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González-Sotelo A, Contreras-Bulnes R, Rodríguez-Vilchis LE, de Los Angeles Moyaho-Bernal M, Rubio-Rosas E, Teutle-Coyotecatl B, Mézquita-Rodrigo I. Morphological and porosity changes in primary enamel surface after an in vitro demineralization model. Microsc Res Tech 2022; 85:1956-1963. [PMID: 35005814 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.24058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
In vitro models are very useful in dentistry, especially to evaluate preventive methods against dental caries. Although they have been used for more than 30 years, specific demineralization models have not been established for primary enamel, which is more prone to demineralization than permanent enamel. This study evaluates porosity changes in primary enamel surface after a demineralization model through a scientifically validated analytical tool. Nine healthy human anterior primary teeth extracted for therapeutic reasons were included in this study, previous informed consent. The samples were randomly assigned to three groups n = 3: G1_2D, G2_4D, and G3_7D. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images at ×200 and ×1000 were taken during two stages: before demineralization (BD) and after demineralization (AD). Morphological characterization was observed at ×1000, while porosity (pore count and perimeter) was analyzed by the ImageJ program, using ×200 SEM images previously converted. Several statistical analyses were used to determine differences (p ≤ .05). Morphological characterization AD revealed new pits and cracks on the enamel surface in G1_2D and G2_4D groups. Localized eroded enamel areas were observed in G3_7D. Pore count of enamel surface BD ranged from 64.26 ± 37.62 to 97.93 ± 34.25 and AD ranged from 150.06 ± 64.86 to 256 ± 58.14. AD, G_4D exhibited a decrease in pore perimeter contrary to G_2D and G_7D. Significant differences were observed. Finally, morphological changes were more evident as days of demineralization increased; 7 days of immersion could be employed as an enamel erosive model. The pore count increased after the demineralization model, BD pores perimeter was heterogeneous, and AD varied according to the immersion period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arlete González-Sotelo
- Facultad de Odontología, Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados en Odontología (CIEAO), Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Toluca, Mexico
| | - Rosalía Contreras-Bulnes
- Facultad de Odontología, Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados en Odontología (CIEAO), Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Toluca, Mexico
| | - Laura Emma Rodríguez-Vilchis
- Facultad de Odontología, Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados en Odontología (CIEAO), Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Toluca, Mexico
| | | | - Efraín Rubio-Rosas
- Dirección de Innovación y Transferencia de Conocimiento, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
| | - Bernardo Teutle-Coyotecatl
- Facultad de Odontología, Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados en Odontología (CIEAO), Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Toluca, Mexico
| | - Irina Mézquita-Rodrigo
- Facultad de Odontología, Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados en Odontología (CIEAO), Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Toluca, Mexico
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Kahvecioglu F, Kahraman K, Akman H, Tosun G. Effects of Er:YAG Laser Treatment on the Mineral Content and Morphology of Primary Tooth Enamel. Photomed Laser Surg 2019; 36:680-686. [PMID: 31697638 DOI: 10.1089/pho.2018.4482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the mineral content and morphology of primary tooth enamel prepared using an Er:YAG laser at different power settings. Materials and methods: The buccal surfaces of 45 noncarious primary molars were assessed in this study. The surfaces were cleaned and the teeth were randomly divided into nine groups (n = 5 each) to evaluate the effects of Er:YAG laser treatment at different energy levels: 200 mJ, 2 Hz; 200 mJ, 3 Hz; 200 mJ, 10 Hz; 250 mJ, 2 Hz; 250 mJ, 3 Hz; 250 mJ, 10 Hz; 300 mJ, 2 Hz; 300 mJ, 3 Hz; and 300 mJ, 10 Hz. The mean percentage weight (wt%) of calcium (Ca), phosphorous (P), fluoride (F), magnesium (Mg), potassium (K), and sodium (Na) in the primary tooth enamel was calculated for each group using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy before and after laser application. The enamel morphology was also evaluated using SEM. The obtained data were statistically analyzed by one-way analysis of variance and Tukey's honest significant difference test. Results: The mean wt% of Ca, P, and F in the enamel exhibited a significant change after laser treatment (p < 0.05); the wt% of Mg, K, and Na remained unchanged (p > 0.05). There was no association between the power setting of the laser and changes in the wt% of minerals in the enamel (p > 0.05). SEM showed that enamel irradiated at different energy levels exhibited a characteristic lava flow appearance, and more surface irregularities were observed with the 250-mJ setting than with the 200-mJ setting. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that the mineral content and morphology of the enamel of primary teeth are affected by Er:YAG laser irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Firdevs Kahvecioglu
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey
| | | | - Hayri Akman
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Alaaddin Keykubat University, Alanya, Turkey
| | - Gül Tosun
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey
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Du Q, Ge L, Zhang S, Zhang Q. Effects of Erbium:Yttrium-Aluminum-Garnet Laser Irradiation on Bovine Dentin Contaminated by Cariogenic Bacteria. PHOTOBIOMODULATION PHOTOMEDICINE AND LASER SURGERY 2019; 37:305-311. [PMID: 31084558 DOI: 10.1089/photob.2018.4586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Objective: This study was performed to determine the bactericidal effects of erbium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet (Er:YAG) laser irradiation and the morphological and chemical composition changes in bovine dentin. Methods: Dentin slabs were prepared from bovine incisors, and then cultured with Streptococcus mutans to produce bacteria-infected dentin samples. The samples were randomly divided into five groups with Er:YAG laser irradiation energy densities of 0, 6.37, 12.73, 19.11, and 25.47 J/cm2. After irradiation, samples were stained and observed by confocal laser scanning microscopy. The bactericidal abilities were measured using live/dead staining. The morphology and chemical components were investigated by scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive spectrometry. Results: After irradiation, the elimination of bacteria and the smear layer were significantly better in the high energy density groups (19.11, 25.47 J/cm2) than in the low energy density groups (6.37, 12.73 J/cm2; p < 0.001). On morphological examination, the group with minimum energy density (6.37 J/cm2) showed superficial melting. In the high energy density groups (12.73, 19.11, and 25.47 J/cm2), laser-irradiated dentin showed a clean surface with open orifices. Significant increases were observed in the weight percentages of calcium (from 19.75 ± 0.69 to 34.47 ± 2.91, p < 0.001) and phosphate (from 8.58 ± 0.43 to 15.10 ± 1.81, p < 0.001), whereas significant decreases were observed for oxygen (from 49.84 ± 0.69 to 36.39 ± 2.86, p < 0.001) and carbon (from 26.06 ± 3.58 to 12.80 ± 2.26, p < 0.01) with increasing energy density. Conclusions: This study confirmed that Er:YAG laser irradiation has bactericidal and dentin conditioning effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Du
- 1 Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Lihong Ge
- 1 Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Sun Zhang
- 1 Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- 2 Central Laboratory, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
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Zhegova G, Rashkova M, Rocca JP. Minimally invasive treatment of dental caries in primary teeth using an Er:YAG Laser. Laser Ther 2014; 23:249-54. [PMID: 25705080 PMCID: PMC4331566 DOI: 10.5978/islsm.14-or-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Maintaining deciduous teeth as long as possible represents a goal in pediatric dentistry and avoids a plethora of health problems. Er:YAG carious decay treatment may help for prevention as well as during the curative processes. MATERIALS AND METHODS An Er:YAG laser was used to ablate 30 carious lesions on primary teeth. Diagnosis being conventionally dressed, treatment was conducted in respect of the following parameters: Er:YAG laser (Lite Touch, Syneron): output power from 300 mJ (enamel) to 200 mJ (dentine), frequency 20 Hz, sapphire tip (diameter 1.3 mm), air water spray ratio 8 (39 ml/min), pulse duration 50 µsec., theoretical fluence ranging from 15.08 J/cm(2) for dentin to 22.61 J/cm(2) for enamel. Then cavity depth was controlled (observation + probe). Glass-ionomer cement (GC Fuji Triage capsule) or flowable composite resin or compomer were used to fill the cavities. Children's acceptance to Er-YAG laser treatment was evaluated. According to predefined criteria, each case was followed up for one month after treatment and then with further monthly follow-ups for one year. RESULTS Clinical cases illustrate the validity of this clinical approach. The benefit of laser dental treatment has been shown to be the greatest in children. However, the lack of studies evaluating laser ablation capability in primary teeth restrains the adoption of this technology. The interaction between the Er:YAG laser and primary enamel and dentin depends on the composition of the tissues - a higher presence of water and lower presence of minerals- comparative to the permanent enamel and dentin. Thus, photoablation of primary enamel and dentin requires lower energy. This study shows that the laser parameters used (300 mJ/20 Hz for enamel and 200 mJ/20 Hz for dentin) are efficient enough for the ablation of tissues of deciduous teeth and moreover demonstrates to be well accepted by young patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galia Zhegova
- Medical University of Sofia, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Department of Pediatric Dentistry
| | - Maya Rashkova
- Medical University of Sofia, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Department of Pediatric Dentistry
| | - Jean-Paul Rocca
- Laser Surgery Unit, University Hospital "St. Roch" Nice (France) and Nice Dental Faculty
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Guedes SFF, Melo MAS, Lima JPM, Ely C, Rôla AJ, Piva E, Rodrigues LKA. Acid Etching Concentration as a Strategy to Improve the Adhesive Performance on Er:YAG Laser and Bur-Prepared Demineralized Enamel. Photomed Laser Surg 2014; 32:379-85. [DOI: 10.1089/pho.2013.3655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah F. F. Guedes
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Dentistry, and Nursing, Federal University of Ceará, Rodolfo Teófilo, Brazil
| | - Mary Anne S. Melo
- Department of Endodontics, Prosthodontics, and Operative Dentistry, University of Maryland Dental School, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Juliana PM. Lima
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Dentistry, and Nursing, Federal University of Ceará, Rodolfo Teófilo, Brazil
| | - Caroline Ely
- Biomaterials Development and Control Center (CDC-Bio), School of Dentistry, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Antero J.S. Rôla
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Dentistry, and Nursing, Federal University of Ceará, Rodolfo Teófilo, Brazil
| | - Evandro Piva
- Biomaterials Development and Control Center (CDC-Bio), School of Dentistry, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Lidiany K. A. Rodrigues
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Dentistry, and Nursing, Federal University of Ceará, Rodolfo Teófilo, Brazil
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Temperature rise during Er:YAG cavity preparation of primary enamel. Lasers Med Sci 2010; 27:1-5. [PMID: 20737181 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-010-0823-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2010] [Accepted: 07/26/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to assess in vitro thermal alterations taking place during the Er:YAG laser cavity preparation of primary tooth enamel at different energies and pulse repetition rates. Forty healthy human primary molars were bisected in a mesio-distal direction, thus providing 80 fragments. Two small orifices were made on the dentin surface to which type K thermocouples were attached. The fragments were individually fixed with wax in a cylindrical Plexiglass® abutment and randomly assigned to eight groups, according to the laser parameters (n = 10): G1 - 250 mJ/ 3 Hz, G2 - 250 mJ/ 4 Hz, G3 - 250 mJ/ 6 Hz, G4 - 250 mJ/10 Hz, G5 - 250 mJ/ 15 Hz, G6 - 300 mJ/ 3 Hz, G7 - 300 mJ/ 4 Hz and G8 - 300 mJ/ 6 Hz. An area of 4 mm(2) was delimited. Cavities were done (2 mm long × 2 mm wide × 1 mm thick) using non-contact (12 mm) and focused mode. Temperature values were registered from the start of laser irradiation until the end of cavity preparation. Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Tukey test (p ≤ 0.05). Groups G1, G2, G6, and G7 were statistically similar and furnished the lowest mean values of temperature rise. The set 250 mJ/10 and 15 Hz yielded the highest temperature values. The sets 250 and 300 mJ and 6 Hz provided temperatures with mean values below the acceptable critical value, suggesting that these parameters ablate the primary tooth enamel. Moreover, the temperature elevation was directly related to the increase in the employed pulse repetition rates. In addition, there was no direct correlation between temperature rise and energy density. Therefore, it is important to use a lower pulse frequency, such as 300 mJ and 6 Hz, during cavity preparation in pediatric patients.
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