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Fronczyk T, Mielańczyk A, Klymenko O, Erfurt K, Neugebauer D. Eco-Conscious Approach to Thermoresponsive Star-Comb and Mikto-Arm Polymers via Enzymatically Assisted Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization Followed by Ring-Opening Polymerization. Molecules 2023; 29:55. [PMID: 38202638 PMCID: PMC10779862 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29010055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
This study explores the synthesis, characterization, and application of a heterofunctional initiator derived from 2-hydroxypropyl cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD), having eight bromoester groups and thirteen hydroxyl groups allowing the synthesis of mikto-arm star-shaped polymers. The bromoesterification of HP-β-CD was achieved using α-bromoisobutyryl bromide as the acylation reagent, modifying the cyclodextrin (CD) molecule as confirmed by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy analysis, and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) thermograms. The initiator's effectiveness was further demonstrated by obtaining star-comb and mikto-arm polymers via an enzymatically assisted atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) method and subsequent ring-opening polymerization (ROP). The ATR polymerization quality and control depended on the type of monomer and was optimized by the way of introducing the initiator into the reaction mixture. In the case of ATRP, high conversion rates for poly(ethylene oxide) methyl ether methacrylate (OEOMA), with molecular weights (Mn) of 500 g/mol and 300 g/mol, were achieved. The molecular weight distribution of the obtained polymers remained in the range of 1.23-1.75. The obtained star-comb polymers were characterized by different arm lengths. Unreacted hydroxyl groups in the core of exemplary star-comb polymers were utilized in the ROP of ε-caprolactone (CL) to obtain a hydrophilic mikto-arm polymer. Cloud point temperature (TCP) values of the synthesized polymers increased with arm length, indicating the polymers' reduced hydrophobicity and enhanced solvation by water. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) analysis revealed the ability of the star-comb polymers to create fractals. The study elucidates advancements in the synthesis and utilization of hydrophilic sugar-based initiators for enzymatically assisted ATRP in an aqueous solution for obtaining complex star-comb polymers in a controlled manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Fronczyk
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, M. Strzody 9 Street, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland; (T.F.); (D.N.)
| | - Anna Mielańczyk
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, M. Strzody 9 Street, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland; (T.F.); (D.N.)
| | - Olesya Klymenko
- Department of Histology and Cell Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland;
| | - Karol Erfurt
- Department of Organic Chemical Technology and Petrochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, B. Krzywoustego 4, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland;
| | - Dorota Neugebauer
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, M. Strzody 9 Street, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland; (T.F.); (D.N.)
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Chien Y, Hsiao YJ, Chou SJ, Lin TY, Yarmishyn AA, Lai WY, Lee MS, Lin YY, Lin TW, Hwang DK, Lin TC, Chiou SH, Chen SJ, Yang YP. Nanoparticles-mediated CRISPR-Cas9 gene therapy in inherited retinal diseases: applications, challenges, and emerging opportunities. J Nanobiotechnology 2022; 20:511. [DOI: 10.1186/s12951-022-01717-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractInherited Retinal Diseases (IRDs) are considered one of the leading causes of blindness worldwide. However, the majority of them still lack a safe and effective treatment due to their complexity and genetic heterogeneity. Recently, gene therapy is gaining importance as an efficient strategy to address IRDs which were previously considered incurable. The development of the clustered regularly-interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9) system has strongly empowered the field of gene therapy. However, successful gene modifications rely on the efficient delivery of CRISPR-Cas9 components into the complex three-dimensional (3D) architecture of the human retinal tissue. Intriguing findings in the field of nanoparticles (NPs) meet all the criteria required for CRISPR-Cas9 delivery and have made a great contribution toward its therapeutic applications. In addition, exploiting induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology and in vitro 3D retinal organoids paved the way for prospective clinical trials of the CRISPR-Cas9 system in treating IRDs. This review highlights important advances in NP-based gene therapy, the CRISPR-Cas9 system, and iPSC-derived retinal organoids with a focus on IRDs. Collectively, these studies establish a multidisciplinary approach by integrating nanomedicine and stem cell technologies and demonstrate the utility of retina organoids in developing effective therapies for IRDs.
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Mehta S, Bongcaron V, Nguyen TK, Jirwanka Y, Maluenda A, Walsh APG, Palasubramaniam J, Hulett MD, Srivastava R, Bobik A, Wang X, Peter K. An Ultrasound-Responsive Theranostic Cyclodextrin-Loaded Nanoparticle for Multimodal Imaging and Therapy for Atherosclerosis. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2200967. [PMID: 35710979 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202200967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a major cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide. Left undiagnosed and untreated, atherosclerotic plaques can rupture and cause cardiovascular complications such as myocardial infarction and stroke. Atherosclerotic plaques are composed of lipids, including oxidized low-density lipoproteins and cholesterol crystals, and immune cells, including macrophages. 2-Hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin (CD) is FDA-approved for capturing, solubilizing, and delivering lipophilic drugs in humans. It is also known to dissolve cholesterol crystals and decrease atherosclerotic plaque size. However, its low retention time necessitates high dosages for successful therapy. This study reports CD delivery via air-trapped polybutylcyanoacrylate nanoparticles (with diameters of 388 ± 34 nm) loaded with CD (CDNPs). The multimodal contrast ability of these nanoparticles after being loaded with IR780 dye in mice is demonstrated using ultrasound and near-infrared imaging. It is shown that CDNPs enhance the cellular uptake of CD in murine cells. In an ApoE-/- mouse model of atherosclerosis, treatment with CDNPs significantly improves the anti-atherosclerotic efficacy of CD. Ultrasound triggering further improves CD uptake, highlighting that CDNPs can be used for ultrasound imaging and ultrasound-responsive CD delivery. Thus, CDNPs represent a theranostic nanocarrier for potential application in patients with atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sourabh Mehta
- Atherothrombosis and Vascular Biology Laboratory, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, 400076, India
- Indian Institute of Technology Bombay - Monash Research Academy, Powai, 400076, India
- Department of Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
| | - Viktoria Bongcaron
- Atherothrombosis and Vascular Biology Laboratory, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
- Molecular Imaging and Theranostics Laboratory, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
| | - Tien K Nguyen
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3083, Australia
| | - Yugandhara Jirwanka
- Toxicology Division, National Institute for Research in Reproductive and Child Health, Parel, 400012, India
| | - Ana Maluenda
- Atherothrombosis and Vascular Biology Laboratory, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
| | - Aidan P G Walsh
- Atherothrombosis and Vascular Biology Laboratory, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
- Department of Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
- Molecular Imaging and Theranostics Laboratory, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
| | - Jathushan Palasubramaniam
- Atherothrombosis and Vascular Biology Laboratory, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
- Department of Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
- Molecular Imaging and Theranostics Laboratory, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
| | - Mark D Hulett
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3083, Australia
| | - Rohit Srivastava
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, 400076, India
- Indian Institute of Technology Bombay - Monash Research Academy, Powai, 400076, India
| | - Alex Bobik
- Department of Immunology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
- Vascular Biology and Atherosclerosis Laboratory, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
| | - Xiaowei Wang
- Atherothrombosis and Vascular Biology Laboratory, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
- Department of Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
- Molecular Imaging and Theranostics Laboratory, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, 3083, Australia
- Department of Cardiometabolic Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Karlheinz Peter
- Atherothrombosis and Vascular Biology Laboratory, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
- Department of Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
- Department of Immunology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, 3083, Australia
- Department of Cardiometabolic Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3052, Australia
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Jicsinszky L, Martina K, Cravotto G. Cyclodextrins in the antiviral therapy. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2021; 64:102589. [PMID: 34035845 PMCID: PMC8135197 DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2021.102589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The main antiviral drug-cyclodextrin interactions, changes in physicochemical and physiological properties of the most commonly used virucides are summarized. The potential complexation of antiviral molecules against the SARS-Cov2 also pointed out the lack of detailed information in designing effective and general medicines against viral infections. The principal problem of the current molecules is the 3D structures of the currently active compounds. Improving the solubility or bioavailability of antiviral molecules is possible, however, there is no universal solution, and the complexation experiments dominantly use the already approved cyclodextrin derivatives. This review discusses the basic properties of the different cyclodextrin derivatives, their potential in antiviral formulations, and the prevention and treatment of viral infections. The biologically active new cyclodextrin derivatives are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- László Jicsinszky
- Dept. of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, Via Giuria 9, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Katia Martina
- Dept. of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, Via Giuria 9, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Cravotto
- Dept. of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, Via Giuria 9, 10125, Torino, Italy
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Abstract
Cardiovascular disease, with atherosclerosis as the major underlying factor, remains the leading cause of death worldwide. It is well established that cholesterol ester-enriched foam cells are the hallmark of atherosclerotic plaques. Multiple lines of evidence support that enhancing foam cell cholesterol efflux by HDL (high-density lipoprotein) particles, the first step of reverse cholesterol transport (RCT), is a promising antiatherogenic strategy. Yet, excitement towards the therapeutic potential of manipulating RCT for the treatment of cardiovascular disease has faded because of the lack of the association between cardiovascular disease risk and what was typically measured in intervention trials, namely HDL cholesterol, which has an inconsistent relationship to HDL function and RCT. In this review, we will summarize some of the potential reasons for this inconsistency, update the mechanisms of RCT, and highlight conditions in which impaired HDL function or RCT contributes to vascular disease. On balance, the evidence still argues for further research to better understand how HDL functionality contributes to RCT to develop prevention and treatment strategies to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mireille Ouimet
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, University of Ottawa, Canada (M.O.)
| | - Tessa J Barrett
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York (T.J.B., E.A.F.)
| | - Edward A Fisher
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York (T.J.B., E.A.F.)
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Coisne C, Tilloy S, Monflier E, Wils D, Fenart L, Gosselet F. Cyclodextrins as Emerging Therapeutic Tools in the Treatment of Cholesterol-Associated Vascular and Neurodegenerative Diseases. Molecules 2016; 21:E1748. [PMID: 27999408 PMCID: PMC6273856 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21121748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Revised: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases, like atherosclerosis, and neurodegenerative diseases affecting the central nervous system (CNS) are closely linked to alterations of cholesterol metabolism. Therefore, innovative pharmacological approaches aiming at counteracting cholesterol imbalance display promising therapeutic potential. However, these approaches need to take into account the existence of biological barriers such as intestinal and blood-brain barriers which participate in the organ homeostasis and are major defense systems against xenobiotics. Interest in cyclodextrins (CDs) as medicinal agents has increased continuously based on their ability to actively extract lipids from cell membranes and to provide suitable carrier system for drug delivery. Many novel CD derivatives are constantly generated with the objective to improve CD bioavailability, biocompatibility and therapeutic outcomes. Newly designed drug formulation complexes incorporating CDs as drug carriers have demonstrated better efficiency in treating cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. CD-based therapies as cholesterol-sequestrating agent have recently demonstrated promising advances with KLEPTOSE® CRYSMEB in atherosclerosis as well as with the 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPβCD) in clinical trials for Niemann-Pick type C disease. Based on this success, many investigations evaluating the therapeutical beneficial of CDs in Alzheimer's, Parkinson's and Huntington's diseases are currently on-going.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Coisne
- Laboratoire de la barrière hémato-encéphalique (LBHE), University Artois, EA 2465, Lens, F-62300, France.
| | - Sébastien Tilloy
- Unité de Catalyse et de Chimie du Solide (UCCS), University Artois, CNRS, UMR 8181, Lens, F-62300, France.
| | - Eric Monflier
- Unité de Catalyse et de Chimie du Solide (UCCS), University Artois, CNRS, UMR 8181, Lens, F-62300, France.
| | - Daniel Wils
- ROQUETTE, Nutrition & Health R & D, 62136 Lestrem, France.
| | - Laurence Fenart
- Laboratoire de la barrière hémato-encéphalique (LBHE), University Artois, EA 2465, Lens, F-62300, France.
| | - Fabien Gosselet
- Laboratoire de la barrière hémato-encéphalique (LBHE), University Artois, EA 2465, Lens, F-62300, France.
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