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Woronowicz KC, Schneider RA. Molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the evolution of form and function in the amniote jaw. EvoDevo 2019; 10:17. [PMID: 31417668 PMCID: PMC6691539 DOI: 10.1186/s13227-019-0131-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The amniote jaw complex is a remarkable amalgamation of derivatives from distinct embryonic cell lineages. During development, the cells in these lineages experience concerted movements, migrations, and signaling interactions that take them from their initial origins to their final destinations and imbue their derivatives with aspects of form including their axial orientation, anatomical identity, size, and shape. Perturbations along the way can produce defects and disease, but also generate the variation necessary for jaw evolution and adaptation. We focus on molecular and cellular mechanisms that regulate form in the amniote jaw complex, and that enable structural and functional integration. Special emphasis is placed on the role of cranial neural crest mesenchyme (NCM) during the species-specific patterning of bone, cartilage, tendon, muscle, and other jaw tissues. We also address the effects of biomechanical forces during jaw development and discuss ways in which certain molecular and cellular responses add adaptive and evolutionary plasticity to jaw morphology. Overall, we highlight how variation in molecular and cellular programs can promote the phenomenal diversity and functional morphology achieved during amniote jaw evolution or lead to the range of jaw defects and disease that affect the human condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine C Woronowicz
- 1Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California at San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, S-1161, Box 0514, San Francisco, CA 94143-0514 USA.,2Present Address: Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Orthopaedic Research Laboratories, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Richard A Schneider
- 1Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California at San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, S-1161, Box 0514, San Francisco, CA 94143-0514 USA
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to describe cuboid pulley lesions and associated abnormalities on the basis of clinical findings and the results of MRI examinations of the ankle. MATERIALS AND METHODS A retrospective search was performed to identify patients who had a cuboid pulley lesion during a 10-year period. A cuboid pulley lesion was defined as bone marrow edema in the lateroplantar ridge of the cuboid that was shown to be wrapped by the peroneus longus tendon on MRI of the ankle. A total of 19 patients (11 men and eight women; mean age, 45.4 years) were included in the group of patients with a cuboid pulley lesion, and 38 age-and sex-matched patients without a cuboid pulley lesion were randomly selected as the control group. We reviewed medical records and assessed MRI findings that could be associated with a cuboid pulley lesion. RESULTS The mean (± SD) diameter of the cuboid pulley lesion was 8.9 ± 4.7 mm. Cuboid pulley lesions were associated with peroneal tenosynovitis (p < 0.001), Achilles enthesitis (p = 0.004), and a clinical diagnosis of inflammatory arthritis (p < 0.001). Eleven of the 19 patients in the group with cuboid pulley lesions had inflammatory arthritis (either rheumatoid arthritis [n = 7] or spondyloarthritis [n = 4]). The cuboid pulley lesions did not cause localized lateral foot pain and tenderness, except in one patient who had an accompanying stress fracture of the cuboid. CONCLUSION MRI of the ankle rarely but clearly shows cuboid pulley lesions, which themselves are not likely to cause localized pain, and cuboid pulley lesions show significant associations with peroneal tenosynovitis, Achilles enthesitis, and clinically diagnosed inflammatory arthritis.
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Chen J, Zhang E, Zhang W, Liu Z, Lu P, Zhu T, Yin Z, Backman LJ, Liu H, Chen X, Ouyang H. Fos Promotes Early Stage Teno-Lineage Differentiation of Tendon Stem/Progenitor Cells in Tendon. Stem Cells Transl Med 2017; 6:2009-2019. [PMID: 29024580 PMCID: PMC6430064 DOI: 10.1002/sctm.15-0146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cells have been widely used in tendon tissue engineering. The lack of refined and controlled differentiation strategy hampers the tendon repair and regeneration. This study aimed to find new effective differentiation factors for stepwise tenogenic differentiation. By microarray screening, the transcript factor Fos was found to be expressed in significantly higher amounts in postnatal Achilles tendon tissue derived from 1 day as compared with 7‐days‐old rats. It was further confirmed that expression of Fos decreased with time in postnatal rat Achilles tendon, which was accompanied with the decreased expression of multiply tendon markers. The expression of Fos also declined during regular in vitro cell culture, which corresponded to the loss of tendon phenotype. In a cell‐sheet and a three‐dimensional cell culture model, the expression of Fos was upregulated as compared with in regular cell culture, together with the recovery of tendon phenotype. In addition, significant higher expression of tendon markers was found in Fos‐overexpressed tendon stem/progenitor cells (TSPCs), and Fos knock‐down gave opposite results. In situ rat tendon repair experiments found more normal tendon‐like tissue formed and higher tendon markers expression at 4 weeks postimplantation of Fos‐overexpressed TSPCs derived nonscaffold engineering tendon (cell‐sheet), as compared with the control group. This study identifies Fos as a new marker and functional driver in the early stage teno‐lineage differentiation of tendon, which paves the way for effective stepwise tendon differentiation and future tendon regeneration. Stem Cells Translational Medicine2017;6:2009–2019
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialin Chen
- Center for Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, School of Medicine.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.,Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Anatomy, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Erchen Zhang
- Center for Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, School of Medicine.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Center for Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, School of Medicine.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Zeyu Liu
- Center for Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, School of Medicine.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Lu
- Center for Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, School of Medicine.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Zhu
- Center for Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, School of Medicine.,Department of Orthopedics, Second Affiliated Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Zi Yin
- Center for Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, School of Medicine.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Ludvig J Backman
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Anatomy, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Huanhuan Liu
- Center for Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, School of Medicine.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao Chen
- Center for Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, School of Medicine.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongwei Ouyang
- Center for Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, School of Medicine.,Department of Sports Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
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Eliasson P, Andersson T, Hammerman M, Aspenberg P. Primary gene response to mechanical loading in healing rat Achilles tendons. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2013; 114:1519-26. [PMID: 23519232 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01500.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Loading can stimulate tendon healing. In healing rat Achilles tendons, we have found more than 150 genes upregulated or downregulated 3 h after one loading episode. We hypothesized that these changes were preceded by a smaller number of regulatory genes and thus performed a microarray 15 min after a short loading episode, to capture the primary response to loading. We transected the Achilles tendon of 54 rats and allowed them to heal. The hind limbs were unloaded by tail-suspension during the entire experiment, except during the loading episode. The healing tendon tissue was analyzed by mechanical testing, microarray, and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Mechanical testing showed that 5 min of loading each day for 4 days created stronger tissue. The microarray analysis after one loading episode identified 15 regulated genes. Ten genes were analyzed in a repeat experiment with new rats using qRT-PCR. This confirmed the increased expression of four genes: early growth response 2 (Egr2), c-Fos, FosB, and regulation of G protein signaling 1 (Rgs1). The other genes were unaltered. We also analyzed the expression of early growth response 1 (Egr1), which is often co-regulated with c-Fos or Egr2, and found that this was also increased after loading. Egr1, Egr2, c-Fos, and FosB are transcription factors that can be triggered by numerous stimuli. However, Egr1 and Egr2 are necessary for normal tendon development, and can induce ectopic expression of tendon markers. The five regulated genes appear to constitute a general activation machinery. The further development of gene regulation might depend on the tissue context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pernilla Eliasson
- Orthopaedics, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Health Science, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
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Yao J, Woon CYL, Behn A, Korotkova T, Park DY, Gajendran V, Smith RL. The effect of suture coated with mesenchymal stem cells and bioactive substrate on tendon repair strength in a rat model. J Hand Surg Am 2012; 37:1639-45. [PMID: 22727924 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2012.04.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2011] [Revised: 04/26/2012] [Accepted: 04/27/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Exogenously administered mesenchymal stem cells and bioactive molecules are known to enhance tendon healing. Biomolecules have been successfully delivered using sutures that elute growth factors over time. We sought to evaluate the histologic and biomechanical effect of delivering both cells and bioactive substrates on a suture delivery vehicle in comparison with sutures coated with bioactive substrates alone. METHODS Bone marrow-derived stem cells were harvested from Sprague-Dawley rat femurs. Experimental cell and substrate-coated, coated suture (CS) group sutures were precoated with intercellular cell adhesion molecule 1 and poly-L-lysine and seeded with labeled bone marrow-derived stem cells. Control (substrate-only [SO] coated) group sutures were coated with intercellular cell adhesion molecule 1 and poly-L-lysine only. Using a matched-paired design, bilateral Sprague-Dawley rat Achilles tendons (n = 105 rats) were transected and randomized to CS or SO repairs. Tendons were harvested at 4, 7, 10, 14, and 28 days and subjected to histologic and mechanical assessment. RESULTS Labeled cells were present at repair sites at all time points. The CS suture repairs displayed statistically greater strength compared to SO repairs at 7 days (12.6 ± 5.0 N vs 8.6 ± 3.7 N, respectively) and 10 days (21.2 ± 4.9 N vs 16.4 ± 4.8 N, respectively). There was no significant difference between the strength of CS suture repairs compared with SO repairs at 4 days (8.1 ± 5.1 N vs 6.6 ± 2.3 N, respectively), 14 days (22.8 ± 7.3 N vs 25.1 ± 9.7 N, respectively), and 28 days (40.9 ± 12.4 N vs 34.6 ± 15.0 N, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Bioactive CS sutures enhanced repair strength at 7 to 10 days. There was no significant effect at later stages. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The strength nadir of a tendon repair occurs in the first 2 weeks after surgery. Bioactive suture repair might provide a clinical advantage by jump-starting the repair process during this strength nadir. Improved early strength might, in turn allow earlier unprotected mobilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Yao
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University Medical Center, Palo Alto, CA, USA.
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Smith L, Xia Y, Galatz LM, Genin GM, Thomopoulos S. Tissue-engineering strategies for the tendon/ligament-to-bone insertion. Connect Tissue Res 2012; 53:95-105. [PMID: 22185608 PMCID: PMC3499106 DOI: 10.3109/03008207.2011.650804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Injuries to connective tissues are painful and disabling and result in costly medical expenses. These injuries often require reattachment of an unmineralized connective tissue to bone. The uninjured tendon/ligament-to-bone insertion (enthesis) is a functionally graded material that exhibits a gradual transition from soft tissue (i.e., tendon or ligament) to hard tissue (i.e., mineralized bone) through a fibrocartilaginous transition region. This transition is believed to facilitate force transmission between the two dissimilar tissues by ameliorating potentially damaging interfacial stress concentrations. The transition region is impaired or lost upon tendon/ligament injury and is not regenerated following surgical repair or natural healing, exposing the tissue to risk of reinjury. The need to regenerate a robust tendon-to-bone insertion has led a number of tissue engineering repair strategies. This review treats the tendon-to-bone insertion site as a tissue structure whose primary role is mechanical and discusses current and emerging strategies for engineering the tendon/ligament-to-bone insertion in this context. The focus lies on strategies for producing mechanical structures that can guide and subsequently sustain a graded tissue structure and the associated cell populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lester Smith
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University, St. Louis, MO
| | - Younan Xia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, MO
| | - Leesa M. Galatz
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University, St. Louis, MO
| | - Guy M. Genin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering & Materials Science, Washington University, St. Louis, MO
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Willard VP, Arzi B, Athanasiou KA. The attachments of the temporomandibular joint disc: a biochemical and histological investigation. Arch Oral Biol 2011; 57:599-606. [PMID: 22129470 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2011.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2011] [Revised: 10/01/2011] [Accepted: 10/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The complex movement of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disc during mastication is controlled in large part by the disc's attachments to the surrounding tissues. This study seeks to address the lack of available quantitative data characterizing the extracellular matrix composition of the discal attachments and how these properties compare to the disc. DESIGN Porcine TMJ disc-attachment complexes were carefully dissected into six discal attachments and five TMJ disc regions. All samples were assayed biochemically for total collagen, glycosaminoglycan (GAG), DNA, and hydration. Additionally, histology was performed on the whole joint to investigate the anatomy of the disc-attachment complex, and to verify the regional distribution of matrix components. RESULTS Quantitative biochemical assays showed that overall water content was fairly constant in all disc and attachment regions. Disc regions generally showed higher sulfated GAG and collagen content than the attachments. In contrast, the attachments contained greater DNA content than the disc. Histological staining supported the quantitative results and also indicated more elastic fibres to be present in the attachments than the disc. CONCLUSIONS Although macroscopically the TMJ disc and its attachments form a seamless complex within the joint, a closer look at regional biochemical constituents reveals that these two components are distinct. Whilst the disc and attachments both contain the same major constituents, the relative amounts of these components vary based on the functional requirements of the tissue. These results can further understanding of both TMJ biology and pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent P Willard
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
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Montero JA, Lorda-Diez CI, Hurlé JM. Regenerative medicine and connective tissues: cartilage versus tendon. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2011; 6:337-47. [DOI: 10.1002/term.436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2010] [Accepted: 04/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Solem RC, Eames BF, Tokita M, Schneider RA. Mesenchymal and mechanical mechanisms of secondary cartilage induction. Dev Biol 2011; 356:28-39. [PMID: 21600197 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2011.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2011] [Revised: 05/03/2011] [Accepted: 05/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Secondary cartilage occurs at articulations, sutures, and muscle attachments, and facilitates proper kinetic movement of the skeleton. Secondary cartilage requires mechanical stimulation for its induction and maintenance, and accordingly, its evolutionary presence or absence reflects species-specific variation in functional anatomy. Avians illustrate this point well. In conjunction with their distinct adult mode of feeding via levered straining, duck develop a pronounced secondary cartilage at the insertion (i.e., enthesis) of the mandibular adductor muscles on the lower jaw skeleton. An equivalent cartilage is absent in quail, which peck at their food. We hypothesized that species-specific pattern and a concomitant dissimilarity in the local mechanical environment promote secondary chondrogenesis in the mandibular adductor enthesis of duck versus quail. To test our hypothesis we employed two experimental approaches. First, we transplanted neural crest mesenchyme (NCM) from quail into duck, which produced chimeric "quck" with a jaw complex resembling that of quail, including an absence of enthesis secondary cartilage. Second, we modified the mechanical environment in embryonic duck by paralyzing skeletal muscles, and by blocking the ability of NCM to support mechanotransduction through stretch-activated ion channels. Paralysis inhibited secondary cartilage, as evidenced by changes in histology and expression of genes that affect chondrogenesis, including members of the FGF and BMP pathways. Ion channel inhibition did not alter enthesis secondary cartilage but caused bone to form in place of secondary cartilage at articulations. Thus, our study reveals that enthesis secondary cartilage forms through mechanisms that are distinct from those regulating other secondary cartilage. We conclude that by directing the musculoskeletal patterning and integration of the jaw complex, NCM modulates the mechanical forces and molecular signals necessary to control secondary cartilage formation during development and evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Christian Solem
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, 513 Parnassus Avenue, University of California San Francisco, CA 94143-0514, USA
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Yao J, Korotkova T, Smith RL. Viability and proliferation of pluripotential cells delivered to tendon repair sites using bioactive sutures--an in vitro study. J Hand Surg Am 2011; 36:252-8. [PMID: 21186083 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2010.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2010] [Revised: 09/29/2010] [Accepted: 10/04/2010] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE We evaluated the fate of pluripotential stem cells adherent to a suture carrier after being passed through tendon tissue in vitro. METHODS FiberWire suture segments were coated with poly-L-lysine (PLL) and a 2 × 10(6) C3H10T1/2 (a mouse embryo pluripotential cell line) cell suspension. The sutures were incubated for 7 days, passed through two 1-cm segments of acellularized rabbit Achilles tendons and tied (horizontal mattress). The repairs were frozen and sectioned (6 μm). The sections were stained with 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole and a live/dead viability/cytotoxicity (calcein/ethidium homodimer) kit and examined with fluorescent microscopy to evaluate cell presence and viability. Alamar Blue was used in parallel to assess metabolic activity. RESULTS PLL-coated sutures showed a 3-fold increase in fluorescence when compared with the phosphate-buffered saline-coated controls. At day 3, fluorescence was 2.2 times greater. At day 5, a 2-fold increase was found, and at day 8 there was no significant difference in values. Furthermore, after delivery of the cells into tendon, fluorescence readings for the samples (n = 19) showed 9450 compared with the positive control at 21,218. At 96 hours the mean was 27,609 compared with 34,850 for the positive control. The difference in fluorescence means at 48 hours and 96 hours were significant (p < .001). Live-dead and DAPI staining confirmed the presence of live cells at the tendon repair site. CONCLUSIONS Sutures seeded with pluripotential embryonic cells deliver cells to a tendon repair site. The cells deposited at the repair site survive the trauma of passage and remain metabolically active, as seen in staining and metabolic assay studies. Use of bioactive sutures leads to repopulation of the acellular zone surrounding sutures within the tendon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Yao
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University Medical Center, Palo Alto, CA 94063, USA.
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Bioactive sutures for tendon repair: assessment of a method of delivering pluripotential embryonic cells. J Hand Surg Am 2008; 33:1558-64. [PMID: 18984338 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2008.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2007] [Revised: 06/07/2008] [Accepted: 06/12/2008] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Pluripotential embryonic cells may be seeded onto sutures intended for tendon repair. These cells may be influenced to adhere to suture material using adhesion substrates, and furthermore, these cells may remain in culture attached to those sutures. These cell-impregnated sutures may be useful for promoting healing of tendon repairs. METHODS Ten-centimeter segments of 4-0 sutures (FiberWire) were coated overnight with 10 microg/mL fibronectin, 10 microg/mL poly-l-lysine, or phosphate-buffered saline. The sutures were placed in dishes and covered with a suspension of C3H10T1/2 cells at concentrations of 1 x 10(6), 2 x 10(6), or 4 x 10(6) cells for 24 hours. The sutures were then placed into low adhesion polypropylene tubes with Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium and 10% fetal bovine serum for 7 days. The presence of viable cells on these sutures was assessed by the colorimetric Alamar blue cell proliferation assay. Spectrophotometry was used to quantify the relative amount of cell proliferation across the experimental groups. The sutures were also visually inspected using phase-contrast light microscopy. RESULTS Our results show that at all seeding densities (1 x 10(6), 2 x 10(6), and 4 x 10(6) cells), the suture segments coated with poly-l-lysine and fibronectin showed a significant increase in C3H10T1/2 cell adhesion. Coating the suture with poly-l-lysine increased the adherent cell number to 17% of the initial seeding concentration compared with 2% for the control. Fibronectin coating increased the number of adherent viable cells present to 6.6%. CONCLUSIONS Pluripotential embryonic cells may be seeded onto sutures, adhere, and survive in culture. Coating sutures with poly-l-lysine and fibronectin offers significant improvement in retention of viable cells. This technique may be a useful adjunct for future tendon healing studies.
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Spalazzi JP, Vyner MC, Jacobs MT, Moffat KL, Lu HH. Mechanoactive scaffold induces tendon remodeling and expression of fibrocartilage markers. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2008; 466:1938-48. [PMID: 18512112 PMCID: PMC2584247 DOI: 10.1007/s11999-008-0310-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2007] [Accepted: 05/05/2008] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Biological fixation of soft tissue-based grafts for anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction poses a major clinical challenge. The ACL integrates with subchondral bone through a fibrocartilage enthesis, which serves to minimize stress concentrations and enables load transfer between two distinct tissue types. Functional integration thus requires the reestablishment of this fibrocartilage interface on reconstructed ACL grafts. We designed and characterized a novel mechanoactive scaffold based on a composite of poly-alpha-hydroxyester nanofibers and sintered microspheres; we then used the scaffold to test the hypothesis that scaffold-induced compression of tendon grafts would result in matrix remodeling and the expression of fibrocartilage interface-related markers. Histology coupled with confocal microscopy and biochemical assays were used to evaluate the effects of scaffold-induced compression on tendon matrix collagen distribution, cellularity, proteoglycan content, and gene expression over a 2-week period. Scaffold contraction resulted in over 15% compression of the patellar tendon graft and upregulated the expression of fibrocartilage-related markers such as Type II collagen, aggrecan, and transforming growth factor-beta3 (TGF-beta3). Additionally, proteoglycan content was higher in the compressed tendon group after 1 day. The data suggest the potential of a mechanoactive scaffold to promote the formation of an anatomic fibrocartilage enthesis on tendon-based ACL reconstruction grafts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey P. Spalazzi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Biomaterials and Interface Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Columbia University, 351 Engineering Terrace Building, MC 8904, 1210 Amsterdam Avenue, New York, NY 10027 USA
| | - Moira C. Vyner
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Biomaterials and Interface Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Columbia University, 351 Engineering Terrace Building, MC 8904, 1210 Amsterdam Avenue, New York, NY 10027 USA
| | - Matthew T. Jacobs
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Biomaterials and Interface Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Columbia University, 351 Engineering Terrace Building, MC 8904, 1210 Amsterdam Avenue, New York, NY 10027 USA
| | - Kristen L. Moffat
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Biomaterials and Interface Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Columbia University, 351 Engineering Terrace Building, MC 8904, 1210 Amsterdam Avenue, New York, NY 10027 USA
| | - Helen H. Lu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Biomaterials and Interface Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Columbia University, 351 Engineering Terrace Building, MC 8904, 1210 Amsterdam Avenue, New York, NY 10027 USA
- College of Dental Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY USA
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Hydrostatic Pressure Enhances Chondrogenic Differentiation of Human Bone Marrow Stromal Cells in Osteochondrogenic Medium. Ann Biomed Eng 2008; 36:813-20. [DOI: 10.1007/s10439-008-9448-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2007] [Accepted: 01/23/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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James R, Kesturu G, Balian G, Chhabra AB. Tendon: biology, biomechanics, repair, growth factors, and evolving treatment options. J Hand Surg Am 2008; 33:102-12. [PMID: 18261674 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2007.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 330] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2007] [Accepted: 09/12/2007] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Surgical treatment of tendon ruptures and lacerations is currently the most common therapeutic modality. Tendon repair in the hand involves a slow repair process, which results in inferior repair tissue and often a failure to obtain full active range of motion. The initial stages of repair include the formation of functionally weak tissue that is not capable of supporting tensile forces that allow early active range of motion. Immobilization of the digit or limb will promote faster healing but inevitably results in the formation of adhesions between the tendon and tendon sheath, which leads to friction and reduced gliding. Loading during the healing phase is critical to avoid these adhesions but involves increased risk of rupture of the repaired tendon. Understanding the biology and organization of the native tendon and the process of morphogenesis of tendon tissue is necessary to improve current treatment modalities. Screening the genes expressed during tendon morphogenesis and determining the growth factors most crucial for tendon development will likely lead to treatment options that result in superior repair tissue and ultimately improved functional outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roshan James
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Orthopaedic Research Laboratories, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA 22908-0159, USA
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