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Boscari F, Avogaro A. Current treatment options and challenges in patients with Type 1 diabetes: Pharmacological, technical advances and future perspectives. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2021; 22:217-240. [PMID: 33755854 PMCID: PMC7985920 DOI: 10.1007/s11154-021-09635-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes mellitus imposes a significant burden of complications and mortality, despite important advances in treatment: subjects affected by this disease have also a worse quality of life-related to disease management. To overcome these challenges, different new approaches have been proposed, such as new insulin formulations or innovative devices. The introduction of insulin pumps allows a more physiological insulin administration with a reduction of HbA1c level and hypoglycemic risk. New continuous glucose monitoring systems with better accuracy have allowed, not only better glucose control, but also the improvement of the quality of life. Integration of these devices with control algorithms brought to the creation of the first artificial pancreas, able to independently gain metabolic control without the risk of hypo- and hyperglycemic crisis. This approach has revolutionized the management of diabetes both in terms of quality of life and glucose control. However, complete independence from exogenous insulin will be obtained only by biological approaches that foresee the replacement of functional beta cells obtained from stem cells: this will be a major challenge but the biggest hope for the subjects with type 1 diabetes. In this review, we will outline the current scenario of innovative diabetes management both from a technological and biological point of view, and we will also forecast some cutting-edge approaches to reduce the challenges that hamper the definitive cure of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Boscari
- Department of Medicine, Unit of Metabolic Diseases, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
| | - Angelo Avogaro
- Department of Medicine, Unit of Metabolic Diseases, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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2
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Huang H, Cui W, Qiu W, Zhu M, Zhao R, Zeng D, Dong C, Wang X, Guo W, Xing W, Li X, Li L, Tan Y, Wu X, Chen L, Fu X, Luo D, Xu X. Impaired wound healing results from the dysfunction of the Akt/mTOR pathway in diabetic rats. J Dermatol Sci 2015; 79:241-51. [PMID: 26091964 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2015.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Revised: 05/30/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Wound healing is impaired in diabetes mellitus. The underlying mechanism involved in this process is still unknown. The Akt/mTOR signaling pathway plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of diabetes. OBJECTIVE we investigated the role of the Akt/mTOR pathway in diabetic wounds and the mechanisms that growth factors activate this pathway to promote diabetic wound healing. METHODS Full-thickness skin excisional wounds were created on the backs of normal and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. The expression of key proteins in the Akt/mTOR pathway was assayed using western blotting; topical effects of granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) on diabetic wounds and activation of the Akt/mTOR pathway were subsequently investigated. Activation of the Akt/mTOR pathway by GM-SCF in vitro was examined in rat primary fibroblasts. RESULTS The results indicate that the Akt/mTOR pathway was activated in the wound tissue of both non-diabetic and diabetic rats, as indicated by a remarkable increase in expression of total and phosphorylated key proteins in this pathway. However, the expression level of these proteins was dramatically attenuated in diabetic wounds compared with non-diabetic wounds. Upon topical application of GM-CSF, the diabetic wound healing was remarkably improved concomitantly with increased expression and phosphorylation of key proteins in the Akt/mTOR pathway. In addition, rat fibroblast proliferation induced by GM-CSF depended on the Akt/mTOR pathway activation. CONCLUSION Impaired wound healing results from the dysfunction of the Akt/mTOR pathway in diabetic rats. The pharmacologic elevation of this pathway may represent an attractive intervention strategy to improve prognosis of diabetic wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China; Cell-Based Therapy Center, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Wenhui Cui
- China Hai Yang Ren Min Hospital, No. 73. Haiyang District, Haiyang, Shandong Province, China
| | - Wei Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China; Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, China
| | - Ming Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China; Cell-Based Therapy Center, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Rongshen Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China; Cell-Based Therapy Center, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Dengfen Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Chenhui Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China; Cell-Based Therapy Center, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Xiaohui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Wei Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China; Cell-Based Therapy Center, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Wei Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China; Cell-Based Therapy Center, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Xiangyun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China; Cell-Based Therapy Center, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Lei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Yan Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Xiaofeng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Lizhao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Xiaobing Fu
- Institute of Basic Medical Science, PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Donglin Luo
- Department of General Surgery, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China.
| | - Xiang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China; Cell-Based Therapy Center, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China.
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Wu C, Liu F, Li P, Zhao G, Lan S, Jiang W, Meng X, Tian L, Li G, Li Y, Liu JY. Engineered hair follicle mesenchymal stem cells overexpressing controlled-release insulin reverse hyperglycemia in mice with type L diabetes. Cell Transplant 2014; 24:891-907. [PMID: 24835482 DOI: 10.3727/096368914x681919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetically engineered stem cells that overexpress genes encoding therapeutic products can be exploited to correct metabolic disorders by repairing and regenerating diseased organs or restoring their function. Hair follicles are readily accessible and serve as a rich source of autologous stem cells for cell-based gene therapy. Here we isolated mesenchymal stem cells from human hair follicles (HF-MSCs) and engineered them to overexpress the human insulin gene and release human insulin in a time- and dose-dependent manner in response to rapamycin. The engineered HF-MSCs retained their characteristic cell surface markers and retained their potential to differentiate into adipocytes and osteoblasts. When mice with streptozotocin-induced type 1 diabetes were engrafted with these engineered HF-MSCs, these cells expressed and released a dose of human insulin, dramatically reversed hyperglycemia, and significantly reduced death rate. Moreover, the engineered HF-MSCs did not form detectable tumors throughout the 120-day animal tests in our experiment. Our results show that HF-MSCs can be used to safely and efficiently express therapeutic transgenes and therefore show promise for cell-based gene therapy of human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunling Wu
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Norman Bethune College of Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, P.R. China
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Niessen SJM, Fernandez-Fuente M, Mahmoud A, Campbell SC, Aldibbiat A, Huggins C, Brown AE, Holder A, Piercy RJ, Catchpole B, Shaw JAM, Church DB. Novel diabetes mellitus treatment: mature canine insulin production by canine striated muscle through gene therapy. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2012; 43:16-25. [PMID: 22405830 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2012.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2011] [Revised: 01/17/2012] [Accepted: 01/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Muscle-targeted gene therapy using insulin genes has the potential to provide an inexpensive, low maintenance alternative or adjunctive treatment method for canine diabetes mellitus. A canine skeletal muscle cell line was established through primary culture, as well as through transdifferentiation of canine fibroblasts after infection with a myo-differentiation gene containing adenovirus vector. A novel mutant furin-cleavable canine preproinsulin gene insert (cppI4) was designed and created through de novo gene synthesis. Various cell lines, including the generated canine muscle cell line, were transfected with nonviral plasmids containing cppI4. Insulin and desmin immunostaining were used to prove insulin production by muscle cells and specific canine insulin ELISA to prove mature insulin secretion into the medium. The canine myoblast cultures proved positive on desmin immunostaining. All cells tolerated transfection with cppI4-containing plasmid, and double immunostaining for insulin and desmin proved present in the canine cells. Canine insulin ELISA assessment of medium of cppI4-transfected murine myoblasts and canine myoblast and fibroblast mixture proved presence of mature fully processed canine insulin, 24 and 48 h after transfection. The present study provides proof of principle that canine muscle cells can be induced to produce and secrete canine insulin on transfection with nonviral plasmid DNA containing a novel mutant canine preproinsulin gene that produces furin-cleavable canine preproinsulin. This technology could be developed to provide an alternative canine diabetes mellitus treatment option or to provide a constant source for background insulin, as well as C-peptide, alongside current treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J M Niessen
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, North Mymms, AL9 7TA, UK.
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A gene therapy approach for long-term normalization of blood pressure in hypertensive mice by ANP-secreting human skin grafts. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:1178-83. [PMID: 20080656 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0908882107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of bioengineered human skin as a bioreactor to deliver therapeutic factors has a number of advantages including accessibility that allows manipulation and monitoring of genetically modified cells. We demonstrate a skin gene therapy approach that can regulate blood pressure and treat systemic hypertension by expressing atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), a hormone able to decrease blood pressure, in bioengineered human skin equivalents (HSE). Additionally, the expression of a selectable marker gene, multidrug resistance (MDR) type 1, is linked to ANP expression on a bicistronic vector and was coexpressed in the human keratinocytes and fibroblasts of the HSE that were grafted onto immunocompromised mice. Topical treatments of grafted HSE with the antimitotic agent colchicine select for keratinocyte progenitors that express both MDR and ANP. Significant plasma levels of human ANP were detected in mice grafted with HSE expressing ANP from either keratinocytes or fibroblasts, and topical selection of grafted HSE resulted in persistent high levels of ANP expression in vivo. Mice with elevated plasma levels of human ANP showed lower renin levels and, correspondingly, had lower systemic blood pressure than controls. Furthermore, mice with HSE grafts expressing human ANP did not develop elevated blood pressure when fed a high-salt diet. These findings illustrate the potential of this human skin gene therapy approach to deliver therapeutic molecules systemically for long-term treatment of diverse diseases.
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Nie X, Yang MJ, Deng MJ, Chai JS, Jin Y, Liu LC. Innovative strategies for tissue engineered skin based on multiple growth factors gene transfection. Med Hypotheses 2009; 73:516-8. [PMID: 19632057 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2009.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2008] [Revised: 04/14/2009] [Accepted: 06/05/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Tissue engineering combines the principles of cell biology, engineering and materials science to develop three-dimensional tissues to replace or restore tissue function. Tissue engineered skin (TE-skin) is one of most advanced tissue constructs. However, much clinical providence demonstrates the TE-skin may not be viewed as the equal of skin grafts, the contributions to accelerate the closure of wound were come mainly from various growth factor. These growth factors respond to its environment to bring about the desired effect. In our hypothesis, this three-dimensional skin substitute could be genetically modified with various growth factor and transplanted in order to deliver therapeutic proteins locally and systemically for the treatment of trauma. The likelihood of transgened TE-skin plays function as a pharmacological agent suggests a wide range of therapeutic applications. In future, the TE-skin could be design as gene delivery to enhance potential capacity for treatment of burns, chronic wounds and even systemic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Nie
- Department of Stomatology, Da Ping Hospital/Research Institute of Surgery, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
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Bara H, Sambanis A. Insulin-secreting L-cells for the treatment of insulin-dependent diabetes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2008; 371:39-43. [PMID: 18406351 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.03.154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2008] [Accepted: 03/27/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Cell-based treatments for insulin-dependent diabetes (IDD) may provide more physiologic regulation of blood glucose levels than daily insulin injections, thereby reducing the occurrence of secondary complications associated with diabetes. An autologous cell source is especially attractive for regulatory and ethical reasons in addition to eliminating the need for immunosuppression. This study uses non-beta-cells, genetically modified for physiologic insulin secretion. Enteroendocrine L-cells, exhibit regulated secretion in response to physiologic stimuli and their endogenous products are fully compatible with prandial metabolism. Murine GLUTag L-cells were transfected with a plasmid co-expressing human insulin and neomycin resistance and the stable cell line, GLUTag-INS, was established. Secretion properties of GLUTag-INS cells were investigated in vitro through induced secretion tests using meat hydrolysate or 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine and forskolin as secretagogues. GLUTag-INS cells rapidly co-secreted recombinant insulin and endogenous glucagon-like peptide in response to metabolic cues from the surrounding medium and demonstrated efficient processing of proinsulin to insulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather Bara
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 315 Ferst Drive, IBB Building, Room 1306, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
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Kikuchi Y, Tamai K, Kaneda Y. Cutaneous gene delivery. J Dermatol Sci 2007; 50:87-98. [PMID: 17765482 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2007.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2007] [Revised: 07/10/2007] [Accepted: 07/20/2007] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Over the past decade, many approaches to transferring genes into the skin have been investigated. However, most such approaches have been specifically aimed against genodermatosis, and have not produced sufficient results. The goal of such research is to develop a method in which genes are transferred easily, efficiently and stably into keratinocytes, especially into keratinocyte stem cells, and in which the transgene expression persists without a reaction from the host immune response. Although accidental development of cancer has occurred in trials of gene therapy for X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency (X-SCID), resulting in slowing of the progress of this research, the lessons of these setbacks have been applied to further research. Moreover, combined with the techniques acquired from tissue engineering, recent developments in our knowledge about stem cells will lead to new treatments for genodermatoses. The present review summarizes the methods by which therapeutic genes can be transferred into keratinocytes, with discussion of how gene transfer efficiency can be improved, with particular emphasis on disruption of the skin barrier function. It concludes with discussion of the challenges and prospects of keratinocyte gene therapy, in terms of achieving efficient and long-lasting therapeutic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasushi Kikuchi
- Division of Gene Therapy Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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