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Abstract
Controversy has long surrounded research on pancreatic beta cell regeneration. Some groups have used nonphysiological experimental methodologies to build support for the existence of pancreatic progenitor cells within the adult pancreas that constantly replenish the beta cell pool; others argue strongly against this mode of regeneration. Recent research has reinvigorated enthusiasm for the harnessing of pancreatic plasticity for therapeutic application--for example, the transdifferentiation of human pancreatic exocrine cells into insulin-secreting beta-like cells in vitro; the conversion of mouse pancreatic acinar cells to beta-like cells in vivo via cytokine treatment; and the potential redifferentiation of dedifferentiated mouse beta cells in vivo. Here, we highlight key findings in this provocative field and provide a perspective on possible exploitation of human pancreatic plasticity for therapeutic beta cell regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan A Valdez
- Section of Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA. Department of Cell Biology, Program in Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Adrian K K Teo
- Section of Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA. Present address: Discovery Research Division, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Proteos, Singapore 138673, Singapore. Present affiliation: School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore. Present affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117596, Singapore.
| | - Rohit N Kulkarni
- Section of Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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Schroeder IS, Sulzbacher S, Nolden T, Fuchs J, Czarnota J, Meisterfeld R, Himmelbauer H, Wobus AM. Induction and Selection of Sox17-Expressing Endoderm Cells Generated from Murine Embryonic Stem Cells. Cells Tissues Organs 2011; 195:507-23. [DOI: 10.1159/000329864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/07/2011] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
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Afrikanova I, Yebra M, Simpkinson M, Xu Y, Hayek A, Montgomery A. Inhibitors of Src and focal adhesion kinase promote endocrine specification: impact on the derivation of β-cells from human pluripotent stem cells. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:36042-36052. [PMID: 21852242 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.290825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Stepwise approaches for the derivation of β-cells from human embryonic stem cells have been described. However, low levels of endocrine specification limit the final yield of insulin-producing β-cells. In this study, we show that the pyrrolo-pyrimidine Src family kinase (SFK) inhibitor PP2 effectively promotes the endocrine specification of human embryonic stem cell derivatives based on its capacity to induce the expression of proendocrine transcription factors (NGN3, NEUROD1, NKX2.2, and PAX4) and to significantly increase the final yield of insulin-positive cells. We further demonstrate that PP2 inhibits the activation of focal adhesion kinase (FAK), and selective inhibition of this kinase is also sufficient to induce early endocrine commitment based on increased expression of NGN3, NEUROD1, and NKX2.2. Additional studies using dominant negative constructs and isolated human fetal pancreata suggest that c-Src is at least partially responsible for inhibiting early endocrine specification. Mechanistically, we propose that inhibition of SFK/FAK signaling can promote endocrine specification by limiting activation of the TGFβR/Smad2/3 pathway. Moreover, we show that inhibition of SFK/FAK signaling suppresses cell growth, increases the expression of the β-cell-associated cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p57kip2, and simultaneously suppresses the expression of Id1 and Id2. This study has important implications for the derivation of β-cells for the cell-based therapy of diabetes and sheds new light on the signaling events that regulate early endocrine specification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivka Afrikanova
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California 92121; Pediatric Diabetes Research Center, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California 92121
| | - Mayra Yebra
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California 92121; Pediatric Diabetes Research Center, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California 92121
| | - Megan Simpkinson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California 92121; Pediatric Diabetes Research Center, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California 92121
| | - Yang Xu
- Division of Biological Science, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California 92121
| | - Alberto Hayek
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California 92121; Pediatric Diabetes Research Center, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California 92121
| | - Anthony Montgomery
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California 92121; Pediatric Diabetes Research Center, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California 92121.
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Vincent RK, Odorico JS. Reduced serum concentration is permissive for increased in vitro endocrine differentiation from murine embryonic stem cells. Differentiation 2009; 78:24-34. [PMID: 19446949 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2009.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2009] [Accepted: 03/15/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) have been shown to be capable of differentiating into pancreatic progenitors and insulin-producing cells in vitro. However, before ESC derivatives can be used in clinical settings, efficient selective differentiation needs to be achieved. Essential to improving ESC differentiation to islet endocrine cells is an understanding of the influences of extrinsic signals and transcription factors on cell specification. Herein, we investigate the influence of serum-supplemented growth conditions on the differentiation of murine ESCs to endocrine lineages in the context of over-expression of two pancreatic transcription factors, Pdx1 and Ngn3. To study the effect of different serum formulations and concentrations on the ability of murine ESCs to differentiate into endocrine cells in vitro, cells were grown into embryoid bodies and then differentiated in various serum replacement (SR), fetal calf serum (FCS) and serum-free conditions. Using immunohistochemistry and quantitative real-time RT-PCR (QPCR), we found that, of the conditions tested, 1% SR differentiation medium resulted in the highest levels of insulin-1 mRNA and significantly increased the total number of insulin-expressing cells. Applying this knowledge to cell lines in which Pdx1 or Ngn3 transgene expression could be induced by exposure to doxycycline we differentiated TetPDX1 and TetNgn3 ESCs under conditions of either 10% FCS or 1% SR medium. In the presence of 10% serum, induced expression of either Pdx1 or Ngn3 in differentiating ESCs resulted in modest increases in hormone transcripts and cell counts. However, changing the serum formulation from 10% FCS to 1% SR significantly enhanced the number of insulin+/C-peptide+ cells in parallel with increased insulin-1 transcript levels in both inducible cell lines. In summary, these data demonstrate that induced expression of key pancreatic transcription factors in combination with low serum/SR concentrations increases endocrine cell differentiation from murine ESCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert K Vincent
- Division of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53792, USA
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Activin A-Induced Differentiation of Embryonic Stem Cells into Endoderm and Pancreatic Progenitors—The Influence of Differentiation Factors and Culture Conditions. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2009; 5:159-73. [DOI: 10.1007/s12015-009-9061-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2009] [Accepted: 02/19/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Boretti MI, Gooch KJ. Effect of extracellular matrix and 3D morphogenesis on islet hormone gene expression by Ngn3-infected mouse pancreatic ductal epithelial cells. Tissue Eng Part A 2009; 14:1927-37. [PMID: 18694323 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2007.0338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We verified the proendocrine effects of Matrigel overlay in an adult mouse pancreatic ductal epithelial cells (PDEC) model and then decomposed the environment to delineate the specific factors responsible for this effect. Following overlay with Matrigel, supplementation of Matrigel to the culture medium, or suspension within Matrigel, neurogenin3-infected mouse PDEC underwent dramatic morphogenesis, transitioning from a two-dimensional monolayer to three-dimensional (3D) cysts. Along with these morphogenic changes, the cells displayed up to approximately sixfold increase in mRNA for the islet hormones somatostatin and ghrelin. Following overlay with collagen or suspension within collagen, PDEC also displayed similar morphogenic changes, but a much smaller increase in expression was observed (1.5- to 3-fold), suggesting that while 3D morphogenesis is capable of independently enhancing islet differentiation, biochemical factors present within Matrigel also have proendocrine effects. Following suspension within laminin gels, PDEC formed 3D cysts and also displayed an increase in islet hormone expression, similar to those cultured within Matrigel. However, medium supplemented with laminin failed to promote 3D morphogenesis of PDEC or enhance islet hormone expression, suggesting that while laminin is capable of enhancing islet hormone expression, 3D morphogenesis is required for this effect. Cell clustering appeared to maximize differentiation, as PDEC cultured on Matrigel formed aggregates and stimulated the highest expression of somatostatin and ghrelin (up to approximately 200-fold).
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Ian Boretti
- Department of Bioengineering, Institute for Medicine and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Lund P, Pilgaard L, Duroux M, Fink T, Zachar V. Effect of growth media and serum replacements on the proliferation and differentiation of adipose-derived stem cells. Cytotherapy 2009; 11:189-97. [DOI: 10.1080/14653240902736266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Joglekar MV, Parekh VS, Hardikar AA. New pancreas from old: microregulators of pancreas regeneration. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2007; 18:393-400. [PMID: 18023200 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2007.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2007] [Revised: 09/21/2007] [Accepted: 10/12/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are 18-22 nucleotide RNA molecules that mediate post-transcriptional gene silencing, primarily by binding to the 3' untranslated region of their target mRNA. Several studies have demonstrated the role of miRNAs in mouse pancreas development (miR-124a, miR-503, miR-541, miR-214) as well as in insulin secretion (miR-375, miR-9). Pancreatic transcription factors that are temporally expressed during early pancreas development are re-expressed during pancreas regeneration following pancreatectomy in mice. The only exception to this is Neurogenin3 (NGN3). Here, we discuss recent evidence for miRNA-mediated silencing of ngn3, which inhibits endocrine cell development via the classical 'stem cell pathway' during mouse pancreatic regeneration, thereby favoring beta-cell regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mugdha V Joglekar
- Stem Cells and Diabetes Section, Lab 10, National Center for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind Road, Pune 411007, India
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