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Badami V, Akarapu S, Kethineni H, Mittapalli SP, Bala KR, Fatima SF. Efficacy of Laser-Activated Irrigation Versus Ultrasonic-Activated Irrigation: A Systematic Review. Cureus 2023; 15:e36352. [PMID: 37082501 PMCID: PMC10111875 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.36352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/21/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to conduct a systematic review and critical analysis of the evidence pertaining to the efficacy of laser-activated irrigation (LAI) versus ultrasonic-activated irrigation (UAI) in mature permanent teeth. A comprehensive literature search was performed using PubMed and Google Scholar. Additionally, a hand search was performed to identify relevant studies related to UAI and LAI. The search covered all articles published from January 1997 to December 2021. The identified studies were screened for eligibility using the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The included articles were then subjected to data extraction and analysis. The search yielded 1,637 results. Of these, 23 articles were included in this systematic review. All included articles were assessed for the outcomes of antimicrobial efficacy, smear layer, and dentin debris removal. The majority of the articles reported the superiority of LAI over UAI. Within the confines of this systematic review, the current evidence mandates that LAI has superior efficacy over UAI in the elimination of microorganisms, dentin debris, and smear layer from the root canal system.
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Fidan ME, Erdemir A. Effect of different irrigation activation techniques on irrigation penetration into the simulated lateral canals. Odontology 2023; 111:132-141. [PMID: 35834067 DOI: 10.1007/s10266-022-00729-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
This study, in which a hundred human teeth with single straight canal were used, focused on the evaluation of contrast solution penetration ability into the simulated lateral canals activated by XP-endo Finisher (XPF), EDDY, Nd:YAG, and Er:YAG laser systems with three different observation methods. The root canals were prepared up to X4 at working length using the ProTaper Next system. The teeth were decalcified and simulated lateral canals were created with #8 K-file at 2, 4, and 6 mm levels. Then the teeth were cleared using methyl salicylate and divided into 5 equal groups according to irrigation activation techniques (CSI, XPF, EDDY, Nd:YAG, and Er:YAG laser). After the contrast solution was activated, images of the simulated lateral canals were obtained by a dental microscope, digital radiography, and CBCT. The contrast solution penetration scores at the 2, 4, and 6 mm levels according to irrigation activation techniques and observation methods were analyzed statistically using Kruskal-Wallis non-parametric analysis of variance Bonferroni test post hoc comparisons. With the other 2 parameters are ignored, the highest and lowest contrast solution penetration were observed at 6 and 2 mm simulated lateral canal levels (p < 0.05), in Er:YAG irrigation activation and CSI technique (p < 0.05), and in direct visual and digital radiographic observation method (p < 0.05), respectively. Within the limits of this study, it was determined that the contrast solution penetration into the simulated lateral canals decreased from the coronal to the apical and achieved with the most effective Er:YAG laser activation technique. In addition, direct visual observation was found to be the best method for the assessment of contrast solution penetration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Eren Fidan
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Kirikkale University, Kirikkale, Turkey.
| | - Ali Erdemir
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Kirikkale University, Kirikkale, Turkey
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Al Omari T, El-Farraj H, Alzenate H, Al Charabi N, Al Khatib R, Ateş A. The usage of lasers in cleaning, shaping, and disinfection of root canal system. SAUDI ENDODONTIC JOURNAL 2022. [DOI: 10.4103/sej.sej_179_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Villalta-Briones N, Baca P, Bravo M, Solana C, Aguado-Pérez B, Ruiz-Linares M, Arias-Moliz MT. A laboratory study of root canal and isthmus disinfection in extracted teeth using various activation methods with a mixture of sodium hypochlorite and etidronic acid. Int Endod J 2020; 54:268-278. [PMID: 32970865 DOI: 10.1111/iej.13417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM To evaluate in a laboratory setting the antibiofilm activity of several irrigating protocols including conventional irrigation, ultrasonic activation and XP-endo Finisher, with a mixture of sodium hypochlorite and etidronic acid in infected isthmuses and root canals of extracted human mandibular molar teeth. METHODOLOGY Fifty-six mesial roots of mandibular molars, half of them with a continuous isthmus from the cervical to the apical third between the two root canals (type 1), and the other half with a continuous isthmus from the cervical to the middle third and one canal in the apical third (type 2), were included. The root canals were contaminated for 7 days with an Enterococcus faecalis suspension. There were three experimental groups plus a control group (n = 7 per type of root canal anatomy). All the root canals, except for the control group that was not treated, were chemomechanically prepared and then assigned to one of the experimental groups according to the final adjunctive procedure: conventional irrigation, ultrasonic activation or XP-endo Finisher activation. The irrigating solution used was a combination of 2.5% sodium hypochlorite and 9% etidronic acid, and the final protocols were applied for three cycles of 30 s with a 3 mL volume. The antibiofilm activity was evaluated at each location (root canal and isthmus) and third (cervical, middle and apical) using confocal laser scanning microscopy and the live/dead technique. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS (descriptive statistics) and SUDAAN (P-value calculations). RESULTS Root canals had significantly lower biovolume values than the isthmuses (P < 0.05). The biovolume in the root canals was significantly reduced in all the experimental groups in all the thirds except for conventional irrigation in the apical third (P > 0.05). In the cervical and middle thirds, ultrasonic activation was associated with the lowest biovolumes (P < 0.05), followed by XP-endo Finisher. In the isthmus, disinfection was similar in all the thirds for all the protocols. Conventional irrigation was associated with intermediate values with no significant differences from the control group or from the activated protocols (P > 0.05), although the latter were significantly different from the control group (P < 0.05). No differences were found between ultrasonic activation and XP-endo Finisher in the middle and apical thirds (P > 0.05) in the isthmuses. CONCLUSIONS In this laboratory study on extracted teeth, the isthmus was more difficult to disinfect than root canals. In the root canals, ultrasonic activation and XP-endo Finisher had a greater effectiveness than conventional irrigation. In the isthmuses, no differences were observed between the two activation techniques and conventional irrigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Villalta-Briones
- Department of Stomatology, School of Dentistry, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - P Baca
- Department of Stomatology, School of Dentistry, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - M Bravo
- Department of Stomatology, School of Dentistry, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - C Solana
- Department of Stomatology, School of Dentistry, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - B Aguado-Pérez
- Department of Stomatology, School of Dentistry, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - M Ruiz-Linares
- Department of Stomatology, School of Dentistry, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - M T Arias-Moliz
- Department of Microbiology, School of Dentistry, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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Do QL, Gaudin A. The Efficiency of the Er: YAG Laser and PhotonInduced Photoacoustic Streaming (PIPS) as an Activation Method in Endodontic Irrigation: A Literature Review. J Lasers Med Sci 2020; 11:316-334. [PMID: 32802294 DOI: 10.34172/jlms.2020.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In the field of endodontics, lasers have been used for a long time for the optimization of Endodontic irrigation in particular. The laser-activated irrigation (LAI) technique is based on the photomechanical effects of the lasers at low settings. They create specific cavitation phenomena and acoustic streaming in intracanal fluids. More recently, a new technique with a Er:YAG laser has been used with sub-ablative energy (20 mJ, 15 Hz) and ultra-short pulses (50 µs). This leads to intracanal cavitation and shockwaves as a result of photoacoustic and photomechanical effects. This phenomenon is called photon-induced photoacoustic streaming (PIPS). PIPS and Laser activated irrigation are described in the literature as a revolutionary and powerful method to activate the irrigant; however, systematic literature on this topic is missing. This review compares the literature on Er:YAG LAI and PIPS on endodontic irrigation with other irrigation methods. An article search was performed on the PubMed database using a series of keywords related to endodontic irrigation, including Er:YAG LAI and PIPS; 59 articles were selected for the review according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. No in vivo study was found. The Er:YAG LAI and PIPS outperformed other methods in 33 of the 59 articles. There was a great variety in the study designs including bacterial incubation time, laser parameters, irrigation protocols, and irrigating solution used. The evidence suggests that the Er:YAG LAI and PIPS are promising in canal disinfection as well as debris and smear layer removal. However, the large variety in the study methods makes the results less significant. Further studies are needed to better evaluate the efficiency of these techniques, especially in vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quy Linh Do
- Clinical Investigation Unit 11 Odontology, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Alexis Gaudin
- Clinical Investigation Unit 11 Odontology, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France.,Department of Endodontics and Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Surgery, University of Nantes, Nantes, France.,Inserm, UMR 1229, RMeS, Regenerative Medicine and skeleton, University of Nantes, ONIRIS, Nantes, France
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Bond strength of root canal filling with radicular dentin previously treated with either photobiomodulation or photodynamic therapy: Effect of disinfection protocols. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2020; 30:101733. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2020.101733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Ozbay Y, Erdemir A. Effect of several laser systems on removal of smear layer with a variety of irrigation solutions. Microsc Res Tech 2018; 81:1214-1222. [DOI: 10.1002/jemt.23122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yagiz Ozbay
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of DentistryUniversity of Kyrenia Kyrenia Turkey
| | - Ali Erdemir
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of DentistryKirikkale University Kirikkale Turkey
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Yuan F, Zheng J, Sun Y, Wang Y, Lyu P. Regulation and Measurement of the Heat Generated by Automatic Tooth Preparation in a Confined Space. Photomed Laser Surg 2018; 35:332-337. [PMID: 28590837 DOI: 10.1089/pho.2016.4242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to assess and regulate heat generation in the dental pulp cavity and circumambient temperature around a tooth during laser ablation with a femtosecond laser in a confined space. BACKGROUND DATA The automatic tooth preparing technique is one of the traditional oral clinical technology innovations. In this technique, a robot controlled an ultrashort pulse laser to automatically complete the three-dimensional teeth preparing in a confined space. The temperature control is the main measure for protecting the tooth nerve. METHODS Ten tooth specimens were irradiated with a femtosecond laser controlled by a robot in a confined space to generate 10 teeth preparation. During the process, four thermocouple sensors were used to record the pulp cavity and circumambient environment temperatures with or without air cooling. A statistical analysis of the temperatures was performed between the conditions with and without air cooling (p < 0.05). RESULTS The recordings showed that the temperature with air cooling was lower than that without air cooling and that the heat generated in the pulp cavity was lower than the threshold for dental pulp damage. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that femtosecond laser ablation with air cooling might be an appropriate method for automatic tooth preparing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fusong Yuan
- 1 Center of Digital Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology , Beijing, China .,2 National Engineering Laboratory, Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology , Beijing, China .,3 Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Digital Dentistry , Ministry of Health, Beijing, China
| | - Jianqiao Zheng
- 1 Center of Digital Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology , Beijing, China .,2 National Engineering Laboratory, Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology , Beijing, China .,3 Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Digital Dentistry , Ministry of Health, Beijing, China
| | - Yuchun Sun
- 1 Center of Digital Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology , Beijing, China .,2 National Engineering Laboratory, Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology , Beijing, China .,3 Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Digital Dentistry , Ministry of Health, Beijing, China
| | - Yong Wang
- 1 Center of Digital Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology , Beijing, China .,2 National Engineering Laboratory, Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology , Beijing, China .,3 Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Digital Dentistry , Ministry of Health, Beijing, China
| | - Peijun Lyu
- 1 Center of Digital Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology , Beijing, China .,2 National Engineering Laboratory, Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology , Beijing, China .,3 Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Digital Dentistry , Ministry of Health, Beijing, China
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Šimundić Munitić M, Bago I, Glockner K, Kqiku L, Gabrić D, Anić I. Effect of Different Laser Treatments on the Bond Strength of Intracanal Fiber Posts Cemented with a Self-Adhesive Resin Cement. J Prosthodont 2018; 28:e290-e296. [DOI: 10.1111/jopr.12738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ivona Bago
- Department of Endodontics and Restorative Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine; University of Zagreb; Croatia
| | - Karl Glockner
- Division of Preventive and Operative Dentistry, Endodontics, Pedodontics, and Minimally Invasive Dentistry, Department of Dentistry and Maxillofacial Surgery; Medical University; Graz Austria
| | - Lumnije Kqiku
- Division of Preventive and Operative Dentistry, Endodontics, Pedodontics, and Minimally Invasive Dentistry, Department of Dentistry and Maxillofacial Surgery; Medical University; Graz Austria
| | - Dragana Gabrić
- Department of Oral Surgery; School of Dental Medicine University of Zagreb; Croatia
| | - Ivica Anić
- Department of Endodontics and Restorative Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine; University of Zagreb; Croatia
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In vitro bond strength of an epoxy resin-based root canal sealer to root dentin irradiated with high-power lasers and adhesive interface analyses. Lasers Med Sci 2017; 33:271-277. [DOI: 10.1007/s10103-017-2362-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Wang X, Cheng X, Liu B, Liu X, Yu Q, He W. Effect of Laser-Activated Irrigations on Smear Layer Removal from the Root Canal Wall. Photomed Laser Surg 2017; 35:688-694. [PMID: 28394240 DOI: 10.1089/pho.2017.4266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of laser-activated irrigations (LAI) by using the Erbium: Yttrium Aluminum Garnet (Er:YAG) laser and the Erbium Chromium: Yttrium Scandium Gallium Garnet (Er,Cr:YSGG) laser on removing smear layer (SL) from the root canal wall. BACKGROUND DATA LAI has been proposed as an adjuvant to conventional protocols of endodontic treatment to enhance the disinfection, which is a promising protocol for SL removal. MATERIALS AND METHODS SL was generated by preparing the root canals of extracted human teeth to a #35/.04 M3 instrument. The SL then received treatments of one of the following: (A) NaOCl, 5.25% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) for 60 sec; (B) EDTA, 17% ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) for 60 sec; (C) NaOCl+EDTA, NaOCl, and EDTA for 30 sec each; (D) LAI+NaOCl, LAI with NaOCl for 60 sec; (E) LAI+EDTA, LAI with EDTA for 60 sec; and (F) LAI+NaOCl+EDTA, LAI with NaOCl, and EDTA for 30 sec each. Efficacies of SL removal were evaluated by using a five-grade scoring system under scanning electron microscopy. RESULTS The laser activations significantly enhanced the effect of the NaOCl, EDTA, and NaOCl+EDTA irrigations in removing SL. The efficacies of SL removal were presented in a descending order of LAI+NaOCl+EDTA, LAI+EDTA>LAI+NaOCl, NaOCl+EDTA>EDTA>NaOCl. CONCLUSIONS Among the treatments, the LAI+NaOCl+EDTA was the most effective protocol in removing SL from the entire root canal wall, which may be effective for root canal treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Wang
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an, P.R. China
| | - Xiaogang Cheng
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an, P.R. China
| | - Baogang Liu
- 2 Department of Stomatology, Lishilu Outpatient Department, Chinese PLA Second Artillery Corps , Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Xin Liu
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an, P.R. China
| | - Qing Yu
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an, P.R. China
| | - Wenxi He
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an, P.R. China
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Gokturk H, Ozkocak I, Buyukgebiz F, Demir O. An in vitro evaluation of various irrigation techniques for the removal of double antibiotic paste from root canal surfaces. J Appl Oral Sci 2017; 24:568-574. [PMID: 28076461 PMCID: PMC5161255 DOI: 10.1590/1678-775720160286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of conventional syringe irrigations, passive ultrasonic irrigation (PUI), Vibringe, CanalBrush, XP-endo Finisher, and laser-activated irrigation (LAI) systems in removing double antibiotic paste (DAP) from root canals. Material and Methods One hundred five extracted single-rooted teeth were instrumented. The roots were split longitudinally. Three standard grooves were created and covered with DAP. The roots were distributed into seven groups: Group 1, beveled needle irrigation; Group 2, double side-vented needle irrigation; Group 3, CanalBrush; Group 4, XP-endo Finisher; Group 5, Vibringe; Group 6, PUI; Group 7, LAI. The amount of remaining DAP was scored under a stereomicroscope. Results Group 4, Group 6, and Group 7 removed significantly more DAP than the other protocols in the coronal region. Group 7 was more efficient in the middle region; however, no significant difference was found between Group 7 and Group 6. No differences were found between groups in the apical region either, except for the comparisons between groups 7 and 2, and groups 2 and 3. Conclusions None of the investigated protocols were able to completely remove the DAP from the grooves. The Vibringe and XP-endo Finisher systems showed results similar to those of conventional needle irrigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hakan Gokturk
- - Gaziosmanpasa University, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Endodontics, Tokat, Turkey
| | - Ismail Ozkocak
- - Gaziosmanpasa University, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Endodontics, Tokat, Turkey
| | - Fevzi Buyukgebiz
- - Gaziosmanpasa University, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Endodontics, Tokat, Turkey
| | - Osman Demir
- - Gaziosmanpasa University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biostatistics, Tokat, Turkey
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Comparative Effectiveness of New Mechanical Irrigant Agitating Devices for Debris Removal from the Canal and Isthmus of Mesial Roots of Mandibular Molars. J Endod 2016; 43:326-331. [PMID: 27989584 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2016.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Revised: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of Easy Clean (Easy Dental Equipment, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil) in continuous and reciprocating motion, passive ultrasonic irrigation (PUI), Endoactivator systems (Dentsply Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland), and conventional irrigation for debris removal from root canals and isthmus. METHODS Fifty mesial roots of mandibular molars were embedded in epoxy resin using a metal muffle; afterward, the blocks containing the roots were sectioned at 2, 4, and 6 mm from the apex. After instrumentation, the roots were divided into 5 groups (n = 10) for application of the final irrigation protocol using Easy Clean in continuous rotation, Easy Clean in reciprocating motion, PUI, Endoactivator, and conventional irrigation. Scanning electron microscopic images were taken after instrumentation and after the first, second, and third activation of irrigating solution to evaluate the area of remaining debris with image J software (National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD). RESULTS The protocol of 3 irrigating solution activations for 20 seconds provided better cleaning of the canal and isthmus. On conclusion of all procedures, analysis of the canals showed a statistical difference only at 2 mm; the Easy Clean in continuous rotation was more efficient than conventional irrigation (P < .05). On conclusion of all steps, the largest difference was observed in the isthmus in which the Easy Clean in continuous rotation was more effective than conventional irrigation at the 3 levels analyzed and the Endoactivator at 4 mm (P < .05). The PUI promoted greater cleaning than conventional irrigation at 6 mm (P < .05). There was no statistical difference between Easy Clean in continuous rotation, Easy Clean in reciprocating motion, and PUI (P > .05). CONCLUSIONS Irrigating solution activation methods provided better cleaning of the canal and isthmus, especially the Easy Clean used in continuous rotation. The protocol of 3 irrigating solution activations for 20 seconds favored better cleaning.
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Safety Irradiation Parameters of Nd:YAP Laser Beam for Endodontic Treatments: An In Vitro Study. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:4741516. [PMID: 27376084 PMCID: PMC4916272 DOI: 10.1155/2016/4741516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2016] [Revised: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Objective. Nd:YAP laser has several potentialities of clinical applications in endodontics. The aim of our study is to determine the safety range of irradiation parameters during endodontic application of Nd:YAP laser that can be used without damaging and overheating the periodontal tissue. Material and Methods. Twenty-seven caries-free single-rooted extracted human teeth were used. Crowns were sectioned to obtain 11 mm root canal length. Temperature increases at root surfaces were measured by a thermocouple during Nd:YAP laser irradiation of root canals at different energy densities. Canal irradiation was accomplished with a circular and retrograde movement from the apex until the cervical part of the canal during 10 seconds with an axial speed of 1 mm/s. Each irradiation was done in a canal irrigated continuously with 2.25% NaOCl solution. Results. Periodontal temperature increase depends on the value of energy density. Means and standard deviations of temperature increases at root surfaces were below 10°C (safe threshold level) when the average energy densities delivered per second were equal to or below 4981 J/cm2 and 9554 J/cm2, respectively, for irradiations using a fiber diameter of 320 μm and 200 μm. Conclusions. Within the limitations of this study and under specific irradiation conditions, Nd:YAP laser beam may be considered harmless for periodontal tissues during endodontic applications.
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Iandolo A, Iandolo G, Malvano M, Pantaleo G, Simeone M. Modern technologies in Endodontics. GIORNALE ITALIANO DI ENDODONZIA 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gien.2015.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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