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E L, Shan Y, Luo Y, Feng L, Dai Y, Gao M, Lv Y, Zhang C, Liu H, Wen N, Zhang R. Insulin promotes the bone formation capability of human dental pulp stem cells through attenuating the IIS/PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway axis. Stem Cell Res Ther 2024; 15:227. [PMID: 39075596 PMCID: PMC11287875 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-024-03843-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Insulin has been known to regulate bone metabolism, yet its specific molecular mechanisms during the proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) remain poorly understood. This study aimed to explore the effects of insulin on the bone formation capability of human DPSCs and to elucidate the underlying mechanisms. METHODS Cell proliferation was assessed using a CCK-8 assay. Cell phenotype was analyzed by flow cytometry. Colony-forming unit-fibroblast ability and multilineage differentiation potential were evaluated using Toluidine blue, Oil red O, Alizarin red, and Alcian blue staining. Gene and protein expressions were quantified by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting, respectively. Bone metabolism and biochemical markers were analyzed using electrochemical luminescence and chemical colorimetry. Cell adhesion and growth on nano-hydroxyapatite/collagen (nHAC) were observed with a scanning electron microscope. Bone regeneration was assessed using micro-CT, fluorescent labeling, immunohistochemical and hematoxylin and eosin staining. RESULTS Insulin enhanced the proliferation of human DPSCs as well as promoted mineralized matrix formation in a concentration-dependent manner. 10- 6 M insulin significantly up-regulated osteogenic differentiation-related genes and proteins markedly increased the secretion of bone metabolism and biochemical markers, and obviously stimulated mineralized matrix formation. However, it also significantly inhibited the expression of genes and proteins of receptors and receptor substrates associated with insulin/insulin-like growth factor-1 signaling (IIS) pathway, obviously reduced the expression of the phosphorylated PI3K and the ratios of the phosphorylated PI3K/total PI3K, and notably increased the expression of the total PI3K, phosphorylated AKT, total AKT and mTOR. The inhibitor LY294002 attenuated the responsiveness of 10- 6 M insulin to IIS/PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway axis, suppressing the promoting effect of insulin on cell proliferation, osteogenic differentiation and bone formation. Implantation of 10- 6 M insulin treated DPSCs into the backs of severe combined immunodeficient mice and the rabbit jawbone defects resulted in enhanced bone formation. CONCLUSIONS Insulin induces insulin resistance in human DPSCs and effectively promotes their proliferation, osteogenic differentiation and bone formation capability through gradually inducing the down-regulation of IIS/PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway axis under insulin resistant states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingling E
- Institute of Stomatology & Oral Maxilla Facial Key Laboratory, First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yanbo Shan
- Institute of Stomatology & Oral Maxilla Facial Key Laboratory, First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yuxi Luo
- Institute of Stomatology & Oral Maxilla Facial Key Laboratory, First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Feng
- Institute of Stomatology & Oral Maxilla Facial Key Laboratory, First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yawen Dai
- Institute of Stomatology & Oral Maxilla Facial Key Laboratory, First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Mingzhu Gao
- Institute of Stomatology & Oral Maxilla Facial Key Laboratory, First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Lv
- Institute of Stomatology & Oral Maxilla Facial Key Laboratory, First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Chaoran Zhang
- Institute of Stomatology & Oral Maxilla Facial Key Laboratory, First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Hongchen Liu
- Institute of Stomatology & Oral Maxilla Facial Key Laboratory, First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ning Wen
- Institute of Stomatology & Oral Maxilla Facial Key Laboratory, First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.
| | - Rong Zhang
- Institute of Stomatology & Oral Maxilla Facial Key Laboratory, First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.
- Department of Temporomandibular Joint, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Oral Restoration and Reconstruction & Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
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E L, Lu R, Zheng Y, Zhang L, Ma X, Lv Y, Gao M, Zhang S, Wang L, Liu H, Zhang R. Effect of Insulin on Bone Formation Ability of Rat Alveolar Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Stem Cells Dev 2023; 32:652-666. [PMID: 37282516 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2023.0091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The alveolar bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (ABM-MSCs) play an important role in oral bone healing and regeneration. Insulin is considered to improve impaired oral bones due to local factors, systemic factors and pathological conditions. However, the effect of insulin on bone formation ability of ABM-MSCs still needs to be elucidated. The aim of this study was to determine the responsiveness of rat ABM-MSCs to insulin and to explore the underlying mechanism. We found that insulin promoted ABM-MSCs proliferation in a concentration-dependent manner, in which 10-6 M insulin exerted the most significant effect. 10-6 M insulin significantly promoted the type I collagen (COL-1) synthesis, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, osteocalcin (OCN) expression, and mineralized matrix formation in ABM-MSCs, significantly enhanced the gene and protein expressions of intracellular COL-1, ALP, and OCN. Acute insulin stimulation significantly promoted insulin receptor (IR) phosphorylation, IR substrate-1 (IRS-1) protein expression, and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) phosphorylation, but chronic insulin stimulation decreased these values, while inhibitor NT219 could attenuate these responses. When seeded on β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP), ABM-MSCs adhered and grew well, during the 28-day culture period, ABM-MSCs+β-TCP +10-6 M insulin group showed significantly higher extracellular total COL-1 amino-terminus prolongation peptide content, ALP activity, OCN secretion, and Ca and P concentration. When implanted subcutaneously in severe combined immunodeficient mice for 1 month, the ABM-MSCs+β-TCP +10-6 M insulin group obtained the most bone formation and blood vessels. These results showed that insulin promoted the proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of ABM-MSCs in vitro, and enhance osteogenesis and angiogenesis of ABM-MSCs in vivo. Inhibition studies demonstrated that the insulin-induced osteogenic differentiation of ABM-MSCs was dependent of insulin/mTOR signaling. It suggests that insulin has a direct anabolic effect on ABM-MSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingling E
- Institute of Stomatology and Oral Maxilla Facial Key Laboratory, First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Rongjian Lu
- Department of Stomatology, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Zheng
- Institute of Stomatology and Oral Maxilla Facial Key Laboratory, First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Physiotherapy Department, Yantai Special Service Rehabilitation Center of the Chinese People Armed Police Force, Yantai, China
| | - Xiaocao Ma
- Institute of Stomatology and Oral Maxilla Facial Key Laboratory, First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Lv
- Institute of Stomatology and Oral Maxilla Facial Key Laboratory, First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Mingzhu Gao
- Institute of Stomatology and Oral Maxilla Facial Key Laboratory, First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Shaoli Zhang
- The Second Department of Naval Recuperation, First District of Recuperation, Yantai Special Service Rehabilitation Center of the Chinese People Armed Police Force, Yantai, China
| | - Limei Wang
- Reception Office, First District of Recuperation, Yantai Special Service Rehabilitation Center of the Chinese People Armed Police Force, Yantai, China
| | - Hongchen Liu
- Institute of Stomatology and Oral Maxilla Facial Key Laboratory, First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Rong Zhang
- Institute of Stomatology and Oral Maxilla Facial Key Laboratory, First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- The Second Department of Naval Recuperation, First District of Recuperation, Yantai Special Service Rehabilitation Center of the Chinese People Armed Police Force, Yantai, China
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Dede EÇ, Gizer M, Korkusuz F, Bal Z, Ishiguro H, Yoshikawa H, Kaito T, Korkusuz P. A pilot study: Nano-hydroxyapatite-PEG/PLA containing low dose rhBMP2 stimulates proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of human bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells. JOR Spine 2023; 6:e1258. [PMID: 37780828 PMCID: PMC10540822 DOI: 10.1002/jsp2.1258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2) can enhance posterolateral spinal fusion (PLSF). The minimum effective dose that may stimulate mesenchymal stem cells however remains unknown. Nano-hydroxyapatite (nHAp) polyethylene glycol (PEG)/polylactic acid (PLA) was combined with recombinant human BMP2 (rhBMP2). We in vitro evaluated proliferation, differentiation, and osteogenic genes of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells with 0.5, 1.0, and 3.0 μg/mL rhBMP2 doses in this study. Methods In vitro experimental study was designed to proliferation by a real-time quantitative cell analysis system and the osteogenic differentiation by alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and osteogenic marker (Runx2, OPN, and OCN) gene expressions of human derived bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (hBMMSCs). nHAp was produced by wet chemical process and characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometer, scanning electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy. PEG/PLA polymer was produced at a 51:49 molar ratio. 0.5, 1.0, and 3.0 μg/mL rhBMP2 and nHAp was combined with the polymers. hBMMSCs were characterized by multipotency assays and surface markers were assessed by flow cytometer. The hBMMSC-rhBMP2 containing nHAp-PEG/PLA composite interaction was evaluated by transmission electron microscopy. Proliferative effect was evaluated by real-time proliferation analysis, and osteogenic capacity was evaluated by ALP activity assay and qPCR. Results hBMMSC proliferation in the 0.5 μg/mL rhBMP2 + nHAp-PEG/PLA and the 1.0 μg/mL rhBMP2 + nHAp-PEG/PLA groups were higher compared to control. 1.0 μg/mL rhBMP2 + nHAp-PEG/PLA and 3.0 μg/mL rhBMP2 + nHAp-PEG/PLA containing composites induced ALP activity on days 3 and 10. 0.5 μg/mL rhBMP2 + nHAp-PEG/PLA application stimulated Runx2 and OPN gene expressions. Conclusion rhBMP2 + nHAp-PEG/PLA composites stimulate hBMMSC proliferation and differentiation. The nHAp-PEG/PLA composite with low dose of rhBMP2 may enhance bone formation in future clinical PLSF applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eda Çiftci Dede
- Department of Bioengineering, Graduate School of Science and EngineeringHacettepe UniversityAnkaraTurkey
- AO Research Institute DavosDavosSwitzerland
| | - Merve Gizer
- Department of Stem Cell Sciences, Graduate School of Health SciencesHacettepe UniversityAnkaraTurkey
| | - Feza Korkusuz
- Department of Sports Medicine, Faculty of MedicineHacettepe UniversityAnkaraTurkey
| | - Zeynep Bal
- Signal Transduction, Immunology Frontier Research Center (IFReC)Osaka UniversityOsakaJapan
| | - Hiroyuki Ishiguro
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryNational Hospital Organization Osaka National HospitalOsakaJapan
| | - Hideki Yoshikawa
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryToyonaka Municipal HospitalOsakaJapan
| | | | - Petek Korkusuz
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of MedicineHacettepe UniversityAnkaraTurkey
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Li N, Dai X, Yang F, Sun Y, Wu X, Zhou Q, Chen K, Sun J, Bi W, Shi L, Yu Y. Spontaneous spheroids from alveolar bone-derived mesenchymal stromal cells maintain pluripotency of stem cells by regulating hypoxia-inducible factors. Biol Res 2023; 56:17. [PMID: 37016436 PMCID: PMC10074860 DOI: 10.1186/s40659-023-00421-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spontaneous spheroid culture is a novel three-dimensional (3D) culture strategy for the rapid and efficient selection of progenitor cells. The objectives of this study are to investigate the pluripotency and differentiation capability of spontaneous spheroids from alveolar bone-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (AB-MSCs); compare the advantages of spontaneous spheroids to those of mechanical spheroids; and explore the mechanisms of stemness enhancement during spheroid formation from two-dimensional (2D) cultured cells. METHODS AB-MSCs were isolated from the alveolar bones of C57BL/6 J mice. Spontaneous spheroids formed in low-adherence specific culture plates. The stemness, proliferation, and multi-differentiation capacities of spheroids and monolayer cultures were investigated by reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), immunofluorescence, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, and oil-red O staining. The pluripotency difference between the spontaneous and mechanical spheroids was analyzed using RT-qPCR. Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIFs) inhibition experiments were performed to explore the mechanisms of stemness maintenance in AB-MSC spheroids. RESULTS AB-MSCs successfully formed spontaneous spheroids after 24 h. AB-MSC spheroids were positive for MSC markers and pluripotency markers (Oct4, KLF4, Sox2, and cMyc). Spheroids showed higher Ki67 expression and lower Caspase3 expression at 24 h. Under the corresponding conditions, the spheroids were successfully differentiated into osteogenic and adipogenic lineages. AB-MSC spheroids can induce neural-like cells after neurogenic differentiation. Higher expression of osteogenic markers, adipogenic markers, and neurogenic markers (NF-M, NeuN, and GFAP) was found in spheroids than in the monolayer. Spontaneous spheroids exhibited higher stemness than mechanical spheroids did. HIF-1α and HIF-2α were remarkably upregulated in spheroids. After HIF-1/2α-specific inhibition, spheroid formation was significantly reduced. Moreover, the expression of the pluripotency genes was suppressed. CONCLUSIONS Spontaneous spheroids from AB-MSCs enhance stemness and pluripotency. HIF-1/2α plays an important role in the stemness regulation of spheroids. AB-MSC spheroids exhibit excellent multi-differentiation capability, which may be a potent therapy for craniomaxillofacial tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ni Li
- Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences Affiliated Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai, China, 201318
- The College of Medical Technology, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China, 201318
- Department of Stomatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China, 180 Fenglin Road, 200032
| | - Xiaofeng Dai
- Department of Stomatology, Shanghai Jing'an District Dental Clinic, Shanghai, China, 15 Pingxingguan Road, 200040
| | - Fei Yang
- Department of Stomatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China, 180 Fenglin Road, 200032
| | - Yang Sun
- Department of Stomatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China, 180 Fenglin Road, 200032
| | - Xingwen Wu
- Department of Stomatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China, 180 Fenglin Road, 200032
| | - Qianrong Zhou
- Department of Stomatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China, 180 Fenglin Road, 200032
| | - Kai Chen
- Department of Stomatology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China, 200072
| | - Jian Sun
- Department of Stomatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China, 180 Fenglin Road, 200032
| | - Wei Bi
- Department of Stomatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China, 180 Fenglin Road, 200032
| | - Le Shi
- Department of Stomatology, Shanghai Jing'an District Dental Clinic, Shanghai, China, 15 Pingxingguan Road, 200040.
| | - Youcheng Yu
- Department of Stomatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China, 180 Fenglin Road, 200032.
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Mo X, Zhang D, Liu K, Zhao X, Li X, Wang W. Nano-Hydroxyapatite Composite Scaffolds Loaded with Bioactive Factors and Drugs for Bone Tissue Engineering. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021291. [PMID: 36674810 PMCID: PMC9867487 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Nano-hydroxyapatite (n-HAp) is similar to human bone mineral in structure and biochemistry and is, therefore, widely used as bone biomaterial and a drug carrier. Further, n-HAp composite scaffolds have a great potential role in bone regeneration. Loading bioactive factors and drugs onto n-HAp composites has emerged as a promising strategy for bone defect repair in bone tissue engineering. With local delivery of bioactive agents and drugs, biological materials may be provided with the biological activity they lack to improve bone regeneration. This review summarizes classification of n-HAp composites, application of n-HAp composite scaffolds loaded with bioactive factors and drugs in bone tissue engineering and the drug loading methods of n-HAp composite scaffolds, and the research direction of n-HAp composite scaffolds in the future is prospected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojing Mo
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China
| | - Dianjian Zhang
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China
| | - Keda Liu
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China
| | - Xiaoxi Zhao
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China
| | - Xiaoming Li
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China
- Correspondence: (X.L.); (W.W.)
| | - Wei Wang
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China
- Correspondence: (X.L.); (W.W.)
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A Molecular View on Biomaterials and Dental Stem Cells Interactions: Literature Review. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12125815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Biomaterials and stem cells are essential components in the field of regenerative medicine. Various biomaterials have been designed that have appropriate biochemical and biophysical characteristics to mimic the microenvironment of an extracellular matrix. Dental stem cells (DT-MSCs) represent a novel source for the development of autologous therapies due to their easy availability. Although research on biomaterials and DT-MSCs has progressed, there are still challenges in the characteristics of biomaterials and the molecular mechanisms involved in regulating the behavior of DT-MSCs. In this review, the characteristics of biomaterials are summarized, and their classification according to their source, bioactivity, and different biological effects on the expansion and differentiation of DT-MSCs is summarized. Finally, advances in research on the interaction of biomaterials and the molecular components involved (mechanosensors and mechanotransduction) in DT-MSCs during their proliferation and differentiation are analyzed. Understanding the molecular dynamics of DT-MSCs and biomaterials can contribute to research in regenerative medicine and the development of autologous stem cell therapies.
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Robo I, Heta S, Papakozma D, Ostreni V. Modification of implant surfaces to stimulate mesenchymal cell activation. BULLETIN OF THE NATIONAL RESEARCH CENTRE 2022; 46:52. [PMID: 35261541 PMCID: PMC8894561 DOI: 10.1186/s42269-022-00743-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The process of osteointegration, as key point has the activation of mesenchymal cells at implant-bone interspace, their differentiation into osteoblasts and connection between the implant surface and the surrounding bone. MAIN TEXT Implant surfaces composed by biocompatible, organism-friendly materials require changes in content and surface morphology; changes that may further stimulate mesenchymal cell activation. The way the implant surfaces are affected with advantages and disadvantages, that typically bring each methodology, is also the purpose of this study. The study is of review type, based on finding articles about implant surface modification, with the aim of promoting the mesenchymal cell activation, utilizing keyword combination. CONCLUSIONS Implant success beyond the human element of the practicioner and the protocol element of implant treatment, also relies on the application of the right type of implant, at the right implant site, in accordance with oral and individual health status of the patient. Implant success does not depend on type of "coating" material of the implants. Based at this physiological process, the success or implant failure is not a process depending on the type of selected implant, because types of synthetic or natural materials that promote osteointegration are relatively in large number.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilma Robo
- Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Medicine, Tiranë, Albania
| | - Saimir Heta
- Pediatric Surgery, Pediatric Surgeon, University Hospital, QSUT, Tiranë, Albania
| | | | - Vera Ostreni
- Pediatric Surgery, Pediatric Surgeon, University Hospital, QSUT, Tiranë, Albania
- Department of Morphology, University of Medicine, Tiranë, Albania
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Elements of 3D Bioprinting in Periodontal Regeneration: Frontiers and Prospects. Processes (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/pr9101724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis is a chronic infectious disease worldwide, caused by the accumulation of bacterial plaque, which can lead to the destruction of periodontal supporting tissue and eventually tooth loss. The goal of periodontal treatment is to remove pathogenic factors and control the periodontal inflammation. However, the complete regeneration of periodontal supporting tissue is still a major challenge according to current technology. Tissue engineering recovers the injured tissue through seed cells, bio-capable scaffold and bioactive factors. Three-D-bioprinting is an emerging technology in regeneration medicine/tissue engineering, because of its high accuracy and high efficiency, providing a new strategy for periodontal regeneration. This article represents the materials of 3D bioprinting in periodontal regeneration from three aspects: oral seed cell, bio-scaffold and bio-active factors.
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Microenvironment Influences on Human Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Based Bone Regeneration. Stem Cells Int 2021; 2021:4465022. [PMID: 34447439 PMCID: PMC8384552 DOI: 10.1155/2021/4465022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The microenvironment, or niche, regulates stem cell fate and improves differentiation efficiency. Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (hUC-MSCs) are ideal cell source for bone tissue engineering. However, the role of the microenvironments in hUC-MSC-based bone regeneration is not yet fully understood. This study is aimed at investigating the effects of the in vitro culture microenvironment (hUC-MSCs, nano-hydroxyapatite/collagen/poly (L-lactide) (nHAC/PLA), osteogenic media (OMD), and recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-7 (rhBMP-7)) and the in vivo transplanted microenvironment (ectopic and orthotopic) on bone regeneration ability of hUC-MSCs. The isolated hUC-MSCs showed self-renewal potential and MSCs' characteristics. In the in vitro two-dimensional culture microenvironment, OMD or OMD with rhBMP-7 significantly enhanced hUC-MSCs' osteocalcin immunofluorescence staining, alkaline phosphatase, and Alizarin red staining; OMD with rhBMP-7 exhibited the highest ALP secretion and mineralized matrix formation. In the in vitro three-dimensional culture microenvironment, nHAC/PLA supported hUC-MSCs' adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation; the microenvironment containing OMD or OMD and rhBMP-7 shortened cell proliferation progression and made osteogenic differentiation progression advance; rhBMP-7 significantly attenuated the inhibiting effect of OMD on hUC-MSCs' proliferation and significantly enhanced the promoting effect of OMD on gene expression and protein secretion of osteogenic differentiation markers, calcium and phosphorous concentration, and mineralized matrix formation. The in vitro three-dimensional culture microenvironment containing OMD and rhBMP-7 induced hUC-MSCs to form the most new bones in ectopic or orthotopic microenvironment as proved by microcomputed tomography and hematoxylin and eosin staining, but bone formation in orthotopic microenvironment was significantly higher than that in ectopic microenvironment. The results indicated that the combination of in vitro hUC-MSCs+nHAC/PLA+OMD+rhBMP-7 microenvironment and in vivo orthotopic microenvironment provided a more optimized niche for bone regeneration of hUC-MSCs. This study elucidates that hUC-MSCs and their local microenvironment, or niche, play an important role in hUC-MSC-based bone regeneration. The endogenously produced BMP may serve an important regulatory role in the process.
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