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Kumar R, Evans T. Activation-Induced Cytidine Deaminase Regulates Fibroblast Growth Factor/Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinases Signaling to Achieve the Naïve Pluripotent State During Reprogramming. Stem Cells 2019; 37:1003-1017. [PMID: 31021461 PMCID: PMC6766926 DOI: 10.1002/stem.3023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) derived by in vitro reprogramming of somatic cells retain the capacity to self-renew and to differentiate into many cell types. Pluripotency encompasses multiple states, with naïve iPSCs considered as ground state, possessing high levels of self-renewal capacity and maximum potential without lineage restriction. We showed previously that activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AICDA) facilitates stabilization of pluripotency during reprogramming. Here, we report that Acida-/- iPSCs, even when successfully reprogrammed, fail to achieve the naïve pluripotent state and remain primed for differentiation because of a failure to suppress fibroblast growth factor (FGF)/extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK) signaling. Although the mutant cells display marked genomic hypermethylation, suppression of FGF/ERK signaling by AICDA is independent of deaminase activity. Thus, our study identifies AICDA as a novel regulator of naïve pluripotency through its activity on FGF/ERK signaling. Stem Cells 2019;37:1003-1017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritu Kumar
- Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Todd Evans
- Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
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2
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Chronic Chlamydia infection in human organoids increases stemness and promotes age-dependent CpG methylation. Nat Commun 2019; 10:1194. [PMID: 30886143 PMCID: PMC6423033 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09144-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic infections of the fallopian tubes with Chlamydia trachomatis (Ctr) cause scarring and can lead to infertility. Here we use human fallopian tube organoids and genital Ctr serovars D, K and E for long-term in vitro analysis. The epithelial monolayer responds with active expulsion of the bacteria into the lumen and with compensatory cellular proliferation—demonstrating a role of epithelial homeostasis in the defense against this pathogen. In addition, Ctr infection activates LIF signaling, which we find to be an essential regulator of stemness in the organoids. Infected organoids exhibit a less differentiated phenotype with higher stemness potential, as confirmed by increased organoid forming efficiency. Moreover, Ctr increases hypermethylation of DNA, which is an indicator of accelerated molecular aging. Thus, the chronic organoid infection model suggests that Ctr has a long-term impact on the epithelium. These heritable changes might be a contributing factor in the development of tubal pathologies, including the initiation of high grade serous ovarian cancer. Chronic infections of the fallopian tubes with Chlamydia trachomatis can cause scarring and infertility. Here, the authors show that the pathogen alters stem cell differentiation and DNA methylation in human fallopian tube organoids, suggesting a potential link to cellular ageing and malignant transformation.
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Bharadwaj U, Eckols TK, Xu X, Kasembeli MM, Chen Y, Adachi M, Song Y, Mo Q, Lai SY, Tweardy DJ. Small-molecule inhibition of STAT3 in radioresistant head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Oncotarget 2018; 7:26307-30. [PMID: 27027445 PMCID: PMC5041982 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
While STAT3 has been validated as a target for treatment of many cancers, including head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), a STAT3 inhibitor is yet to enter the clinic. We used the scaffold of C188, a small-molecule STAT3 inhibitor previously identified by us, in a hit-to-lead program to identify C188-9. C188-9 binds to STAT3 with high affinity and represents a substantial improvement over C188 in its ability to inhibit STAT3 binding to its pY-peptide ligand, to inhibit cytokine-stimulated pSTAT3, to reduce constitutive pSTAT3 activity in multiple HNSCC cell lines, and to inhibit anchorage dependent and independent growth of these cells. In addition, treatment of nude mice bearing xenografts of UM-SCC-17B, a radioresistant HNSCC line, with C188-9, but not C188, prevented tumor xenograft growth. C188-9 treatment modulated many STAT3-regulated genes involved in oncogenesis and radioresistance, as well as radioresistance genes regulated by STAT1, due to its potent activity against STAT1, in addition to STAT3. C188-9 was well tolerated in mice, showed good oral bioavailability, and was concentrated in tumors. Thus, C188-9, either alone or in combination with radiotherapy, has potential for use in treating HNSCC tumors that demonstrate increased STAT3 and/or STAT1 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uddalak Bharadwaj
- Department of Infectious Disease, Infection Control and Employee Health, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - T Kris Eckols
- Department of Infectious Disease, Infection Control and Employee Health, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Xuejun Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine and Immuno-Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Moses M Kasembeli
- Department of Infectious Disease, Infection Control and Employee Health, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Yunyun Chen
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Division of Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Makoto Adachi
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Division of Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Yongcheng Song
- Department of Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Qianxing Mo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Biostatistics, Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Section of Hematology/Oncology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Stephen Y Lai
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Division of Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - David J Tweardy
- Department of Infectious Disease, Infection Control and Employee Health, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.,Department of Molecular & Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
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Chen Y, Wang C, Huang Q, Wu D, Cao J, Xu X, Yang C, Li X. Caveolin-1 Plays an Important Role in the Differentiation of Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells into Cardiomyocytes. Cardiology 2016; 136:40-48. [PMID: 27554796 DOI: 10.1159/000446869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Accumulating evidence has demonstrated that bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) may transdifferentiate into cardiomyocytes, making BMSCs a promising source of cardiomyocytes for transplantation. However, little is known about the molecular mechanisms underlying myogenic conversion of BMSCs. METHODS This study was designed to investigate the functional role of caveolin-1 in the cardiomyocyte differentiation of BMSCs and to explore the potential underlying molecular mechanisms. RESULTS BMSC differentiation was induced by treatment with 10 μM 5-azacytidine, and immunofluorescence assay showed that the expression of cardiomyocyte marker cardiac troponin T (cTnT) was significantly increased compared with a control group. Meanwhile, an increased caveolin-1 expression was found during the 5-azacytidine-induced BMSC differentiation. Additionally, the role of caveolin-1 in the differentiation process was then studied by using caveolin-1 siRNAs. We found that silencing caveolin-1 during induction remarkably enhanced the expression of cardiomyocyte marker genes, including cTnT, Nkx2.5 (cardiac-specific transcription factor), α-cardiac actin and α-myosin heavy chain (α-MHC). Moreover, we observed that downregulation of caveolin-1 was accompanied by inhibition of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) phosphorylation. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these findings demonstrate that caveolin-1 plays an important role in the differentiation of BMSCs into cardiomyocytes in conjunction with the STAT3 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Wuxi Second People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China
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5
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Yang L, Ge Y, Lin S, Fang X, Zhou L, Gao J. Sevoflurane inhibits the self-renewal of mouse embryonic stem cells via the GABAAR-ERK signaling pathway. Mol Med Rep 2016; 14:2119-26. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.5466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Hsu YC, Kao CY, Chung YF, Lee DC, Liu JW, Chiu IM. Activation of Aurora A kinase through the FGF1/FGFR signaling axis sustains the stem cell characteristics of glioblastoma cells. Exp Cell Res 2016; 344:153-66. [PMID: 27138904 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2016.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2015] [Revised: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Fibroblast growth factor 1 (FGF1) binds and activates FGF receptors, thereby regulating cell proliferation and neurogenesis. Human FGF1 gene 1B promoter (-540 to +31)-driven SV40 T antigen has been shown to result in tumorigenesis in the brains of transgenic mice. FGF1B promoter (-540 to +31)-driven green fluorescent protein (F1BGFP) has also been used in isolating neural stem cells (NSCs) with self-renewal and multipotency from developing and adult mouse brains. In this study, we provide six lines of evidence to demonstrate that FGF1/FGFR signaling is implicated in the expression of Aurora A (AurA) and the activation of its kinase domain (Thr288 phosphorylation) in the maintenance of glioblastoma (GBM) cells and NSCs. First, treatment of FGF1 increases AurA expression in human GBM cell lines. Second, using fluorescence-activated cell sorting, we observed that F1BGFP reporter facilitates the isolation of F1BGFP(+) GBM cells with higher expression levels of FGFR and AurA. Third, both FGFR inhibitor (SU5402) and AurA inhibitor (VX680) could down-regulate F1BGFP-dependent AurA activity. Fourth, inhibition of AurA activity by two different AurA inhibitors (VX680 and valproic acid) not only reduced neurosphere formation but also induced neuronal differentiation of F1BGFP(+) GBM cells. Fifth, flow cytometric analyses demonstrated that F1BGFP(+) GBM cells possessed different NSC cell surface markers. Finally, inhibition of AurA by VX680 reduced the neurosphere formation of different types of NSCs. Our results show that activation of AurA kinase through FGF1/FGFR signaling axis sustains the stem cell characteristics of GBM cells. IMPLICATIONS This study identified a novel mechanism for the malignancy of GBM, which could be a potential therapeutic target for GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Chao Hsu
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan; Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Yu Kao
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan; Graduate Program of Biotechnology in Medicine, Institute of Biotechnology and Department of Life Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Fen Chung
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Don-Ching Lee
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Wei Liu
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan; Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ing-Ming Chiu
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan; Graduate Program of Biotechnology in Medicine, Institute of Biotechnology and Department of Life Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan; Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan.
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7
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Lau EYT, Lo J, Cheng BYL, Ma MKF, Lee JMF, Ng JKY, Chai S, Lin CH, Tsang SY, Ma S, Ng IOL, Lee TKW. Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts Regulate Tumor-Initiating Cell Plasticity in Hepatocellular Carcinoma through c-Met/FRA1/HEY1 Signaling. Cell Rep 2016; 15:1175-89. [PMID: 27134167 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2015] [Revised: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Like normal stem cells, tumor-initiating cells (T-ICs) are regulated extrinsically within the tumor microenvironment. Because HCC develops primarily in the context of cirrhosis, in which there is an enrichment of activated fibroblasts, we hypothesized that cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) would regulate liver T-ICs. We found that the presence of α-SMA(+) CAFs correlates with poor clinical outcome. CAF-derived HGF regulates liver T-ICs via activation of FRA1 in an Erk1,2-dependent manner. Further functional analysis identifies HEY1 as a direct downstream effector of FRA1. Using the STAM NASH-HCC mouse model, we find that HGF-induced FRA1 activation is associated with the fibrosis-dependent development of HCC. Thus, targeting the CAF-derived, HGF-mediated c-Met/FRA1/HEY1 cascade may be a therapeutic strategy for the treatment of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunice Yuen Ting Lau
- State Key Laboratory for Liver Research, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PRC; Department of Pathology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PRC
| | - Jessica Lo
- State Key Laboratory for Liver Research, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PRC; Department of Pathology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PRC
| | - Bowie Yik Ling Cheng
- State Key Laboratory for Liver Research, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PRC; Department of Pathology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PRC
| | - Mark Kin Fai Ma
- State Key Laboratory for Liver Research, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PRC; Department of Pathology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PRC
| | - Joyce Man Fong Lee
- State Key Laboratory for Liver Research, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PRC; Department of Pathology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PRC
| | - Johnson Kai Yu Ng
- State Key Laboratory for Liver Research, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PRC; School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PRC
| | - Stella Chai
- State Key Laboratory for Liver Research, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PRC; School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PRC
| | - Chi Ho Lin
- Centre for Genomic Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PRC
| | - Suk Ying Tsang
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PRC
| | - Stephanie Ma
- State Key Laboratory for Liver Research, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PRC; School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PRC
| | - Irene Oi Lin Ng
- State Key Laboratory for Liver Research, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PRC; Department of Pathology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PRC.
| | - Terence Kin Wah Lee
- State Key Laboratory for Liver Research, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PRC; Department of Pathology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PRC.
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8
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Lin HY, Lee DC, Wang HD, Chi YH, Chiu IM. Activation of FGF1B Promoter and FGF1 Are Involved in Cardiogenesis Through the Signaling of PKC, but Not MAPK. Stem Cells Dev 2015; 24:2853-63. [DOI: 10.1089/scd.2015.0157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Yu Lin
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
- Graduate Program of Biotechnology in Medicine, Department of Life Science, Institute of Biotechnology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Don-Ching Lee
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Horng-Dar Wang
- Graduate Program of Biotechnology in Medicine, Department of Life Science, Institute of Biotechnology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Hui Chi
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
- Graduate Program of Biotechnology in Medicine, Department of Life Science, Institute of Biotechnology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Ing-Ming Chiu
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
- Graduate Program of Biotechnology in Medicine, Department of Life Science, Institute of Biotechnology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
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9
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Poser SW, Chenoweth JG, Colantuoni C, Masjkur J, Chrousos G, Bornstein SR, McKay RD, Androutsellis-Theotokis A. Concise Review: Reprogramming, Behind the Scenes: Noncanonical Neural Stem Cell Signaling Pathways Reveal New, Unseen Regulators of Tissue Plasticity With Therapeutic Implications. Stem Cells Transl Med 2015; 4:1251-7. [PMID: 26371344 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2015-0105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Interest is great in the new molecular concepts that explain, at the level of signal transduction, the process of reprogramming. Usually, transcription factors with developmental importance are used, but these approaches give limited information on the signaling networks involved, which could reveal new therapeutic opportunities. Recent findings involving reprogramming by genetic means and soluble factors with well-studied downstream signaling mechanisms, including signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) and hairy and enhancer of split 3 (Hes3), shed new light into the molecular mechanisms that might be involved. We examine the appropriateness of common culture systems and their ability to reveal unusual (noncanonical) signal transduction pathways that actually operate in vivo. We then discuss such novel pathways and their importance in various plastic cell types, culminating in their emerging roles in reprogramming mechanisms. We also discuss a number of reprogramming paradigms (mouse induced pluripotent stem cells, direct conversion to neural stem cells, and in vivo conversion of acinar cells to β-like cells). Specifically for acinar-to-β-cell reprogramming paradigms, we discuss the common view of the underlying mechanism (involving the Janus kinase-STAT pathway that leads to STAT3-tyrosine phosphorylation) and present alternative interpretations that implicate STAT3-serine phosphorylation alone or serine and tyrosine phosphorylation occurring in sequential order. The implications for drug design and therapy are important given that different phosphorylation sites on STAT3 intercept different signaling pathways. We introduce a new molecular perspective in the field of reprogramming with broad implications in basic, biotechnological, and translational research. SIGNIFICANCE Reprogramming is a powerful approach to change cell identity, with implications in both basic and applied biology. Most efforts involve the forced expression of key transcription factors, but recently, success has been reported with manipulating signal transduction pathways that might intercept them. It is important to start connecting the function of the classic reprogramming genes to signaling pathways that also mediate reprogramming, unifying the sciences of signal transduction, stem cell biology, and epigenetics. Neural stem cell studies have revealed the operation of noncanonical signaling pathways that are now appreciated to also operate during reprogramming, offering new mechanistic explanations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven W Poser
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Josh G Chenoweth
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Carlo Colantuoni
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jimmy Masjkur
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - George Chrousos
- First Department of Pediatrics, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece Aghia Sophia Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Stefan R Bornstein
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Ronald D McKay
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Andreas Androutsellis-Theotokis
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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von Toerne C, Menzler J, Ly A, Senninger N, Ueffing M, Hauck SM. Identification of a novel neurotrophic factor from primary retinal Müller cells using stable isotope labeling by amino acids in cell culture (SILAC). Mol Cell Proteomics 2014; 13:2371-81. [PMID: 24925906 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m113.033613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinal Müller glial cells (RMGs) have a primary role in maintaining the homeostasis of the retina. In pathological situations, RMGs execute protective and regenerative effects, but they can also contribute to neurodegeneration. It has recently been recognized that cultured primary RMGs secrete pro-survival factors for retinal neurons for up to 2 weeks in culture, but this ability is lost when RMGs are cultivated for longer durations. In our study, we investigated RMG supernatants for novel neuroprotective factors using a quantitative proteomic approach. Stable isotope labeling by amino acids in cell culture (SILAC) was used on primary porcine RMGs. Supernatants of RMGs cultivated for 2 weeks were compared with supernatants from cells that had already lost their protective capacity. Using this approach, we detected established neurotrophic factors such as transferrin, osteopontin, and leukemia inhibitory factor and identified C-X-C motif chemokine 10 (CXCL10) as a novel candidate neuroprotective factor. All factors prolonged photoreceptor survival in vitro. Ex vivo treatment of retinal explants with leukemia inhibitory factor or CXCL10 demonstrated a neuroprotective effect on photoreceptors. Western blots on CXCL10- and leukemia inhibitory factor-stimulated explanted retina and photoreceptor lysates indicated activation of pro-survival signal transducer and activator of transcription signaling and B-cell lymphoma pathways. These findings suggest that CXCL10 contributes to the supportive potential of RMGs toward retinal neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine von Toerne
- From the ‡Research Unit Protein Science, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jacob Menzler
- From the ‡Research Unit Protein Science, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Alice Ly
- From the ‡Research Unit Protein Science, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Nicole Senninger
- From the ‡Research Unit Protein Science, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Marius Ueffing
- From the ‡Research Unit Protein Science, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; §Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Centre for Ophthalmology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Stefanie M Hauck
- From the ‡Research Unit Protein Science, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany;
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11
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Zhang KZ, Zhang QB, Zhang QB, Sun HC, Ao JY, Chai ZT, Zhu XD, Lu L, Zhang YY, Bu Y, Kong LQ, Tang ZY. Arsenic trioxide induces differentiation of CD133+ hepatocellular carcinoma cells and prolongs posthepatectomy survival by targeting GLI1 expression in a mouse model. J Hematol Oncol 2014; 7:28. [PMID: 24678763 PMCID: PMC4022144 DOI: 10.1186/1756-8722-7-28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2013] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer stem cells (CSCs) play a key role in the posthepatectomy recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). CD133+ HCC cells exhibit liver CSC-like properties, and CSC differentiation-inducing therapy may lead these cells to lose their self-renewal ability and may induce terminal differentiation, which may in turn allow their malignant potential to be controlled. Because arsenic trioxide (As₂O₃) increases remission rates and prolongs survival among patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia by inducing differentiation and apoptosis of leukemic cells, we hypothesized that As₂O₃ might also inhibit HCC recurrence and prolong survival time after hepatectomy by inducing differentiation of HCC CSCs. METHODS We evaluated the As₂O₃ induced differentiation of human HCC CSCs and its mechanism in vitro, and we investigated the effects of treatment with As₂O₃ on recurrence rates and median survival in a mouse xenograft model. RESULTS We found that As₂O₃ induced HCC CSC differentiation by down-regulating the expression of CD133 and some stemness genes, thus inhibiting the cells' self-renewal ability and tumorigenic capacity without inhibiting their proliferation in vitro. In vivo experiments indicated that As₂O₃ decreased recurrence rates after radical resection and prolonged survival in a mouse model. As₂O₃, which shows no apparent toxicity, may induce HCC CSC differentiation by down-regulating the expression of GLI1. CONCLUSIONS We found that As₂O₃ induced HCC CSC differentiation, inhibited recurrence, and prolonged survival after hepatectomy by targeting GLI1expression. Our results suggest that the clinical safety and utility of As₂O₃ should be further evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Zhao-You Tang
- Liver Cancer Institute and Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Key Laboratory for Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, The Chinese Ministry of Education, 136 Yi Xue Yuan Road, Shanghai 200032, P R China.
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12
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Jiang J, Mohan P, Maxwell CA. The cytoskeletal protein RHAMM and ERK1/2 activity maintain the pluripotency of murine embryonic stem cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e73548. [PMID: 24019927 PMCID: PMC3760809 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0073548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Receptor for hyaluronan mediated motility (RHAMM, encoded by HMMR) may be a cell-surface receptor for hyaluronan that regulates embryonic stem cell pluripotency and differentiation, however, a precise mechanism for its action is not known. We examined murine embryonic stem cells with and without hemizygous genomic mutation of Hmmr/RHAMM, but we were not able to find RHAMM on the cell-surface. Rather, RHAMM localized to the microtubule cytoskeleton and along mitotic spindles. Genomic loss of Hmmr/RHAMM did not alter cell cycle progression but augmented differentiation and attenuated pluripotency in murine embryonic stem cells. Through a candidate screen of small-molecule kinase inhibitors, we identified ERK1/2 and aurora kinase A as barrier kinases whose inhibition was sufficient to rescue pluripotency in RHAMM(+/-) murine embryonic stem cells. Thus, RHAMM is not found on the cell-surface of embryonic stem cells, but it is required to maintain pluripotency and its dominant mechanism of action is through the modulation of signal transduction pathways at microtubules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihong Jiang
- Department of Pediatrics, Child & Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Pooja Mohan
- Department of Pediatrics, Child & Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Christopher A. Maxwell
- Department of Pediatrics, Child & Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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