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Dallatana A, Cremonesi L, Pezzini F, Fontana G, Innamorati G, Giacomello L. The Placenta as a Source of Human Material for Neuronal Repair. Biomedicines 2024; 12:1567. [PMID: 39062139 PMCID: PMC11275125 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12071567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2024] [Revised: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Stem cell therapy has the potential to meet unsolved problems in tissue repair and regeneration, particularly in the neural tissues. However, an optimal source has not yet been found. Growing evidence indicates that positive effects produced in vivo by mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can be due not only to their plasticity but also to secreted molecules including extracellular vesicles (EVs) and the extracellular matrix (ECM). Trophic effects produced by MSCs may reveal the key to developing effective tissue-repair strategies, including approaches based on brain implants or other implantable neural electrodes. In this sense, MSCs will become increasingly valuable and needed in the future. The placenta is a temporary organ devoted to protecting and supporting the fetus. At the same time, the placenta represents an abundant and extremely convenient source of MSCs. Nonetheless, placenta-derived MSCs (P-MSCs) remain understudied as compared to MSCs isolated from other sources. This review outlines the limited literature describing the neuroregenerative effects of P-MSC-derived biomaterials and advocates for exploiting the potential of this untapped source for human regenerative therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Giulio Innamorati
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Pediatrics, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy; (A.D.); (L.C.); (F.P.); (G.F.); (L.G.)
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Seyyedin S, Ezzatabadipour M, Nematollahi-Mahani SN. The Role of Various Factors in Neural Differentiation of Human Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cells with a Special Focus on the Physical Stimulants. Curr Stem Cell Res Ther 2024; 19:166-177. [PMID: 36734908 DOI: 10.2174/1574888x18666230124151311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Human umbilical cord matrix-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hUCMs) are considered as ideal tools for cell therapy procedures and regenerative medicine. The capacity of these cells to differentiate into neural lineage cells make them potentially important in the treatment of various neurodegenerative diseases. An electronic search was performed in Web of Science, PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus and Google Scholar databases for articles published from January 1990 to March 2022. This review discusses the current knowledge on the effect of various factors, including physical, chemical and biological stimuli which play a key role in the differentiation of hUCMs into neural and glial cells. Moreover, the currently understood molecular mechanisms involved in the neural differentiation of hUCMs under various environmental stimuli are reviewed. Various stimuli, especially physical stimuli and specifically different light sources, have revealed effects on neural differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells, including hUCMs; however, due to the lack of information about the exact mechanisms, there is still a need to find optimal conditions to promote the differentiation capacity of these cells which in turn can lead to significant progress in the clinical application of hUCMs for the treatment of neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajad Seyyedin
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Afzalipour School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Massood Ezzatabadipour
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Afzalipour School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
- Physiology Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Seyed Noureddin Nematollahi-Mahani
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Afzalipour School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
- Neuroscience Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
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3
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Identification of a Novel Wnt Antagonist Based Therapeutic and Diagnostic Target for Alzheimer's Disease Using a Stem Cell-Derived Model. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:bioengineering10020192. [PMID: 36829686 PMCID: PMC9952699 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10020192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, all the existing treatments for Alzheimer's disease (AD) fail to stall progression due to longer duration of time between onset of the symptoms and diagnosis of the disease, raising the necessity of effective diagnostics and novel treatment. Specific molecular regulation of the onset and progression of disease is not yet elucidated. This warranted investigation of the role of Wnt signaling regulators which are thought to be involved in neurogenesis. The AD model was established using amyloid beta (Aβ) in human mesenchymal stem cells derived from amniotic membranes which were differentiated into neuronal cell types. In vivo studies were carried out with Aβ or a Wnt antagonist, AD201, belonging to the sFRP family. We further created an AD201-knockdown in vitro model to determine the role of Wnt antagonism. BACE1 upregulation, ChAT and α7nAChR downregulation with synapse and functionality loss with increases in ROS confirmed the neurodegeneration. Reduced β-catenin and increased AD201 expression indicated Wnt/canonical pathway inhibition. Similar results were exhibited in the in vivo study along with AD-associated behavioural and molecular changes. AD201-knockdown rescued neurons from Aβ-induced toxicity. We demonstrated for the first time a role of AD201 in Alzheimer's disease manifestation, which indicates a promising disease target and biomarker.
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Schepici G, Gugliandolo A, Mazzon E. Serum-Free Cultures: Could They Be a Future Direction to Improve Neuronal Differentiation of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells? Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23126391. [PMID: 35742836 PMCID: PMC9223839 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23126391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) are undifferentiated cells with multilinear potential, known for their immunomodulatory and regenerative properties. Although the scientific community is working to improve their application, concerns limit their use to repair tissues following neurological damage. One of these obstacles is represented by the use of culture media supplemented with fetal bovine serum (FBS), which, due to its xenogenic nature and the risk of contamination, has increased scientific, ethical and safety problems. Therefore, the use of serum-free media could improve MSC culture methods, avoiding infectious and immunogenic transmission problems as well as MSC bioprocesses, without the use of animal components. The purpose of our review is to provide an overview of experimental studies that demonstrate that serum-free cultures, along with the supplementation of growth factors or chemicals, can lead to a more defined and controlled environment, enhancing the proliferation and neuronal differentiation of MSCs.
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Forskolin-Loaded Halloysite Nanotubes as Osteoconductive Additive for the Biopolymer Tissue Engineering Scaffolds. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13223949. [PMID: 34833247 PMCID: PMC8619346 DOI: 10.3390/polym13223949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Here we report the use of forskolin-modified halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) as a dopant for biopolymer porous hydrogel scaffolds to impart osteoinductive properties. Forskolin is a labdane diterpenoid isolated from the Indian Coleus plant. This small molecule is widely used as a supplement in molecular biology for cell differentiation. It has been reported in some earlier publications that forskolin can activate osteodifferentiation process by cyclic adenosine monophosphate (c-AMP) signalling activation in stem cells. In presented study it was demonstrated that forskolin release from halloysite-doped scaffolds induced the osteodifferentiation of equine mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in vitro without addition of any specific growth factors. The reinforcement of mechanical properties of cells and intercellular space during the osteodifferentiation was demonstrated using atomic force microscopy (AFM). These clay-doped scaffolds may find applications to accelerate the regeneration of horse bone defects by inducing the processes of osteodifferentiation of endogenous MSCs.
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A Two-Stage Process for Differentiation of Wharton's Jelly-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells into Neuronal-like Cells. Stem Cells Int 2021; 2021:6631651. [PMID: 34135973 PMCID: PMC8177978 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6631651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
With no permanent cure for neurodegenerative diseases, the symptoms reappear shortly after the withdrawal of medicines. A better treatment outcome can be expected if the damaged neurons are partly replaced by functional neurons and/or they are repaired using trophic factors. In this regard, safe cell therapy has been considered as a potential alternative to conventional treatment. Here, we have described a two-stage culture process to differentiate Wharton Jelly mesenchymal stem cells (WJ-MSCs) into neuronal-like cells in the presence of various cues involved in neurogenesis. The fate of cells at the end of each stage was analyzed at the morphometric, transcriptional, and translational levels. In the first stage of priming, constitutively, wingless-activated WJ-MSCs crossed the lineage boundary in favor of neuroectodermal lineage, identified by the loss of mesenchymal genes with concomitant expression of neuron-specific markers, like SOX1, PAX6, NTRK1, and NEUROD2. Neuronal-like cells formed in the second stage expressed many mature neuronal proteins like Map2, neurofilament, and Tuj1 and possessed axon hillock-like structures. In conclusion, the differentiation of a large number of neuronal-like cells from nontumorigenic and trophic factors secreting WJ-MSCs promises the development of a therapeutic strategy to treat neurodegenerative diseases.
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Sharma Y, Shobha K, Sundeep M, Pinnelli VB, Parveen S, Dhanushkodi A. Neural Basis of Dental Pulp Stem Cells and its Potential Application in Parkinson's disease. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS-DRUG TARGETS 2021; 21:62-76. [PMID: 33719979 DOI: 10.2174/1871527320666210311122921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease after Alzheimer's disease. Though significant insights into the molecular-biochemical-cellular-behavioral basis of PD have been understood, there is no appreciable treatment available till date. Current therapies provide symptomatic relief without any influence on the progression of the disease. Stem cell therapy has been vigorously explored to treat PD. In this comprehensive review, we analyze various stem cell candidates for treating PD and discuss the possible mechanisms. We advocate the advantage of using neural crest originated dental pulp stem cells (DPSC) due to their predisposition towards neural differentiation and their potential to regenerate neurons far better than commonly used bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs). Eventually, we highlight the current challenges in the field and the strategies which may be used for overcoming the impediments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yogita Sharma
- Manipal Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Bangalore, Karnataka. India
| | - Shobha K
- Manipal Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Bangalore, Karnataka. India
| | - Mata Sundeep
- Manipal Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Bangalore, Karnataka. India
| | | | - Shagufta Parveen
- Manipal Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Bangalore, Karnataka. India
| | - Anandh Dhanushkodi
- Manipal Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Bangalore, Karnataka. India
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Singh M, Vaishnav PK, Dinda AK, Mohanty S. Evaluation of Priming Efficiency of Forskolin in Tissue-Specific Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells into Dopaminergic Neurons: An In Vitro Comparative Study. Cells 2020; 9:cells9092058. [PMID: 32917012 PMCID: PMC7565008 DOI: 10.3390/cells9092058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSC) can be derived from various tissue sources and differentiated into dopaminergic (DAergic) neurons using various types of inducers. There are several strategies that have been reported to generate functional dopaminergic neuronal cells from hMSCs in the most efficient manner possible. However, this area is still under extensive research. In this study, we aim to compare hMSCs derived from bone marrow (BM), adipose tissue (AD) and dental pulp (DP) to generate functional dopaminergic neurons, using FGF2 and forskolin. Post-differentiation, multiple factors were used to characterize the cells at morphological, morphometric, ultra-structural, mRNA and protein levels for various markers (Nestin, NF, MAP2, Tuj1, TH, DAT, PitX3, Ngn2, Kv4.2, SCN5A). Cells’ functionality was studied by calcium ion imaging, along with the amount of dopamine secreted by the cells in the culture medium. Results: Data analysis revealed that forskolin has comparable effect on BM- and AD-derived MSC (28.43% and 29.46% DAergic neurons, respectively), whereas DP-MSC (42.78 ± 1.248% DAergic neurons) show better outcome in terms of efficient generation of DAergic neuronal cells, expression of neuronal associated markers, dopamine release and calcium ion efflux. Ultra-structural studies by SEM and TEM also revealed a substantial change in both cellular morphology and composition of cellular organelles. It was observed that AD-MSCs showed the best neuronal features, at morphological, gene, and protein levels upon induction with the above-mentioned induction cocktail. Conclusion: It may be concluded that a combination of FGF2 and forskolin yields functionally active dopaminergic neuronal cells in vitro, with highest percentage of the same from AD-MSCs, as compared to that in BM-MSCs and DP-MSCs. The outcomes and comparative evaluation provide a substantial platform for further studies on molecular pathways involved in the process of DAergic neurogenesis in individual cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manisha Singh
- Stem Cell Facility (DBT-Centre of Excellence for Stem Cell Research), All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India;
- Dr. Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neurosciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MA 21218, USA
| | | | - Amit Kumar Dinda
- Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India;
| | - Sujata Mohanty
- Stem Cell Facility (DBT-Centre of Excellence for Stem Cell Research), All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +91-986-839-8194 or +91-981-029-1336
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George S, Hamblin MR, Abrahamse H. Differentiation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells to Neuroglia: in the Context of Cell Signalling. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2019; 15:814-826. [PMID: 31515658 PMCID: PMC6925073 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-019-09917-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The promise of engineering specific cell types from stem cells and rebuilding damaged or diseased tissues has fascinated stem cell researchers and clinicians over last few decades. Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs) have the potential to differentiate into non-mesodermal cells, particularly neural-lineage, consisting of neurons and glia. These multipotent adult stem cells can be used for implementing clinical trials in neural repair. Ongoing research identifies several molecular mechanisms involved in the speciation of neuroglia, which are tightly regulated and interconnected by various components of cell signalling machinery. Growing MSCs with multiple inducers in culture media will initiate changes on intricately interlinked cell signalling pathways and processes. Net result of these signal flow on cellular architecture is also dependent on the type of ligands and stem cells investigated in vitro. However, our understanding about this dynamic signalling machinery is limited and confounding, especially with spheroid structures, neurospheres and organoids. Therefore, the results for differentiating neurons and glia in vitro have been inconclusive, so far. Added to this complication, we have no convincing evidence about the electrical conductivity and functionality status generated in differentiating neurons and glia. This review has taken a step forward to tailor the information on differentiating neuroglia with the common methodologies, in practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajan George
- Laser Research Centre, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 17011, Doornfontein, 2028, South Africa
| | - Michael R Hamblin
- Laser Research Centre, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 17011, Doornfontein, 2028, South Africa
- Wellman Centre for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Heidi Abrahamse
- Laser Research Centre, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 17011, Doornfontein, 2028, South Africa.
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Beneficial Role of Low-Intensity Laser Irradiation on Neural β-tubulin III Protein Expression in Human Bone Marrow Multipotent Mesenchymal Stromal Cells. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2018; 14:585-598. [DOI: 10.1007/s12015-017-9796-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Pal B, Das B. In vitro Culture of Naïve Human Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells: A Stemness Based Approach. Front Cell Dev Biol 2017; 5:69. [PMID: 28884113 PMCID: PMC5572382 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2017.00069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Human bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) resides in their niches in close proximity to hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). These naïve MSCs have tremendous potential in regenerative therapeutics, and may also be exploited by cancer and infectious disease agents. Hence, it is important to study the physiological and pathological roles of naïve MSC. However, our knowledge of naïve MSCs is limited by lack of appropriate isolation and in vitro culture methods. Established culture methods use serum rich media, and serial passaging for retrospective isolation of MSCs. These primed MSCs may not reflect the true physiological and pathological roles of naive MSCs (Figure 1). Therefore, there is a strong need for direct isolation and in vitro culture of naïve MSCs to study their stemness (self-renewal and undifferentiated state) and developmental ontogeny. We have taken a niche-based approach on stemness to better maintain naïve MSCs in vitro. In this approach, stemness is broadly divided as niche dependent (extrinsic), niche independent (intrinsic) and niche modulatory (altruistic or competitive). Using this approach, we were able to maintain naïve CD271+/CD133+ BM-MSCs for 2 weeks. Furthermore, this in vitro culture system helped us to identify naïve MSCs as a protective niche site for Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative organism of pulmonary tuberculosis. In this review, we discuss the in vitro culture of primed vs. naïve human BM derived MSCs with a special focus on how a stemness based approach could facilitate the study of naïve BM-MSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bidisha Pal
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, The Forsyth InstituteCambridge, MA, United States
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, KaviKrishna Laboratory, Guwahati Biotech Park, Indian Institute of TechnologyGuwahati, India
| | - Bikul Das
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, The Forsyth InstituteCambridge, MA, United States
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, KaviKrishna Laboratory, Guwahati Biotech Park, Indian Institute of TechnologyGuwahati, India
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Baranek M, Belter A, Naskręt-Barciszewska MZ, Stobiecki M, Markiewicz WT, Barciszewski J. Effect of small molecules on cell reprogramming. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2017; 13:277-313. [PMID: 27918060 DOI: 10.1039/c6mb00595k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The essential idea of regenerative medicine is to fix or replace tissues or organs with alive and patient-specific implants. Pluripotent stem cells are able to indefinitely self-renew and differentiate into all cell types of the body which makes them a potent substantial player in regenerative medicine. The easily accessible source of induced pluripotent stem cells may allow obtaining and cultivating tissues in vitro. Reprogramming refers to regression of mature cells to its initial pluripotent state. One of the approaches affecting pluripotency is the usage of low molecular mass compounds that can modulate enzymes and receptors leading to the formation of pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). It would be great to assess the general character of such compounds and reveal their new derivatives or modifications to increase the cell reprogramming efficiency. Many improvements in the methods of pluripotency induction have been made by various groups in order to limit the immunogenicity and tumorigenesis, increase the efficiency and accelerate the kinetics. Understanding the epigenetic changes during the cellular reprogramming process will extend the comprehension of stem cell biology and lead to potential therapeutic approaches. There are compounds which have been already proven to be or for now only putative inducers of the pluripotent state that may substitute for the classic reprogramming factors (Oct3/4, Sox2, Klf4, c-Myc) in order to improve the time and efficiency of pluripotency induction. The effect of small molecules on gene expression is dosage-dependent and their application concentration needs to be strictly determined. In this review we analysed the role of small molecules in modulations leading to pluripotency induction, thereby contributing to our understanding of stem cell biology and uncovering the major mechanisms involved in that process.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Baranek
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego str. 12/14, 61-704 Poznań, Poland.
| | - A Belter
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego str. 12/14, 61-704 Poznań, Poland.
| | - M Z Naskręt-Barciszewska
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego str. 12/14, 61-704 Poznań, Poland.
| | - M Stobiecki
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego str. 12/14, 61-704 Poznań, Poland.
| | - W T Markiewicz
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego str. 12/14, 61-704 Poznań, Poland.
| | - J Barciszewski
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego str. 12/14, 61-704 Poznań, Poland.
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Lim JH, Koh S, Thomas R, Breen M, Olby NJ. Evaluation of gene expression and DNA copy number profiles of adipose tissue-derived stromal cells and consecutive neurosphere-like cells generated from dogs with naturally occurring spinal cord injury. Am J Vet Res 2017; 78:371-380. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.78.3.371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Lohan P, Treacy O, Lynch K, Barry F, Murphy M, Griffin MD, Ritter T, Ryan AE. Culture expanded primary chondrocytes have potent immunomodulatory properties and do not induce an allogeneic immune response. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2016; 24:521-33. [PMID: 26493330 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2015.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Revised: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Allogeneic cell therapies, such as mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC), which have potent regenerative and anti-inflammatory potential are being investigated as a therapy for osteoarthritis (OA) and cartilage injury. Here we describe another potential source of regenerative and anti-inflammatory allogeneic cells, culture expanded primary chondrocytes (CEPC). In direct comparison to allogeneic MSC, we extensively assess the immunological interactions of CEPC in an allogeneic setting. METHODS Chondrocytes were isolated from rat articular cartilage and cultured in normoxic or hypoxic conditions. In vitro co-culture assays with allogeneic lymphocytes and macrophages were used to assess the immunomodulatory capacities of the chondrocytes, followed by immune response analysis by flow cytometry, ELISA and qPCR. RESULTS CEPC showed reduced induction of proliferation, activation and cytotoxic granzyme B expression in allogeneic T cells. Importantly, exposure to pro-inflammatory cytokines did not increase CEPC immunogenicity despite increases in MHC-I. Furthermore, CEPC had a potent ability to suppress allogeneic T cell proliferation, which was dependent on nitric oxide production. This suppression was contact independent in hypoxia cultured CEPC. Finally, chondrocytes were shown to have the capacity to modulate pro-inflammatory macrophage activity by reducing MHC-II expression and TNF-α secretion. CONCLUSION These data indicate the potential use of allogeneic chondrocytes in OA and cartilage defects. The lack of evident immunogenicity, despite exposure to a pro-inflammatory environment, coupled with the immunomodulatory ability indicates that these cells have the potential to evade the host immune system and suppress inflammation, thus potentially facilitating the resolution of OA induced inflammation and cartilage regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Lohan
- Regenerative Medicine Institute (REMEDI), School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - O Treacy
- Regenerative Medicine Institute (REMEDI), School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - K Lynch
- Regenerative Medicine Institute (REMEDI), School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - F Barry
- Regenerative Medicine Institute (REMEDI), School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - M Murphy
- Regenerative Medicine Institute (REMEDI), School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - M D Griffin
- Regenerative Medicine Institute (REMEDI), School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - T Ritter
- Regenerative Medicine Institute (REMEDI), School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - A E Ryan
- Regenerative Medicine Institute (REMEDI), School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland; Discipline of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland.
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Abstract
Stem cells are cells specialized cell, capable of renewing themselves through cell division and can differentiate into multi-lineage cells. These cells are categorized as embryonic stem cells (ESCs), induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and adult stem cells. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are adult stem cells which can be isolated from human and animal sources. Human MSCs (hMSCs) are the non-haematopoietic, multipotent stem cells with the capacity to differentiate into mesodermal lineage such as osteocytes, adipocytes and chondrocytes as well ectodermal (neurocytes) and endodermal lineages (hepatocytes). MSCs express cell surface markers like cluster of differentiation (CD)29, CD44, CD73, CD90, CD105 and lack the expression of CD14, CD34, CD45 and HLA (human leucocyte antigen)-DR. hMSCs for the first time were reported in the bone marrow and till now they have been isolated from various tissues, including adipose tissue, amniotic fluid, endometrium, dental tissues, umbilical cord and Wharton's jelly which harbours potential MSCs. hMSCs have been cultured long-term in specific media without any severe abnormalities. Furthermore, MSCs have immunomodulatory features, secrete cytokines and immune-receptors which regulate the microenvironment in the host tissue. Multilineage potential, immunomodulation and secretion of anti-inflammatory molecules makes MSCs an effective tool in the treatment of chronic diseases. In the present review, we have highlighted recent research findings in the area of hMSCs sources, expression of cell surface markers, long-term in vitro culturing, in vitro differentiation potential, immunomodulatory features, its homing capacity, banking and cryopreservation, its application in the treatment of chronic diseases and its use in clinical trials.
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Schwerk A, Altschüler J, Roch M, Gossen M, Winter C, Berg J, Kurtz A, Steiner B. Human adipose-derived mesenchymal stromal cells increase endogenous neurogenesis in the rat subventricular zone acutely after 6-hydroxydopamine lesioning. Cytotherapy 2015; 17:199-214. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2014.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Revised: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Taran R, Mamidi MK, Singh G, Dutta S, Parhar IS, John JP, Bhonde R, Pal R, Das AK. In vitro and in vivo neurogenic potential of mesenchymal stem cells isolated from different sources. J Biosci 2014; 39:157-69. [PMID: 24499800 DOI: 10.1007/s12038-013-9409-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Regenerative medicine is an evolving interdisciplinary topic of research involving numerous technological methods that utilize stem cells to repair damaged tissues. Particularly, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are a great tool in regenerative medicine because of their lack of tumorogenicity, immunogenicity and ability to perform immunomodulatory as well as anti-inflammatory functions. Numerous studies have investigated the role of MSCs in tissue repair and modulation of allogeneic immune responses. MSCs derived from different sources hold unique regenerative potential as they are self-renewing and can differentiate into chondrocytes, osteoblasts, adipocytes, cardiomyocytes, hepatocytes, endothelial and neuronal cells, among which neuronal-like cells have gained special interest. MSCs also have the ability to secrete multiple bioactive molecules capable of stimulating recovery of injured cells and inhibiting inflammation. In this review we focus on neural differentiation potential of MSCs isolated from different sources and how certain growth factors/small molecules can be used to derive neuronal phenotypes from MSCs. We also discuss the efficacy of MSCs when transplanted in vivo and how they can generate certain neurons and lead to relief or recovery of the diseased condition. Furthermore, we have tried to evaluate the appropriatemerits of different sources ofMSCs with respect to their propensity towards neurological differentiation as well as their effectiveness in preclinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramyani Taran
- Manipal Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Manipal University Branch Campus, Bangalore, India
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18
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Larson AR, Lee CW, Lezcano C, Zhan Q, Huang J, Fischer AH, Murphy GF. Melanoma spheroid formation involves laminin-associated vasculogenic mimicry. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2014; 184:71-8. [PMID: 24332013 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2013.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2013] [Revised: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 09/18/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Melanoma is a tumor where virulence is conferred on transition from flat (radial) to three-dimensional (tumorigenic) growth. Virulence of tumorigenic growth is governed by numerous attributes, including presence of self-renewing stem-like cells and related formation of patterned networks associated with the melanoma mitogen, laminin, a phenomenon known as vasculogenic mimicry. Vasculogenic mimicry is posited to contribute to melanoma perfusion and nutrition in vivo; we hypothesized that it may also play a role in stem cell-driven spheroid formation in vitro. Using a model of melanoma in vitro tumorigenesis, laminin-associated networks developed in association with three-dimensional melanoma spheroids. Real-time PCR analysis of laminin subunits showed that spheroids formed from anchorage-independent melanoma cells expressed increased α4 and β1 laminin chains and α4 laminin expression was confirmed by in situ hybridization. Association of laminin networks with melanoma stem cell-associated nestin and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 also was documented. Moreover, knockdown of nestin gene expression impaired laminin expression and network formation within spheroids. Laminin networks were remarkably similar to those observed in melanoma xenografts in mice and to those seen in patient melanomas. These data indicate that vasculogenic mimicry-like laminin networks, in addition to their genesis in vivo, are integral to the extracellular architecture of melanoma spheroids in vitro, where they may serve as stimulatory scaffolds to support three-dimensional growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison R Larson
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Chung-Wei Lee
- Division of Dermatopathology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Cecilia Lezcano
- Division of Dermatopathology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Qian Zhan
- Division of Dermatopathology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - John Huang
- Division of Dermatopathology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Andrew H Fischer
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical Center, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - George F Murphy
- Division of Dermatopathology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.
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19
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Comparison of different protocols for neural differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem cells. Mol Biol Rep 2014; 41:1713-21. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-014-3020-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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20
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Cell surface proteomics analysis indicates a neural lineage bias of rat bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:479269. [PMID: 24551847 PMCID: PMC3914342 DOI: 10.1155/2014/479269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2013] [Revised: 12/08/2013] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are one of the most intensively studied stem cell types with application aims. However, the molecular characterisation and the relationship between the molecular characterisation and functional properties of MSCs are largely unknown. In this study, we purified the surface proteins from rat bone marrow MSCs (rBMMSCs) and characterised their surface proteome by LC-MS/MS. Moreover, we comparatively analysed the data from this study with the surface proteomics data of mouse and human embryonic stem (ES) cells and human mesenchymal stromal cells (hMSCs). The data showed that, in contrast to ES cells and human mesenchymal stromal cells, rBMMSCs possessed a surface proteomics pattern biased to neural and neural-endocrine lineages, indicating a neural/neural crest bias, and suggested a neural differentiation tendency of these cells. The different surface proteomics pattern between rBMMSCs and hMSCs also suggested that MSCs of different origin might possess a different lineage bias.
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21
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Chondrogenic differentiation increases antidonor immune response to allogeneic mesenchymal stem cell transplantation. Mol Ther 2013; 22:655-667. [PMID: 24184966 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2013.261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Allogeneic mesenchymal stem cells (allo-MSCs) have potent regenerative and immunosuppressive potential and are being investigated as a therapy for osteoarthritis; however, little is known about the immunological changes that occur in allo-MSCs after ex vivo induced or in vivo differentiation. Three-dimensional chondrogenic differentiation was induced in an alginate matrix, which served to immobilize and potentially protect MSCs at the site of implantation. We show that allogeneic differentiated MSCs lost the ability to inhibit T-cell proliferation in vitro, in association with reduced nitric oxide and prostaglandin E2 secretion. Differentiation altered immunogenicity as evidenced by induced proliferation of allogeneic T cells and increased susceptibility to cytotoxic lysis by allo-specific T cells. Undifferentiated or differentiated allo-MSCs were implanted subcutaneously, with and without alginate encapsulation. Increased CD3(+) and CD68(+) infiltration was evident in differentiated and splenocyte encapsulated implants only. Without encapsulation, increased local memory T-cell responses were detectable in recipients of undifferentiated and differentiated MSCs; however, only differentiated MSCs induced systemic memory T-cell responses. In recipients of encapsulated allogeneic cells, only differentiated allo-MSCs induced memory T-cell responses locally and systemically. Systemic alloimmune responses to differentiated MSCs indicate immunogenicity regardless of alginate encapsulation and may require immunosuppressive therapy for therapeutic use.
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22
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Wang L, Lu M. Regulation and direction of umbilical cord blood mesenchymal stem cells to adopt neuronal fate. Int J Neurosci 2013; 124:149-59. [PMID: 23879374 DOI: 10.3109/00207454.2013.828055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Umbilical cord blood mesenchymal stem cells (UCB-MSCs) transplantation is becoming a promising and attractive cell-based treatment modality for repairing the damaged central nervous system due to its advantages of low immunogenicity, wide range of sources, and less ethical controversy. One of the limitations of this approach is that the proportion of neurons differentiated from UCB-MSCs still remains at low level. Thus, to induce UCB-MSCs to differentiate into neuron-like cells with a higher proportion is one of the key technologies of regenerative medicine and tissue engineering. Many induction protocols with remarkably higher differentiation rate to neurons have been reported. However, each protocol has its pros and cons and whether the neurons differentiated from UCB-MSCs under a certain protocol has normal nerve function remains controversial. Therefore, to guarantee the success of future clinical applications of UCB-MSCs, more investigations should be performed to improve the induction method and differentiation efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University (163 Hospital of PLA) , Changsha, Hunan , China
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23
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Bai WF, Xu WC, Feng Y, Huang H, Li XP, Deng CY, Zhang MS. Fifty-Hertz electromagnetic fields facilitate the induction of rat bone mesenchymal stromal cells to differentiate into functional neurons. Cytotherapy 2013; 15:961-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2013.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2013] [Accepted: 03/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Neirinckx V, Coste C, Rogister B, Wislet-Gendebien S. Concise review: adult mesenchymal stem cells, adult neural crest stem cells, and therapy of neurological pathologies: a state of play. Stem Cells Transl Med 2013; 2:284-96. [PMID: 23486833 PMCID: PMC3659839 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2012-0147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Accepted: 01/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult stem cells are endowed with in vitro multilineage differentiation abilities and constitute an attractive autologous source of material for cell therapy in neurological disorders. With regard to lately published results, the ability of adult mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and neural crest stem cells (NCSCs) to integrate and differentiate into neurons once inside the central nervous system (CNS) is currently questioned. For this review, we collected exhaustive data on MSC/NCSC neural differentiation in vitro. We then analyzed preclinical cell therapy experiments in different models for neurological diseases and concluded that neural differentiation is probably not the leading property of adult MSCs and NCSCs concerning neurological pathology management. A fine analysis of the molecules that are secreted by MSCs and NCSCs would definitely be of significant interest regarding their important contribution to the clinical and pathological recovery after CNS lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bernard Rogister
- Neurosciences Unit and
- Development, Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Unit, Groupe Interdisciplinaire de Génoprotéomique Appliquée, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
- Neurology Department, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liège, Liège, Belgium
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25
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Heo H, Yoo M, Han D, Cho Y, Joung I, Kwon YK. Upregulation of TrkB by forskolin facilitated survival of MSC and functional recovery of memory deficient model rats. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 431:796-801. [PMID: 23313493 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.12.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2012] [Accepted: 12/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are effective vectors in delivering a gene of interest into degenerating brain. In ex vivo gene therapy, viability of transplanted MSCs is correlated with the extent of functional recovery. It has been reported that BDNF facilitates survival of MSCs but dividing MSCs do not express the BDNF receptor, TrkB. In this study, we found that the expression of TrkB is upregulated in human MSCs by the addition of forskolin (Fsk), an activator of adenylyl cyclase. To increase survival rate of MSCs and their secretion of tropic factors that enhance regeneration of endogenous cells, we pre-exposed hMSCs with Fsk and transduced with BDNF-adenovirus before transplantation into the brain of memory deficient rats, a degenerating brain disease model induced by ibotenic acid injection. Viability of MSCs and expression of a GABA synthesizing enzyme were increased. The pre-treatment improved learning and memory, as detected by the behavioral tests including Y-maze task and passive avoidance test. These results suggest that TrkB expression of hMSCs elevates the neuronal regeneration and efficiency of BDNF delivery for treating degenerative neurological diseases accompanying memory loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwon Heo
- Department of Biology, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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26
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Expression of neural markers by undifferentiated rat mesenchymal stem cells. J Biomed Biotechnol 2012; 2012:820821. [PMID: 23093867 PMCID: PMC3474592 DOI: 10.1155/2012/820821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2012] [Revised: 09/13/2012] [Accepted: 09/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The spontaneous expression of neural markers by mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) has been considered to be a demonstration of MSCs' predisposition to differentiate towards neural lineages. In view of their application in cell therapy for neurodegenerative diseases, it is very important to deepen the knowledge about this distinctive biological property of MSCs. In this study, we evaluated the expression of neuronal and glial markers in undifferentiated rat MSCs (rMSCs) at different culture passages (from early to late). rMSCs spontaneously expressed neural markers depending on culture passage, and they were coexpressed or not with the neural progenitor marker nestin. In contrast, the number of rMSCs expressing mesengenic differentiation markers was very low or even completely absent. Moreover, rMSCs at late culture passages were not senescent cells and maintained the MSC immunophenotype. However, their differentiation capabilities were altered. In conclusion, our results support the concept of MSCs as multidifferentiated cells and suggest the existence of immature and mature neurally fated rMSC subpopulations. A possible correlation between specific MSC subpopulations and specific neural lineages could optimize the use of MSCs in cell transplantation therapy for the treatment of neurological diseases.
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27
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Jackson WM, Alexander PG, Bulken-Hoover JD, Vogler JA, Ji Y, McKay P, Nesti LJ, Tuan RS. Mesenchymal progenitor cells derived from traumatized muscle enhance neurite growth. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2012; 7:443-51. [PMID: 22552971 DOI: 10.1002/term.539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2011] [Revised: 08/23/2011] [Accepted: 11/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The success of peripheral nerve regeneration is governed by the rate and quality of axon bridging and myelination that occurs across the damaged region. Neurite growth and the migration of Schwann cells is regulated by neurotrophic factors produced as the nerve regenerates, and these processes can be enhanced by mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), which also produce neurotrophic factors and other factors that improve functional tissue regeneration. Our laboratory has recently identified a population of mesenchymal progenitor cells (MPCs) that can be harvested from traumatized muscle tissue debrided and collected during orthopaedic reconstructive surgery. The objective of this study was to determine whether the traumatized muscle-derived MPCs exhibit neurotrophic function equivalent to that of bone marrow-derived MSCs. Similar gene- and protein-level expression of specific neurotrophic factors was observed for both cell types, and we localized neurogenic intracellular cell markers (brain-derived neurotrophic factor and nestin) to a subpopulation of both MPCs and MSCs. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the MPC-secreted factors were sufficient to enhance in vitro axon growth and cell migration in a chick embryonic dorsal root ganglia (DRG) model. Finally, DRGs in co-culture with the MPCs appeared to increase their neurotrophic function via soluble factor communication. Our findings suggest that the neurotrophic function of traumatized muscle-derived MPCs is substantially equivalent to that of the well-characterized population of bone marrow-derived MPCs, and suggest that the MPCs may be further developed as a cellular therapy to promote peripheral nerve regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wesley M Jackson
- Cartilage Biology and Orthopaedics Branch, National Institute of Arthritis, and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, USA
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28
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Dalous J, Larghero J, Baud O. Transplantation of umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells as a novel strategy to protect the central nervous system: technical aspects, preclinical studies, and clinical perspectives. Pediatr Res 2012; 71:482-90. [PMID: 22430384 DOI: 10.1038/pr.2011.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The prevention of perinatal neurological disabilities remains a major challenge for public health, and no neuroprotective treatment to date has proven clinically useful in reducing the lesions leading to these disabilities. Efforts are, therefore, urgently needed to test other neuroprotective strategies including cell therapies. Although stem cells have raised great hopes as an inexhaustible source of therapeutic products that could be used for neuroprotection and neuroregeneration in disorders affecting the brain and spinal cord, certain sources of stem cells are associated with potential ethical issues. The human umbilical cord (hUC) is a rich source of stem and progenitor cells including mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) derived either from the cord or from cord blood. hUC MSCs (hUC-MSCs) have several advantages as compared to other types and sources of stem cells. In this review, we will summarize the most recent findings regarding the technical aspects and the preclinical investigation of these promising cells in neuroprotection and neuroregeneration, and their potential use in the developing human brain. However, extensive studies are needed to optimize the administration protocol, safety parameters, and potential preinjection cell manipulations before designing a controlled trial in human neonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérémie Dalous
- INSERM UMR 676, Université Paris Diderot, Hôpital Robert Debré, APHP, Paris, France
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29
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Use of adipose-derived stem cells to fabricate scaffoldless tissue-engineered neural conduits in vitro. Neuroscience 2011; 201:349-56. [PMID: 22119639 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2011] [Revised: 10/31/2011] [Accepted: 11/01/2011] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Peripheral nerve injuries resulting from trauma or disease often necessitate surgical intervention. Although the gold standard for such repairs uses nerve autografts, alternatives that do not require invasive harvesting of autologous nerve tissues are currently being designed and evaluated. We previously established the use of scaffoldless engineered neural conduits (ENCs) fabricated from primary cells as one such alternative in sciatic nerve repair in rats [Baltich et al. (2010) In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 46(5):438-444]. The present study establishes protocols for fabricating neural conduits from adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) differentiated to either a fibroblast or neural lineage and co-cultured into a three-dimensional (3-D) scaffoldless tissue-ENC. Addition of ascorbic acid-2-phosphate and fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-2 to the medium induced and differentiated ASCs to a fibroblast lineage in more than 90% of the cell population, as confirmed by collagen I expression. ASC-differentiated fibroblasts formed monolayers, delaminated, and formed 3-D conduits. Neurospheres were formed by culturing ASCs on non-adherent surfaces in serum-free neurobasal medium with the addition of epidermal growth factor (EGF) and FGF-2. The addition of 10 ng EGF and 10 ng FGF-2 produced larger and more numerous neurospheres than treatments of lower EGF and FGF-2 concentrations. Subsequent differentiation to glial-like cells was confirmed by the expression of S100. ASC-derived fibroblast monolayers and neurospheres were co-cultured to fabricate a 3-D scaffoldless tissue-ENC. Their nerve-like structure and incorporation of glial-like cells, which would associate with regenerating axons, may make these novel, stem cell-derived neural conduits an efficacious technology for repairing critical gaps following peripheral nerve injury.
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30
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Pandit SR, Sullivan JM, Egger V, Borecki AA, Oleskevich S. Functional Effects of Adult Human Olfactory Stem Cells on Early-Onset Sensorineural Hearing Loss. Stem Cells 2011; 29:670-7. [DOI: 10.1002/stem.609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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31
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Alexanian AR. An efficient method for generation of neural-like cells from adult human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Regen Med 2011; 5:891-900. [PMID: 21082889 DOI: 10.2217/rme.10.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stem cell-based therapies to repair and replace lost neural cells are a highly promising treatment for CNS diseases. Bone marrow (BM)-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have great potential as therapeutic agents against neurological maladies, since they have the ability to differentiate into neural phenotypes and can be readily isolated and expanded for autotransplantation with no risk of rejection. In our previous studies, we demonstrated that neural cells could be efficiently generated from mouse BM-derived MSCs by exposing cells to epigenetic modifiers and a neural environment. The main idea of this approach was the reactivation of pluripotency-associated genes in MSCs before exposing them to neural-inducing factors. AIM In this study, we used a similar approach to efficiently generate neural cells from human BM-derived MSCs. METHOD Neural induction was achieved by exposing cells simultaneously to inhibitors of DNA methylation and histone deacetylation, and pharmacological agents that increase cAMP levels. RESULTS The expression of pluripotency and neural markers was confirmed with immunocytochemistry, western blot and real-time PCR. ELISA studies showed that these neurally induced-human MSCs cells released the neurotrophic factors glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor and brain-derived neurotrophic factor. CONCLUSION Human MSCs that are neurally modified with this methodology could be a useful source of cells for CNS repair and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arshak R Alexanian
- Neuroscience Research Laboratories, Department of Neurosurgery, VA Medical Center - Research 151, 5000 West National Avenue, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, WI 53295, USA.
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32
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Rooney GE, Knight AM, Madigan NN, Gross L, Chen B, Giraldo CV, Seo S, Nesbitt JJ, Dadsetan M, Yaszemski MJ, Windebank AJ. Sustained delivery of dibutyryl cyclic adenosine monophosphate to the transected spinal cord via oligo [(polyethylene glycol) fumarate] hydrogels. Tissue Eng Part A 2011; 17:1287-302. [PMID: 21198413 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2010.0396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study describes the use of oligo [(polyethylene glycol) fumarate] (OPF) hydrogel scaffolds as vehicles for sustained delivery of dibutyryl cyclic adenosine monophosphate (dbcAMP) to the transected spinal cord. dbcAMP was encapsulated in poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) microspheres, which were embedded within the scaffolds architecture. Functionality of the released dbcAMP was assessed using neurite outgrowth assays in PC12 cells and by delivery to the transected spinal cord within OPF seven channel scaffolds, which had been loaded with Schwann cells or mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Our results showed that encapsulation of dbcAMP in microspheres lead to prolonged release and continued functionality in vitro. These microspheres were then successfully incorporated into OPF scaffolds and implanted in the transected thoracic spinal cord. Sustained delivery of dbcAMP inhibited axonal regeneration in the presence of Schwann cells but rescued MSC-induced inhibition of axonal regeneration. dbcAMP was also shown to reduce capillary formation in the presence of MSCs, which was coupled with significant functional improvements. Our findings demonstrate the feasibility of incorporating PLGA microsphere technology for spinal cord transection studies. It represents a novel sustained delivery mechanism within the transected spinal cord and provides a platform for potential delivery of other therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma E Rooney
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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Abstract
AbstractThe young human brain is highly plastic and thus early brain lesions can lead to aberrant development of connectivity and mapping of functions. This is why initially in cerebral palsy only subtle changes in spontaneous movements are seen after the time of lesion, followed by a progressive evolution of a movement disorder over many months and years. Thus we propose that interventions to treat cerebral palsy should be initiated as soon as possible in order to restore the nervous system to the correct developmental trajectory. One such treatment might be autologous stem cell transplantation either intracerebrally or intravenously. All babies come with an accessible supply of stem cells, the umbilical cord, which can supply cells that could theoretically replace missing neural cell types, or act indirectly by supplying trophic support or modulating inflammatory responses to hypoxia/ischaemia. However, for such radical treatment to be proposed, it is necessary to be able to detect and accurately predict the outcomes of brain injury from a very early age. This article reviews our current understanding of perinatal injuries that lead to cerebral palsy, how well modern imaging might predict outcomes, what stem cells are yielded from umbilical cord blood and experimental models of brain repair using stem cells.
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Rooney GE, Nistor GI, Barry FB, Keirstead HS. In vitro differentiation potential of human embryonic versus adult stem cells. Regen Med 2010; 5:365-79. [PMID: 20455648 DOI: 10.2217/rme.10.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is widespread controversy regarding the potential of human neural stem cells and human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) to form cell types outside of their normal developmental lineage. A greater understanding of the differentiation potential and bias of these stem cell types would allow researchers to select the cell type that best suits the research or clinical need at hand. MATERIALS & METHODS We used identical in vitro protocols to quantitatively compare the potential of human embryonic stem cells, human neural stem cells and hMSCs to differentiate into specific ectodermal or mesodermal lineages. RESULTS Our findings demonstrate that human embryonic stem cells and human neural stem cells have the ability to differentiate into high purity neuronal progenitor or oligodendrocyte progenitor cultures. By contrast, hMSCs generated exceedingly limited numbers of neural lineages. Both human embryonic stem cells and hMSCs generated adipocytes and osteocytes when exposed to mesodermal differentiation conditions. CONCLUSION These studies underscore the importance of distinguishing differentiation potential from differentiation bias, an important consideration in the development of cell replacement strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- G E Rooney
- Regenerative Medicine Institute, National Centre for Biomedical & Engineering Science, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
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35
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Chen A, Siow B, Blamire AM, Lako M, Clowry GJ. Transplantation of magnetically labeled mesenchymal stem cells in a model of perinatal brain injury. Stem Cell Res 2010; 5:255-66. [PMID: 20875955 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2010.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2010] [Revised: 08/20/2010] [Accepted: 08/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Periventricular white matter injury (PVWMI) in preterm infants is a leading cause of cerebral palsy. Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) transplantation in experimental models of adult demyelinating conditions is reported to reduce neurological deficits so we investigated their potential for treating developmental PVWMI. Neonatal rat MSCs, when cultured and labeled in vitro with fluorescent, micrometer-sized paramagnetic iron oxide particles (MPIO), retained their differentiation potential. Rats received bilateral intracerebral injections of ibotenic acid at postnatal day 5 causing PVWMI-like lesions with localized hypomyelination and sensorimotor deficits. MPIO-labeled MSCs were transplanted near the lesion in the right hemisphere 1 day postlesioning. Animals receiving cell transplants showed significantly increased antimyelin immunoreactivity in the corpus callosum, and improved reaching and retrieval skills, compared to animals receiving conditioned medium only. In separate experiments, in vivo MRI demonstrated that MPIO-labeled cells migrated away from the injection site toward lesioned areas in both hemispheres, confirmed by microscopy postmortem, but double-labeling studies found little evidence of differentiation into neural phenotypes. MSC transplantation led to significantly more forebrain cell proliferation, assayed by bromodeoxyuridine incorporation, than in controls. MSC transplants may have been neuroprotective and indirectly contributed to brain repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiqing Chen
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
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36
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Jang S, Cho HH, Cho YB, Park JS, Jeong HS. Functional neural differentiation of human adipose tissue-derived stem cells using bFGF and forskolin. BMC Cell Biol 2010; 11:25. [PMID: 20398362 PMCID: PMC2867791 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2121-11-25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2009] [Accepted: 04/16/2010] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Adult mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) derived from adipose tissue have the capacity to differentiate into mesenchymal as well as endodermal and ectodermal cell lineage in vitro. We characterized the multipotent ability of human adipose tissue-derived stem cells (hADSCs) as MSCs and investigated the neural differentiation potential of these cells. Results Human ADSCs from earlobe fat maintained self-renewing capacity and differentiated into adipocytes, osteoblasts, or chondrocytes under specific culture conditions. Following neural induction with bFGF and forskolin, hADSCs were differentiated into various types of neural cells including neurons and glia in vitro. In neural differentiated-hADSCs (NI-hADSCs), the immunoreactivities for neural stem cell marker (nestin), neuronal markers (Tuj1, MAP2, NFL, NFM, NFH, NSE, and NeuN), astrocyte marker (GFAP), and oligodendrocyte marker (CNPase) were significantly increased than in the primary hADSCs. RT-PCR analysis demonstrated that the mRNA levels encoding for ABCG2, nestin, Tuj1, MAP2, NFL, NFM, NSE, GAP43, SNAP25, GFAP, and CNPase were also highly increased in NI-hADSCs. Moreover, NI-hADSCs acquired neuron-like functions characterized by the display of voltage-dependent tetrodotoxin (TTX)-sensitive sodium currents, outward potassium currents, and prominent negative resting membrane potentials under whole-cell patch clamp recordings. Further examination by RT-PCR showed that NI-hADSCs expressed high level of ionic channel genes for sodium (SCN5A), potassium (MaxiK, Kv4.2, and EAG2), and calcium channels (CACNA1C and CACNA1G), which were expressed constitutively in the primary hADSCs. In addition, we demonstrated that Kv4.3 and Eag1, potassium channel genes, and NE-Na, a TTX-sensitive sodium channel gene, were highly induced following neural differentiation. Conclusions These combined results indicate that hADSCs have the same self-renewing capacity and multipotency as stem cells, and can be differentiated into functional neurons using bFGF and forskolin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujeong Jang
- Department of Physiology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 501190, Republic of Korea
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Neurotrophic Factor–Expressing Mesenchymal Stem Cells Survive Transplantation into the Contused Spinal Cord Without Differentiating into Neural Cells. Tissue Eng Part A 2009; 15:3049-59. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2009.0045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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