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Jaramillo-Fierro X, Cuenca MF. Novel Semiconductor Cu(C 3H 3N 3S 3) 3/ZnTiO 3/TiO 2 for the Photoinactivation of E. coli and S. aureus under Solar Light. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 13:173. [PMID: 36616082 PMCID: PMC9824406 DOI: 10.3390/nano13010173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The use of semiconductors for bacterial photoinactivation is a promising approach that has attracted great interest in wastewater remediation. The photoinactivator Cu-TTC/ZTO/TO was synthesized by the solvothermal method from the coordination complex Cu(C3H3N3S3)3 (Cu-TTC) and the hybrid semiconductor ZnTiO3/TiO2 (ZTO/TO). In this study, the effect of photocatalyst composition/concentration as well as radiation intensity on the photoinactivation of the gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli and the gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus in aqueous solutions was investigated. The results revealed that 25 mg/mL of photoinactivator, in a Cu-TTC:ZTO/TO molar ratio of 1:2 (w/w%) presents a higher rate of bacterial photoinactivation under simulated solar light (λ = 300-800 nm) in comparison to the individual components. The evidence of this study suggests that the presence of the Cu(C3H3N3S3)3 coordination complex in the ZnTiO3/TiO2 hybrid semiconductor would contribute to the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that are essential to initiate the bacterial photoinactivation process. Finally, the results obtained allow us to predict that the Cu-TTC/ZTO/TO photocatalyst could be used for effective bacterial inactivation of E. coli and S. aureus in aqueous systems under simulated solar light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ximena Jaramillo-Fierro
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, San Cayetano Alto, Loja 1101608, Ecuador
| | - María Fernanda Cuenca
- Departamento de Producción, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, San Cayetano Alto, Loja 1101608, Ecuador
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2
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Zupin L, Gratton R, Milani M, Clemente L, Fontana F, Ruscio M, Crovella S. Direct inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 by low level blue photobiomodulation LED at 470, 454 and 450 nm. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2022; 15:e202100375. [PMID: 35124902 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.202100375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Blue light has been already reported as able to counteract different types of microorganisms including Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, fungi and viruses, especially the enveloped ones. It has been reported that both blue and visible light can efficiently impact SARS-CoV-2 by affecting its ability to replicate in in vitro cellular models of infection. In this study, blue light at 450, 454 and 470 nm was tested on SARS-CoV-2 to evaluate the residual viral infectious potential on Vero E6, Caco-2 and Calu-3 cells, after the irradiation of viral particles. Following 12' of irradiation at 40 mW/cm2 , a drastic block of viral amplification was observed. Indeed, at 7 days post-irradiation/infection the viral load was the same as the one measured 1 day post-irradiation/infection, and cellular viability was maintained showing similar levels to the noninfected control cells. Taken together our results indicate that blue LED lamps can be considered as a cheap and convenient tool for SARS-CoV-2 disinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Zupin
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health-IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", Trieste, Italy
| | - Rossella Gratton
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health-IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", Trieste, Italy
| | - Margherita Milani
- Department of Medical Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Libera Clemente
- Division of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Giuliano Isontina (ASU GI), Trieste, Italy
| | - Francesco Fontana
- Division of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Giuliano Isontina (ASU GI), Trieste, Italy
| | - Maurizio Ruscio
- Division of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Giuliano Isontina (ASU GI), Trieste, Italy
| | - Sergio Crovella
- Biological Science Program, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Qatar, Doha, Qatar
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Leanse LG, Dos Anjos C, Mushtaq S, Dai T. Antimicrobial blue light: A 'Magic Bullet' for the 21st century and beyond? Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 180:114057. [PMID: 34800566 PMCID: PMC8728809 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.114057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decade, antimicrobial blue light (aBL) at 400 - 470 nm wavelength has demonstrated immense promise as an alternative approach for the treatment of multidrug-resistant infections. Since our last review was published in 2017, there have been numerous studies that have investigated aBL in terms of its, efficacy, safety, mechanism, and propensity for resistance development. In addition, researchers have looked at combinatorial approaches that exploit aBL and other traditional and non-traditional therapeutics. To that end, this review aims to update the findings from numerous studies that capitalize on the antimicrobial effects of aBL, with a focus on: efficacy of aBL against different microbes, identifying endogenous chromophores and targets of aBL, Resistance development to aBL, Safety of aBL against host cells, and Synergism of aBL with other agents. We will also discuss our perspective on the future of aBL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon G Leanse
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Carolina Dos Anjos
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Sana Mushtaq
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA; Department of Pharmacy, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad campus, Pakistan
| | - Tianhong Dai
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA.
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Bauer R, Hoenes K, Meurle T, Hessling M, Spellerberg B. The effects of violet and blue light irradiation on ESKAPE pathogens and human cells in presence of cell culture media. Sci Rep 2021; 11:24473. [PMID: 34963696 PMCID: PMC8714816 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-04202-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteria belonging to the group of ESKAPE pathogens are responsible for the majority of nosocomial infections. Due to the increase of antibiotic resistance, alternative treatment strategies are of high clinical relevance. In this context visible light as disinfection technique represents an interesting option as microbial pathogens can be inactivated without adjuvants. However cytotoxic effects of visible light on host cells have also been reported. We compared the cytotoxicity of violet and blue light irradiation on monocytic THP-1 and alveolar epithelium A549 cells with the inactivation effect on ESKAPE pathogens. THP-1 cells displayed a higher susceptibility to irradiation than A549 cells with first cytotoxic effects occurring at 300 J cm−2 (405 nm) and 400 J cm−2 (450 nm) in comparison to 300 J cm−2 and 1000 J cm−2, respectively. We could define conditions in which a significant reduction of colony forming units for all ESKAPE pathogens, except Enterococcus faecium, was achieved at 405 nm while avoiding cytotoxicity. Irradiation at 450 nm demonstrated a more variable effect which was species and medium dependent. In summary a significant reduction of viable bacteria could be achieved at subtoxic irradiation doses, supporting a potential use of visible light as an antimicrobial agent in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Bauer
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Ulm, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Katharina Hoenes
- Institute of Medical Engineering and Mechatronics, Ulm University of Applied Sciences, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Tobias Meurle
- Institute of Medical Engineering and Mechatronics, Ulm University of Applied Sciences, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Martin Hessling
- Institute of Medical Engineering and Mechatronics, Ulm University of Applied Sciences, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Barbara Spellerberg
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Ulm, 89081, Ulm, Germany.
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Hoenes K, Bauer R, Spellerberg B, Hessling M. Microbial Photoinactivation by Visible Light Results in Limited Loss of Membrane Integrity. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:341. [PMID: 33807025 PMCID: PMC8005082 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10030341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Interest in visible light irradiation as a microbial inactivation method has widely increased due to multiple possible applications. Resistance development is considered unlikely, because of the multi-target mechanism, based on the induction of reactive oxygen species by wavelength specific photosensitizers. However, the affected targets are still not completely identified. We investigated membrane integrity with the fluorescence staining kit LIVE/DEAD® BacLight™ on a Gram positive and a Gram negative bacterial species, irradiating Staphylococcus carnosus and Pseudomonas fluorescens with 405 nm and 450 nm. To exclude the generation of viable but nonculturable (VBNC) bacterial cells, we applied an ATP test, measuring the loss of vitality. Pronounced uptake of propidium iodide was only observed in Pseudomonas fluorescens at 405 nm. Transmission electron micrographs revealed no obvious differences between irradiated samples and controls, especially no indication of an increased bacterial cell lysis could be observed. Based on our results and previous literature, we suggest that visible light photoinactivation does not lead to rapid bacterial cell lysis or disruption. However, functional loss of membrane integrity due to depolarization or inactivation of membrane proteins may occur. Decomposition of the bacterial envelope following cell death might be responsible for observations of intracellular component leakage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Hoenes
- Institute of Medical Engineering and Mechatronics, Ulm University of Applied Sciences, 89081 Ulm, Germany;
| | - Richard Bauer
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany; (R.B.); (B.S.)
| | - Barbara Spellerberg
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany; (R.B.); (B.S.)
| | - Martin Hessling
- Institute of Medical Engineering and Mechatronics, Ulm University of Applied Sciences, 89081 Ulm, Germany;
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Photoinactivation of Staphylococci with 405 nm Light in a Trachea Model with Saliva Substitute at 37 °C. Healthcare (Basel) 2021; 9:healthcare9030310. [PMID: 33799642 PMCID: PMC7998829 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare9030310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The globally observed rise in bacterial resistance against antibiotics has increased the need for alternatives to antibiotic treatments. The most prominent and important pathogen bacteria are the ESKAPE pathogens, which include among others Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Acinetobacter baumannii. These species cause ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP), which accounts for 24% of all nosocomial infections. In this study we tested the efficacy of photoinactivation with 405 nm violet light under conditions comparable to an intubated patient with artificial saliva for bacterial suspension at 37 °C. A technical trachea model was developed to investigate the visible light photoinactivation of Staphylococcus carnosus as a non-pathogen surrogate of the ESKAPE pathogen S. aureus (MRSA). The violet light was coupled into the tube with a fiber optic setup. The performed tests proved, that photoinactivation at 37 °C is more effective with a reduction of almost 3 log levels (99.8%) compared to 25 °C with a reduction of 1.2 log levels. The substitution of phosphate buffered saline (PBS) by artificial saliva solution slightly increased the efficiency during the experimental course. The increased efficiency might be caused by a less favorable environment for bacteria due to for example the ionic composition.
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Hoenes K, Bauer R, Meurle T, Spellerberg B, Hessling M. Inactivation Effect of Violet and Blue Light on ESKAPE Pathogens and Closely Related Non-pathogenic Bacterial Species - A Promising Tool Against Antibiotic-Sensitive and Antibiotic-Resistant Microorganisms. Front Microbiol 2021; 11:612367. [PMID: 33519770 PMCID: PMC7838345 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.612367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to the globally observed increase in antibiotic resistance of bacterial pathogens and the simultaneous decline in new antibiotic developments, the need for alternative inactivation approaches is growing. This is especially true for the treatment of infections with the problematic ESKAPE pathogens, which include Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacter species, and often exhibit multiple antibiotic resistances. Irradiation with visible light from the violet and blue spectral range is an inactivation approach that does not require any additional supplements. Multiple bacterial and fungal species were demonstrated to be sensitive to this disinfection technique. In the present study, pathogenic ESKAPE organisms and non-pathogenic relatives are irradiated with visible blue and violet light with wavelengths of 450 and 405 nm, respectively. The irradiation experiments are performed at 37°C to test a potential application for medical treatment. For all investigated microorganisms and both wavelengths, a decrease in colony forming units is observed with increasing irradiation dose, although there are differences between the examined bacterial species. A pronounced difference can be observed between Acinetobacter, which prove to be particularly light sensitive, and enterococci, which need higher irradiation doses for inactivation. Differences between pathogenic and non-pathogenic bacteria of one genus are comparatively small, with the tendency of non-pathogenic representatives being less susceptible. Visible light irradiation is therefore a promising approach to inactivate ESKAPE pathogens with future fields of application in prevention and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Hoenes
- Institute of Medical Engineering and Mechatronics, Ulm University of Applied Sciences, Ulm, Germany
| | - Richard Bauer
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Tobias Meurle
- Institute of Medical Engineering and Mechatronics, Ulm University of Applied Sciences, Ulm, Germany
| | - Barbara Spellerberg
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Martin Hessling
- Institute of Medical Engineering and Mechatronics, Ulm University of Applied Sciences, Ulm, Germany
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Vatter P, Hoenes K, Hessling M. Photoinactivation of the Coronavirus Surrogate phi6 by Visible Light. Photochem Photobiol 2020; 97:122-125. [PMID: 33128245 DOI: 10.1111/php.13352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
To stop the coronavirus spread, new inactivation approaches are being sought that can also be applied in the presence of humans or even on humans. Here, we investigate the effect of visible violet light with a wavelength of 405 nm on the coronavirus surrogate phi6 in two aqueous solutions that are free of photosensitizers. A dose of 1300 J cm-2 of 405 nm irradiation reduces the phi6 plaque-forming unit concentration by three log-levels. The next step should be similar visible light photoinactivation investigations on coronaviruses, which cannot be performed in our lab.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Vatter
- Ulm University of Applied Sciences, Ulm, Germany
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