hu J, Zheng M, Ding Y, Chen YY, Shen Y, Wang LL, Zhu Y. Microarray assay of circular RNAs reveals cicRNA.7079 as a new anti-apoptotic molecule in spinal cord injury in mice. Brain Res Bull 2020; 164:157-171. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2020.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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