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Khalil AA, Enezei HH, Aldelaimi TN, Mohammed KA. Advances in Diagnosis and Treatment of Basal Cell Carcinoma. J Craniofac Surg 2024:00001665-990000000-01294. [PMID: 38252534 DOI: 10.1097/scs.0000000000009959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is one among the most prevalent malignant neoplasms that has exhibited a notable surge in global incidence over recent decades. This slow-growing malignancy is typified by its localized invasiveness while demonstrating an exceedingly rare metastatic proclivity. It predominantly afflicts the sun-exposed skin of aging individuals, with a heightened predilection for the maxillofacial region. Scraping cytology offers numerous benefits, including the potential for an earlier diagnosis and the absence of scarring, as opposed to a biopsy. The cytodiagnosis of BCC proves to be straightforward with various techniques, making it highly advantageous in an outpatient environment as a swift diagnostic method when planning a surgical excision. Our study sought to scrutinize the clinicopathological facets of BCC within the maxillofacial region. We compared advanced cytological techniques for diagnosis, including scraping, scratching, and imprinting using Papanicolau and Diff-Quick stains. In addition, we evaluated the therapeutic effectiveness of diode lasers operating at wavelengths of 940nm and 980n. A retrospective analysis was undertaken, encompassing facial BCC lesions smaller than 2.5 cm in diameter that underwent treatment through diode laser ablation between September 2021 and August 2023 at Ramadi Teaching Hospital and a private clinic in Ramadi City, Iraq. Among the cohort of 48 patients with BCC, a majority (58%) were 50 years of age or older, with a predominance of males (62%). The mean duration of lesion existence exceeded 4 months. The anatomical region most commonly involved was the middle 1/3 of the face, accounting for 34% of cases. Intriguingly, the therapeutic approach of diode laser ablation yielded exceptional esthetic and functional outcomes, which were consistently observed throughout the follow-up period post-healing. The occurrence of complications following diode laser ablation was relatively infrequent. This investigation revealed that cytological examination is easily conducted, eliminating the need for local anesthesia, saving time, being more cost-effective than a conventional biopsy, and delivering swift diagnoses. The process of smear-taking for cytology is well-tolerated, inflicting minimal trauma or discomfort on the patient. BCC predominantly afflicts elderly males and most frequently affects the middle third of the face. Notably, nodular BCC emerged as the prevailing histological subtype. The use of diode laser ablation exhibited a commendable track record, producing exemplary functional and esthetic outcomes over a 6-month follow-up period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afrah A Khalil
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Oral and Maxillofacial Pathologist, College of Dentistry, University of Anbar
| | - Hamid H Enezei
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, College of Dentistry, University of Anbar, Anbar Province, Iraq
| | - Tahrir N Aldelaimi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, College of Dentistry, University of Anbar, Anbar Province, Iraq
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Modulation of Hedgehog Signaling for the Treatment of Basal Cell Carcinoma and the Development of Preclinical Models. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10102376. [PMID: 36289637 PMCID: PMC9598418 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10102376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC) is the most commonly diagnosed cancer worldwide. While the survivability of BCC is high, many patients are excluded from clinically available treatments due to health risks or personal choice. Further, patients with advanced or metastatic disease have severely limited treatment options. The dysregulation of the Hedgehog (Hh) signaling cascade drives onset and progression of BCC. As such, the modulation of this pathway has driven advancements in BCC research. In this review, we focus firstly on inhibitors that target the Hh pathway as chemotherapeutics against BCC. Two therapies targeting Hh signaling have been made clinically available for BCC patients, but these treatments suffer from limited initial efficacy and a high rate of chemoresistant tumor recurrence. Herein, we describe more recent developments of chemical scaffolds that have been designed to hopefully improve upon the available therapeutics. We secondly discuss the history and recent efforts involving modulation of the Hh genome as a method of producing in vivo models of BCC for preclinical research. While there are many advancements left to be made towards improving patient outcomes with BCC, it is clear that targeting the Hh pathway will remain at the forefront of research efforts in designing more effective chemotherapeutics as well as relevant preclinical models.
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Naik PP, Desai MB. Basal Cell Carcinoma: A Narrative Review on Contemporary Diagnosis and Management. Oncol Ther 2022; 10:317-335. [PMID: 35729457 PMCID: PMC9681969 DOI: 10.1007/s40487-022-00201-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most common, accounting for 80–90% of skin cancers. It arises from the basal layer of the epidermis and its appendages. A complex interplay of environmental, phenotypic and genetic variables leads to the development of BCC. Literature has documented several clinical subtypes of BCC, the most common of which are nodular, superficial and morpheaform. Expeditious diagnosis and analysis are essential for improving the outcome of BCC. Preventive measures, particularly when implemented in childhood and adolescence, may play a critical role. Due to its low metastatic potential, treatment for BCC mostly focuses on local management. The standard treatment of basal cell carcinoma involved complete removal of the lesion by excision or Mohs surgery. In special circumstances, basal cell carcinoma can be treated with cryosurgery, electrodesiccation and curettage, topical medications and photodynamic therapy. This review aimed to evaluate the contemporary diagnosis and management of basal cell carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piyu Parth Naik
- European Board of Dermatology and Venereology (UEMS-EBDV), Specialist Dermatologist, Medical Director, Department of Dermatology, Saudi-German Hospital and Clinic, Opposite Burj Al Arab, Dubai, UAE
| | - Munaf B. Desai
- Department of Histopathology, University Hospital Dorset NHS Foundation Trust, Bournemouth, UK
- Former Laboratory Director, Specialist histopathologist at Saudi-German Hospital Dubai, Dubai, UAE
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Fania L, Massone C, Cusano F, Fantini F, Dellambra E, Samela T, Passarelli F, Morese R, Tartaglione T, Maggiore M, Gentile P, Falchetto Osti M, Sampogna F, Pallotta S, Abeni D, Marchetti P, Naldi L. Integrated care pathways and the hub-and-spoke model for the management of non-melanoma skin cancer: A proposal of the Italian Association of Hospital Dermatologists (ADOI). Dermatol Reports 2021; 13:9278. [PMID: 34497705 PMCID: PMC8404423 DOI: 10.4081/dr.2021.9278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The term non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) refers to skin cancer different from melanoma, and it is usually restricted to basal cell carcinoma (BCC), squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and their pre-cancerous lesions, e.g., actinic keratosis. These conditions represent the most frequent tumors in Caucasians and are characterized by an increasing incidence worldwide and a high socio-economic impact. The term Integrated Care Pathway (ICP) refers to "a complex intervention for the mutual decision making and organization of care processes for a well-defined group of patients during a well-defined period". The purpose of this paper is to present a proposal from the Italian Association of Hospital Dermatologists (ADOI) for an ICP organization of care of NMSC, considering the hub-and-spoke model in the different geographical areas. This proposal is based on the most recent literature and on documents from the Italian Association of Medical Oncology (AIOM), the European consensus-based interdisciplinary guidelines from the European Association of Dermato- Oncology (EADO), and the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN). We initially discuss the NMSC outpatient clinic, the role of the multidisciplinary working groups, and the hub-and-spoke model regarding this topic. Then, we define the ICP processes specific for BCC and SCC. The ICP for NMSC is an innovative strategy to guarantee the highest possible quality of health care while the hub-andspoke model is crucial for the organization of different health care structures. Considering the importance on this topic, it is essential to create a valid ICP together with an efficient organization within the different geographical areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Fania
- IDI-IRCCS, Dermatological Research Hospital, Rome
| | | | | | | | | | - Tonia Samela
- IDI-IRCCS, Dermatological Research Hospital, Rome
| | | | | | | | | | - Piercarlo Gentile
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, San Pietro Fatebenefratelli, Rome
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Luigi Naldi
- Centro Studi GISED, Bergamo and San Bortolo Hospital, Vicenza, Italy
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5
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Studies on the preparation and characterization of 90Y-EGMP patches designed for superficial skin brachytherapy. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-021-07657-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The increasing burden from basal cell carcinoma (BCC) has stimulated the development of alternative treatments for these tumors. OBJECTIVE This review focuses on upcoming laser treatments for BCC and highlights the limitations of these therapies. METHODS A PUBMED search was conducted for articles on laser therapy of BCC. Key studies involving lasers to treat BCC were reviewed. Novel approaches to BCC are also described. RESULTS Vascular-specific laser therapy has increasingly been studied as an addition in the therapeutic armamentarium of BCC. Although these studies demonstrate efficacy for nonaggressive BCC, optimization of this technique is ongoing to minimize scarring. A more targeted approach to the treatment of BCC, such as immunized photothermal therapy or laser-assisted chemotherapeutic delivery, may result in less scarring, while maintaining efficacy similar to that of lasers targeting tumor vasculature. CONCLUSION Vascular-specific laser therapies show promise in treating low-risk BCC; however, scarring is not an uncommon adverse event. Although only animal studies have been performed to date, laser-activated gold nanoparticle therapy and laser-assisted drug delivery of vismodegib are potential therapies that theoretically confer a more selective approach. Laser modalities demonstrate promise in the treatment of nonaggressive BCC, although long-term studies have yet to be published.
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Altun E, Schwartzman G, Cartron AM, Khachemoune A. Beyond Mohs surgery and excisions: A focused review of treatment options for subtypes of basal cell carcinoma. Dermatol Ther 2020; 34:e14476. [PMID: 33125804 DOI: 10.1111/dth.14476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most common nonmelanoma skin cancer. It originates from undifferentiated cells in the basal cell layer of the epidermis or from the outer root sheath of the hair follicle. The most important factor in development of BCC is ultraviolet radiation. Surgery is considered the gold standard of treatment for BCC. However, nonsurgical options are available for individuals who are unsuitable for surgery. The purpose of this review is to summarize the efficacy and indications of alternative, nonsurgical treatments that can be used in the management of BCC. An extensive literature review was performed for the nonsurgical options for the treatment of BCC. Resources searched included PubMed and Google Scholars, limited to the years 1995 to 2020. Key words searched included BCC, destructive methods, photodynamic therapy (PDT), radiotherapy, topical medication, laser, hedgehog pathway inhibitors (HPIs). The most relevant results such as systematic reviews, randomized controlled trials, or comparative studies were selected to provide a summary for the most common nonsurgical methods used for treating BCC. Effective nonsurgical treatments for BCC include destructive methods (eg, curettage alone, cryosurgery, or electrodessication), PDT, topical medications, radiotherapy, laser, and HPIs. Nonsurgical therapeutic alternatives are safe and effective for the treatment of BCC. Factors such as tumor location, size, and histopathological subtype should be taken into consideration when selecting optimal treatment. In addition to clinical factors, cosmetic results and patient preference should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ece Altun
- Department of Dermatology, Medipol Mega University Hospital, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Gabrielle Schwartzman
- Department of Dermatology, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | | | - Amor Khachemoune
- Department of Dermatology, State University of New York Downstate, Brooklyn, New York, USA.,Department of Dermatology, Veterans Health Administration, Brooklyn, New York, USA
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8
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Fania L, Didona D, Morese R, Campana I, Coco V, Di Pietro FR, Ricci F, Pallotta S, Candi E, Abeni D, Dellambra E. Basal Cell Carcinoma: From Pathophysiology to Novel Therapeutic Approaches. Biomedicines 2020; 8:biomedicines8110449. [PMID: 33113965 PMCID: PMC7690754 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8110449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most common human cancer worldwide, and is a subtype of nonmelanoma skin cancer, characterized by a constantly increasing incidence due to an aging population and widespread sun exposure. Although the mortality from BCC is negligible, this tumor can be associated with significant morbidity and cost. This review presents a literature overview of BCC from pathophysiology to novel therapeutic approaches. Several histopathological BCC subtypes with different prognostic values have been described. Dermoscopy and, more recently, reflectance confocal microscopy have largely improved BCC diagnosis. Although surgery is the first-line treatment for localized BCC, other nonsurgical local treatment options are available. BCC pathogenesis depends on the interaction between environmental and genetic characteristics of the patient. Specifically, an aberrant activation of Hedgehog signaling pathway is implicated in its pathogenesis. Notably, Hedgehog signaling inhibitors, such as vismodegib and sonidegib, are successfully used as targeted treatment for advanced or metastatic BCC. Furthermore, the implementation of prevention measures has demonstrated to be useful in the patient management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Fania
- Istituto Dermopatico dell’Immacolata-IRCCS, via dei Monti di Creta 104, 00167 Rome, Italy; (R.M.); (I.C.); (V.C.); (F.R.D.P.); (F.R.); (S.P.); (E.C.); (D.A.); (E.D.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Dario Didona
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Philipps University, 35043 Marburg, Germany;
| | - Roberto Morese
- Istituto Dermopatico dell’Immacolata-IRCCS, via dei Monti di Creta 104, 00167 Rome, Italy; (R.M.); (I.C.); (V.C.); (F.R.D.P.); (F.R.); (S.P.); (E.C.); (D.A.); (E.D.)
| | - Irene Campana
- Istituto Dermopatico dell’Immacolata-IRCCS, via dei Monti di Creta 104, 00167 Rome, Italy; (R.M.); (I.C.); (V.C.); (F.R.D.P.); (F.R.); (S.P.); (E.C.); (D.A.); (E.D.)
| | - Valeria Coco
- Istituto Dermopatico dell’Immacolata-IRCCS, via dei Monti di Creta 104, 00167 Rome, Italy; (R.M.); (I.C.); (V.C.); (F.R.D.P.); (F.R.); (S.P.); (E.C.); (D.A.); (E.D.)
| | - Francesca Romana Di Pietro
- Istituto Dermopatico dell’Immacolata-IRCCS, via dei Monti di Creta 104, 00167 Rome, Italy; (R.M.); (I.C.); (V.C.); (F.R.D.P.); (F.R.); (S.P.); (E.C.); (D.A.); (E.D.)
| | - Francesca Ricci
- Istituto Dermopatico dell’Immacolata-IRCCS, via dei Monti di Creta 104, 00167 Rome, Italy; (R.M.); (I.C.); (V.C.); (F.R.D.P.); (F.R.); (S.P.); (E.C.); (D.A.); (E.D.)
| | - Sabatino Pallotta
- Istituto Dermopatico dell’Immacolata-IRCCS, via dei Monti di Creta 104, 00167 Rome, Italy; (R.M.); (I.C.); (V.C.); (F.R.D.P.); (F.R.); (S.P.); (E.C.); (D.A.); (E.D.)
| | - Eleonora Candi
- Istituto Dermopatico dell’Immacolata-IRCCS, via dei Monti di Creta 104, 00167 Rome, Italy; (R.M.); (I.C.); (V.C.); (F.R.D.P.); (F.R.); (S.P.); (E.C.); (D.A.); (E.D.)
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier, 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Damiano Abeni
- Istituto Dermopatico dell’Immacolata-IRCCS, via dei Monti di Creta 104, 00167 Rome, Italy; (R.M.); (I.C.); (V.C.); (F.R.D.P.); (F.R.); (S.P.); (E.C.); (D.A.); (E.D.)
| | - Elena Dellambra
- Istituto Dermopatico dell’Immacolata-IRCCS, via dei Monti di Creta 104, 00167 Rome, Italy; (R.M.); (I.C.); (V.C.); (F.R.D.P.); (F.R.); (S.P.); (E.C.); (D.A.); (E.D.)
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9
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Hyre AS, Doerrer LH. A structural and spectroscopic overview of molecular lanthanide complexes with fluorinated O-donor ligands. Coord Chem Rev 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2019.213098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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10
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Nagarajan P, Asgari MM, Green AC, Guhan SM, Arron ST, Proby CM, Rollison DE, Harwood CA, Toland AE. Keratinocyte Carcinomas: Current Concepts and Future Research Priorities. Clin Cancer Res 2019; 25:2379-2391. [PMID: 30523023 PMCID: PMC6467785 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-18-1122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) and basal cell carcinoma (BCC) are keratinocyte carcinomas, the most frequently diagnosed cancers in fair-skinned populations. Ultraviolet radiation (UVR) is the main driving carcinogen for these tumors, but immunosuppression, pigmentary factors, and aging are also risk factors. Scientific discoveries have improved the understanding of the role of human papillomaviruses (HPV) in cSCC as well as the skin microbiome and a compromised immune system in the development of both cSCC and BCC. Genomic analyses have uncovered genetic risk variants, high-risk susceptibility genes, and somatic events that underlie common pathways important in keratinocyte carcinoma tumorigenesis and tumor characteristics that have enabled development of prediction models for early identification of high-risk individuals. Advances in chemoprevention in high-risk individuals and progress in targeted and immune-based treatment approaches have the potential to decrease the morbidity and mortality associated with these tumors. As the incidence and prevalence of keratinocyte carcinoma continue to increase, strategies for prevention, including effective sun-protective behavior, educational interventions, and reduction of tanning bed access and usage, are essential. Gaps in our knowledge requiring additional research to reduce the high morbidity and costs associated with keratinocyte carcinoma include better understanding of factors leading to more aggressive tumors, the roles of microbiome and HPV infection, prediction of response to therapies including immune checkpoint blockade, and how to tailor both prevention and treatment to individual risk factors and needs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maryam M Asgari
- Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Adele C Green
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute and Institute of Inflammation and Repair, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Samantha M Guhan
- Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Sarah T Arron
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Charlotte M Proby
- Division of Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Dana E Rollison
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | - Catherine A Harwood
- Centre for Cell Biology and Cutaneous Research, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University, London, United Kingdom
| | - Amanda Ewart Toland
- Departments of Cancer Biology and Genetics and Internal Medicine, Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.
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11
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Cameron MC, Lee E, Hibler BP, Giordano CN, Barker CA, Mori S, Cordova M, Nehal KS, Rossi AM. Basal cell carcinoma: Contemporary approaches to diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. J Am Acad Dermatol 2019; 80:321-339. [PMID: 29782901 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2018.02.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
As the most common human cancer worldwide and continuing to increase in incidence, basal cell carcinoma is associated with significant morbidity and cost. Continued advances in research have refined both our insight and approach to this seemingly ubiquitous disease. This 2-part continuing medical education series provides a comprehensive and contemporary review of basal cell carcinoma. The second article in this series will present both the current standard of care and newly developed approaches to diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Cameron
- Dermatology Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Erica Lee
- Dermatology Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Brian P Hibler
- Dermatology Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Cerrene N Giordano
- Dermatology Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Christopher A Barker
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Shoko Mori
- Dermatology Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Miguel Cordova
- Dermatology Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Kishwer S Nehal
- Dermatology Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Anthony M Rossi
- Dermatology Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York.
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12
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Hibler BP, Sierra H, Cordova M, Phillips W, Rajadhyaksha M, Nehal KS, Rossi AM. Carbon dioxide laser ablation of basal cell carcinoma with visual guidance by reflectance confocal microscopy: a proof-of-principle pilot study. Br J Dermatol 2016; 174:1359-64. [PMID: 26800657 PMCID: PMC4912952 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.14414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Laser ablation is an alternative, nonsurgical treatment modality for low-risk basal cell carcinoma (BCC). However, lack of confirmative tumour destruction or residual tumour presence has been a limiting factor to its adoption. Reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) provides noninvasive, cellular-level resolution imaging of the skin and is capable of identifying tumour. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the use of RCM to guide carbon dioxide (CO2 ) laser ablation of BCC, confirm destruction and correlate findings with histology. METHODS RCM was used preablation to evaluate for features of BCC. Ablation was performed with a CO2 laser, and the response rapidly assessed using handheld RCM to evaluate for residual tumour. Confirmative pathology was used to verify confocal imaging. RESULTS Preablation RCM imaging identified tumour with features not identified on normal, surrounding skin. Postablation, RCM documented complete removal of tumour in six cases and residual tumour in two. Histological examination identified the ablated area and confirmed clearance of tumour in the six aforementioned cases and corroborated confocal findings for residual tumour in the other two cases. CONCLUSIONS We report successful treatment of superficial and nodular BCC using CO2 laser ablation augmented by RCM imaging for preablation guidance and verification of tumour removal postablation. Akin to complete circumferential and deep margin control techniques, using RCM helps to map peripheral and deep BCC margins to hone in on areas exhibiting persistent tumour after ablation. CO2 laser ablation visually guided by RCM can help circumvent previously cited limiting factors of laser ablation for tumour destruction by providing cellular-level resolution imaging of tumour and margin assessment in between each laser pass and postablation.
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Affiliation(s)
- B P Hibler
- Dermatology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 16 East 60th Street, New York, NY, 10022, U.S.A
| | - H Sierra
- Dermatology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 16 East 60th Street, New York, NY, 10022, U.S.A
| | - M Cordova
- Dermatology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 16 East 60th Street, New York, NY, 10022, U.S.A
| | - W Phillips
- Dermatology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 16 East 60th Street, New York, NY, 10022, U.S.A
| | - M Rajadhyaksha
- Dermatology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 16 East 60th Street, New York, NY, 10022, U.S.A
| | - K S Nehal
- Dermatology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 16 East 60th Street, New York, NY, 10022, U.S.A
| | - A M Rossi
- Dermatology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 16 East 60th Street, New York, NY, 10022, U.S.A
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13
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Bergauer B, Knipfer C, Amann A, Rohde M, Tangermann-Gerk K, Adler W, Schmidt M, Nkenke E, Stelzle F. Does Laser Surgery Interfere with Optical Nerve Identification in Maxillofacial Hard and Soft Tissue?--An Experimental Ex Vivo Study. SENSORS 2015; 15:25416-32. [PMID: 26437416 PMCID: PMC4634421 DOI: 10.3390/s151025416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Revised: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The protection of sensitive structures (e.g., nerves) from iatrogenic damage is of major importance when performing laser surgical procedures. Especially in the head and neck area both function and esthetics can be affected to a great extent. Despite its many benefits, the surgical utilization of a laser is therefore still limited to superficial tissue ablation. A remote feedback system which guides the laser in a tissue-specific way would provide a remedy. In this context, it has been shown that nerval structures can be specifically recognized by their optical diffuse reflectance spectra both before and after laser ablation. However, for a translation of these findings to the actual laser ablation process, a nerve protection within the laser pulse is of utmost significance. Thus, it was the aim of the study to evaluate, if the process of Er:YAG laser surgery--which comes with spray water cooling, angulation of the probe (60°) and optical process emissions--interferes with optical tissue differentiation. For the first time, no stable conditions but the ongoing process of laser tissue ablation was examined. Therefore, six different tissue types (nerve, skin, muscle, fat, cortical and cancellous bone) were acquired from 15 pig heads. Measurements were performed during Er:YAG laser ablation. Diffuse reflectance spectra (4500, wavelength range: 350-650 nm) where acquired. Principal component analysis (PCA) and quadratic discriminant analysis (QDA) were calculated for classification purposes. The clinical highly relevant differentiation between nerve and bone was performed correctly with an AUC of 95.3% (cortial bone) respectively 92.4% (cancellous bone). The identification of nerve tissue against the biological very similar fat tissue yielded good results with an AUC value of 83.4% (sensitivity: 72.3%, specificity: of 82.3%). This clearly demonstrates that nerve identification by diffuse reflectance spectroscopy works reliably in the ongoing process of laser ablation in spite of the laser beam, spray water cooling and the tissue alterations entailed by tissue laser ablation. This is an essential step towards a clinical utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bastian Bergauer
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU), Erlangen 91054, Germany.
| | - Christian Knipfer
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU), Erlangen 91054, Germany.
| | - Andreas Amann
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU), Erlangen 91054, Germany.
| | - Maximilian Rohde
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU), Erlangen 91054, Germany.
| | - Katja Tangermann-Gerk
- Bavarian Laser Center GmbH (blz), Erlangen 91054, Germany.
- SAOT-Graduate School in Advanced Optical Technologies, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU), Erlangen 91054, Germany.
| | - Werner Adler
- Department of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU), Erlangen 91054, Germany.
| | - Michael Schmidt
- Bavarian Laser Center GmbH (blz), Erlangen 91054, Germany.
- SAOT-Graduate School in Advanced Optical Technologies, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU), Erlangen 91054, Germany.
- Chair of Photonic Technologies, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU), Erlangen 91054, Germany.
| | - Emeka Nkenke
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria.
| | - Florian Stelzle
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU), Erlangen 91054, Germany.
- SAOT-Graduate School in Advanced Optical Technologies, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU), Erlangen 91054, Germany.
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Ermertcan AT, Hellings PW, Cingi C. Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer of the Head and Neck. Facial Plast Surg Clin North Am 2012; 20:445-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fsc.2012.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Bhatnagar A, Loper A. The initial experience of electronic brachytherapy for the treatment of non-melanoma skin cancer. Radiat Oncol 2010; 5:87. [PMID: 20875139 PMCID: PMC2957390 DOI: 10.1186/1748-717x-5-87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2010] [Accepted: 09/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Millions of people are diagnosed with non-melanoma skin cancers (NMSC) worldwide each year. While surgical approaches are the standard treatment, some patients are appropriate candidates for radiation therapy for NMSC. High dose rate (HDR) brachytherapy using surface applicators has shown efficacy in the treatment of NMSC and shortens the radiation treatment schedule by using a condensed hypofractionated approach. An electronic brachytherapy (EBT) system permits treatment of NMSC without the use of a radioactive isotope. METHODS Data were collected retrospectively from patients treated from July 2009 through March 2010. Pre-treatment biopsy was performed to confirm a malignant cutaneous diagnosis. A CT scan was performed to assess lesion depth for treatment planning, and an appropriate size of surface applicator was selected to provide an acceptable margin. An HDR EBT system delivered a dose of 40.0 Gy in eight fractions twice weekly with 48 hours between fractions, prescribed to a depth of 3-7 mm. Treatment feasibility, acute safety, efficacy outcomes, and cosmetic results were assessed. RESULTS Thirty-seven patients (mean age 72.5 years) with 44 cutaneous malignancies were treated. Of 44 lesions treated, 39 (89%) were T1, 1 (2%) Tis, 1 (2%) T2, and 3 (7%) lesions were recurrent. Lesion locations included the nose for 16 lesions (36.4%), ear 5 (11%), scalp 5 (11%), face 14 (32%), and an extremity for 4 (9%). Median follow-up was 4.1 months. No severe toxicities occurred. Cosmesis ratings were good to excellent for 100% of the lesions at follow-up. CONCLUSIONS The early outcomes of EBT for the treatment of NMSC appear to show acceptable acute safety and favorable cosmetic outcomes. Using a hypofractionated approach, EBT provides a convenient treatment schedule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay Bhatnagar
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA USA.
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Steinstraesser L, Wehner M, Trust G, Sorkin M, Bao D, Hirsch T, Sudhoff H, Daigeler A, Stricker I, Steinau HU, Jacobsen F. Laser-mediated fixation of collagen-based scaffolds to dermal wounds. Lasers Surg Med 2010; 42:141-9. [DOI: 10.1002/lsm.20901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Aguayo-Leiva I, Ríos-Buceta L, Jaén-Olasolo P. Surgical vs Nonsurgical Treatment of Basal Cell Carcinoma. ACTAS DERMO-SIFILIOGRAFICAS 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/s1578-2190(10)70698-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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