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Schossig P, Coskun E, Arsenic R, Horst D, Sehouli J, Bergmann E, Andresen N, Sigler C, Busse A, Keller U, Ochsenreither S. Target Selection for T-Cell Therapy in Epithelial Ovarian Cancer: Systematic Prioritization of Self-Antigens. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032292. [PMID: 36768616 PMCID: PMC9916968 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Adoptive T cell-receptor therapy (ACT) could represent a promising approach in the targeted treatment of epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC). However, the identification of suitable tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) as targets is challenging. We identified and prioritized TAAs for ACT and other immunotherapeutic interventions in EOC. A comprehensive list of pre-described TAAs was created and candidates were prioritized, using predefined weighted criteria. Highly ranked TAAs were immunohistochemically stained in a tissue microarray of 58 EOC samples to identify associations of TAA expression with grade, stage, response to platinum, and prognosis. Preselection based on expression data resulted in 38 TAAs, which were prioritized. Along with already published Cyclin A1, the TAAs KIF20A, CT45, and LY6K emerged as most promising targets, with high expression in EOC samples and several identified peptides in ligandome analysis. Expression of these TAAs showed prognostic relevance independent of molecular subtypes. By using a systematic vetting algorithm, we identified KIF20A, CT45, and LY6K to be promising candidates for immunotherapy in EOC. Results are supported by IHC and HLA-ligandome data. The described method might be helpful for the prioritization of TAAs in other tumor entities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Schossig
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Cancer Immunology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ebru Coskun
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Cancer Immunology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ruza Arsenic
- Department of Pathology, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - David Horst
- Insitute of Pathology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jalid Sehouli
- Department of Gynecology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
- Tumorbank Ovarian Cancer Network, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Eva Bergmann
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Cancer Immunology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Nadine Andresen
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Cancer Immunology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Sigler
- Charité Comprehensive Cancer Center, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Antonia Busse
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Cancer Immunology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulrich Keller
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Cancer Immunology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastian Ochsenreither
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Cancer Immunology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Charité Comprehensive Cancer Center, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
- Correspondence:
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STEAP1-4 (Six-Transmembrane Epithelial Antigen of the Prostate 1-4) and Their Clinical Implications for Prostate Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14164034. [PMID: 36011027 PMCID: PMC9406800 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14164034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Despite recent therapeutic advances in the treatment of prostate cancer, metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer continues to cause significant morbidity and mortality. New research into highly expressed proteins in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer shows that Six-Transmembrane Epithelial Antigen of the Prostate 1–4 (STEAP1–4) are significant drivers of prostate cancer aggressiveness and metastasis. STEAP1, in particular, is highly expressed on the plasma membrane of prostate cancer cells and has received significant attention as a potential therapeutic target. This review highlights what is known about STEAP1–4 and identifies knowledge gaps that require further research. Abstract Six-Transmembrane Epithelial Antigen of the Prostate 1–4 (STEAP1–4) compose a family of metalloproteinases involved in iron and copper homeostasis and other cellular processes. Thus far, five homologs are known: STEAP1, STEAP1B, STEAP2, STEAP3, and STEAP4. In prostate cancer, STEAP1, STEAP2, and STEAP4 are overexpressed, while STEAP3 expression is downregulated. Although the metalloreductase activities of STEAP1–4 are well documented, their other biological functions are not. Furthermore, the properties and expression levels of STEAP heterotrimers, homotrimers, heterodimers, and homodimers are not well understood. Nevertheless, studies over the last few decades have provided sufficient impetus to investigate STEAP1–4 as potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets for prostate cancer. In particular, STEAP1 is the target of many emerging immunotherapies. Herein, we give an overview of the structure, physiology, and pathophysiology of STEAP1–4 to provide context for past and current efforts to translate STEAP1–4 into the clinic.
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Wu YY, Jiang JN, Fang XD, Ji FJ. STEAP1 Regulates Tumorigenesis and Chemoresistance During Peritoneal Metastasis of Gastric Cancer. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1132. [PMID: 30246786 PMCID: PMC6110897 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In China, majority of the mortality in gastric cancer are associated with peritoneal metastasis. Since most gastric tumors are metastatic at initial diagnosis, the treatment of gastric cancer is limited to radical resection. Therefore, it is imperative to identify diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers. From 2014 to 2015, 20 patients were enrolled in the study. To search translationally upregulated genes in the context of epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), polysome profiling was performed. The MTT, migration, and invasion assay were conducted to determine cell proliferation, migration, and invasion ability respectively. Experiments of gain and loss of function were performed using the overexpression plasmid, siRNA, and shRNA. Xenograft assay was established using nude mice to explore the role of targets translationally upregulated gene in vivo. Polysome profiling defined the landscape of translationally regulated gene products with differential expression between non-metastatic and metastatic cohorts. Six-transmembrane epithelial antigen of the prostate 1 (STEAP1) was found to be the most translationally upregulated gene product in either experimental groups. STEAP1 was found to be required for cell proliferation, in vitro migration and invasion, and in vivo tumorigenesis. RNAi-mediated silencing of STEAP1 potentiated chemosensitivity of the MKN45 cells to docetaxel treatment, highlighting the importance of STEAP1 as a novel biomarker in gastric cancer patients with peritoneal metastasis. STEAP1 is thus induced translationally and its expression promotes proliferation, migration, invasiveness, and tumorigenicity of gastric cancer. STEAP1 can be a potent candidate for designing of targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Xue-Dong Fang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Colorectal and Anal Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Fu-Jian Ji
- Department of Gastrointestinal Colorectal and Anal Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Lindstad T, Qu S, Sikkeland J, Jin Y, Kristian A, Mælandsmo GM, Collas P, Saatcioglu F. STAMP2 is required for human adipose-derived stem cell differentiation and adipocyte-facilitated prostate cancer growth in vivo. Oncotarget 2016; 8:91817-91827. [PMID: 29190878 PMCID: PMC5696144 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Six Transmembrane Protein of Prostate 2 (STAMP2) has been implicated in both prostate cancer (PCa) and metabolic disease. STAMP2 has unique anti-inflammatory and pro-metabolic properties in mouse adipose tissue, but there is limited information on its role in human metabolic tissues. Using human adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs), we report that STAMP2 expression is dramatically upregulated during adipogenesis. shRNA-mediated STAMP2 knockdown in ASCs significantly suppresses adipogenesis and interferes with optimal expression of adipogenic genes and adipocyte metabolic function. Furthermore, ASC-derived adipocyte-mediated stimulation of prostate tumor growth in nude mice is significantly reduced upon STAMP2 knockdown in ASC adipocytes. These results suggest that STAMP2 is crucial for normal ASC conversion into adipocytes and their metabolic function, as well as their ability to facilitate PCa growth in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Su Qu
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jørgen Sikkeland
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Cancer Genetics and Informatics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Yang Jin
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Cancer Genetics and Informatics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Alexandr Kristian
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Gunhild M Mælandsmo
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Philippe Collas
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Norwegian Center for Stem Cell Research, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Fahri Saatcioglu
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Cancer Genetics and Informatics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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Sikkeland J, Sheng X, Jin Y, Saatcioglu F. STAMPing at the crossroads of normal physiology and disease states. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2016; 425:26-36. [PMID: 26911931 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2016.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Revised: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2016] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The six transmembrane protein of prostate (STAMP) proteins, also known as six transmembrane epithelial antigen of prostate (STEAPs), comprises three members: STAMP1-3. Their expression is regulated by a variety of stimuli, including hormones and cytokines, in varied settings and tissues with important roles in secretion and cell differentiation. In addition, they are implicated in metabolic and inflammatory diseases and cancer. Here, we review the current knowledge on the role of STAMPs in both physiological and pathological states.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xia Sheng
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Yang Jin
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Fahri Saatcioglu
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Institute for Cancer Genetics and Informatics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
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Skubitz KM, Skubitz APN, Xu WW, Luo X, Lagarde P, Coindre JM, Chibon F. Gene expression identifies heterogeneity of metastatic behavior among high-grade non-translocation associated soft tissue sarcomas. J Transl Med 2014; 12:176. [PMID: 24950699 PMCID: PMC4082412 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-12-176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The biologic heterogeneity of soft tissue sarcomas (STS), even within histological subtypes, complicates treatment. In earlier studies, gene expression patterns that distinguish two subsets of clear cell renal carcinoma (RCC), serous ovarian carcinoma (OVCA), and aggressive fibromatosis (AF) were used to separate 73 STS into two or four groups with different probabilities of developing metastatic disease (PrMet). This study was designed to confirm our earlier observations in a larger independent data set. Methods We utilized these gene sets, hierarchical clustering (HC), and Kaplan-Meier analysis, to examine 309 STS, using Affymetrix chip expression profiling. Results HC using the combined AF-, RCC-, and OVCA-gene sets identified subsets of the STS samples. Analysis revealed differences in PrMet between the clusters defined by the first branch point of the clustering dendrogram (p = 0.048), and also among the four different clusters defined by the second branch points (p < 0.0001). Analysis also revealed differences in PrMet between the leiomyosarcomas (LMS), dedifferentiated liposarcomas (LipoD), and undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcomas (UPS) (p = 0.0004). HC of both the LipoD and UPS sample sets divided the samples into two groups with different PrMet (p = 0.0128, and 0.0002, respectively). HC of the UPS samples also showed four groups with different PrMet (p = 0.0007). HC found no subgroups of the LMS samples. Conclusions These data confirm our earlier studies, and suggest that this approach may allow the identification of more than two subsets of STS, each with distinct clinical behavior, and may be useful to stratify STS in clinical trials and in patient management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith M Skubitz
- Department of Medicine, University Hospital, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
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Gomes IM, Arinto P, Lopes C, Santos CR, Maia CJ. STEAP1 is overexpressed in prostate cancer and prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia lesions, and it is positively associated with Gleason score. Urol Oncol 2014; 32:53.e23-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2013.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2013] [Revised: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Grunewald TGP, Bach H, Cossarizza A, Matsumoto I. The STEAP protein family: versatile oxidoreductases and targets for cancer immunotherapy with overlapping and distinct cellular functions. Biol Cell 2012; 104:641-57. [PMID: 22804687 DOI: 10.1111/boc.201200027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2012] [Accepted: 07/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The human six-transmembrane epithelial antigen of the prostate (STEAP) protein family contains at least five homologous members. The necessity of multiple homologous STEAP proteins is still unclear, but their peculiar and tissue-specific expression suggests that they are assigned to distinct functional tasks. This concept is supported by the fact that especially STEAP1, and to a lesser extent STEAP2 and -4, are highly over-expressed in many different cancer entities, while being only minimally expressed in a few normal tissues. Despite their very similar domain organisation, STEAP3 seems to act as a potent metalloreductase essential for physiological iron uptake and turnover, while in particular STEAP4 appears to be rather involved in responses to nutrients and inflammatory stress, fatty acid and glucose metabolism. Moreover, individual STEAP proteins possess overlapping functions important for growth and survival of cancer cells. Due to their membrane-bound localisation and their high expression in many different cancers such as prostate, breast and bladder carcinoma as well as Ewing's sarcoma, STEAP proteins have been recognised and utilised as promising targets for cell- and antibody-based immunotherapy. This review summarises our present knowledge of the individual members of the human STEAP family and highlights the functional differences between them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas G P Grunewald
- INSERM Unit 830 'Genetics and Biology of Cancer', Institut Curie Research Center, Paris, France.
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Grunewald TGP, Ranft A, Esposito I, da Silva-Buttkus P, Aichler M, Baumhoer D, Schaefer KL, Ottaviano L, Poremba C, Jundt G, Jürgens H, Dirksen U, Richter GHS, Burdach S. High STEAP1 expression is associated with improved outcome of Ewing's sarcoma patients. Ann Oncol 2012; 23:2185-2190. [PMID: 22317770 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdr605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ewing's sarcoma (ES) is the second most common bone or soft-tissue sarcoma in childhood and adolescence and features a high propensity to metastasize. The six-transmembrane epithelial antigen of the prostate 1 (STEAP1) is a membrane-bound mesenchymal stem cell marker highly expressed in ES. Here, we investigated the role of STEAP1 as an immunohistological marker for outcome prediction in patients with ES. PATIENTS AND METHODS Membranous STEAP1 immunoreactivity was analyzed using immunohistochemistry in 114 primary pre-chemotherapy ES of patients diagnosed from 1983 to 2010 and compared with clinical parameters and patient outcome. Median follow-up was 3.85 years (range 0.43-17.51). RESULTS A total of 62.3% of the ES samples displayed detectable STEAP1 expression with predominant localization of the protein at the plasma membrane. High membranous STEAP1 immunoreactivity was found in 53.5%, which correlated with better overall survival (P=0.021). Accordingly, no or low membranous STEAP1 expression was identified as an independent risk factor in multivariate analysis (hazard ratio 2.65, P=0.036). CONCLUSION High membranous STEAP1 expression predicts improved outcome and may help to define a specific subgroup of ES patients, who might benefit from adapted therapy regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- T G P Grunewald
- Children's Cancer Research and Roman Herzog Comprehensive Cancer Center, Laboratory of Functional Genomics and Transplantation Biology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich; Medical Life Science and Technology Center, TUM Graduate School, Technische Universität München, Garching.
| | - A Ranft
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Münster, Münster
| | - I Esposito
- Institute of Pathology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich; Institute of Pathology, Helmholtz-Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | | | - M Aichler
- Institute of Pathology, Helmholtz-Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - D Baumhoer
- Bone Tumor Reference Center at the Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - K L Schaefer
- Institute of Pathology, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf
| | - L Ottaviano
- Institute of Pathology, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf
| | - C Poremba
- Institute of Pathology, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf; Center of Histopathology, Cytology, and Molecular Diagnostics (CHCMD), Trier, Germany
| | - G Jundt
- Bone Tumor Reference Center at the Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - H Jürgens
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Münster, Münster
| | - U Dirksen
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Münster, Münster
| | - G H S Richter
- Children's Cancer Research and Roman Herzog Comprehensive Cancer Center, Laboratory of Functional Genomics and Transplantation Biology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich
| | - S Burdach
- Children's Cancer Research and Roman Herzog Comprehensive Cancer Center, Laboratory of Functional Genomics and Transplantation Biology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich
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Gomes IM, Maia CJ, Santos CR. STEAP proteins: from structure to applications in cancer therapy. Mol Cancer Res 2012; 10:573-87. [PMID: 22522456 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-11-0281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The human 6-transmembrane epithelial antigen of prostate (STEAP) family comprises STEAP1, STEAP2, STEAP3, and STEAP4. All of these proteins are unique to mammals and share an innate activity as metalloreductases, indicating their importance in metal metabolism. Overall, they participate in a wide range of biologic processes, such as molecular trafficking in the endocytic and exocytic pathways and control of cell proliferation and apoptosis. STEAP1 and STEAP2 are overexpressed in several types of human cancers, namely prostate, bladder, colon, pancreas, ovary, testis, breast, cervix, and Ewing sarcoma, but their clinical significance and role in cancer cells are not clear. Still, their localization in the cell membrane and differential expression in normal and cancer tissues make STEAP proteins potential candidates as biomarkers of several cancers, as well as potential targets for new immunotherapeutic strategies for disease attenuation or treatment. This review brings together the current knowledge about each STEAP protein, giving an overview of the roles of this family of proteins in human physiology and disease, and analyzes their potential as immunotherapeutic agents in cancer research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês M Gomes
- Health Sciences Research Centre--CICS, University of Beira Interior, Av Infante D. Henrique, Covilhã, 6200-506, Portugal
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Grunewald TGP, Diebold I, Esposito I, Plehm S, Hauer K, Thiel U, da Silva-Buttkus P, Neff F, Unland R, Müller-Tidow C, Zobywalski C, Lohrig K, Lewandrowski U, Sickmann A, Prazeres da Costa O, Görlach A, Cossarizza A, Butt E, Richter GHS, Burdach S. STEAP1 is associated with the invasive and oxidative stress phenotype of Ewing tumors. Mol Cancer Res 2011; 10:52-65. [PMID: 22080479 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-11-0524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Ewing tumors comprise the second most common type of bone-associated cancer in children and are characterized by oncogenic EWS/FLI1 fusion proteins and early metastasis. Compelling evidence suggests that elevated levels of intracellular oxidative stress contribute to enhanced aggressiveness of numerous cancers, possibly including Ewing tumors. Using comprehensive microarray analyses and RNA interference, we identified the six-transmembrane epithelial antigen of the prostate 1 (STEAP1)-a membrane-bound mesenchymal stem cell marker of unknown function-as a highly expressed protein in Ewing tumors compared with benign tissues and show its regulation by EWS/FLI1. In addition, we show that STEAP1 knockdown reduces Ewing tumor proliferation, anchorage-independent colony formation as well as invasion in vitro and decreases growth and metastasis of Ewing tumor xenografts in vivo. Moreover, transcriptome and proteome analyses as well as functional studies revealed that STEAP1 expression correlates with oxidative stress responses and elevated levels of reactive oxygen species that in turn are able to regulate redox-sensitive and proinvasive genes. In synopsis, our data suggest that STEAP1 is associated with the invasive behavior and oxidative stress phenotype of Ewing tumors and point to a hitherto unanticipated oncogenic function of STEAP1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas G P Grunewald
- Children's Cancer Research and Roman Herzog Comprehensive Cancer Center, Laboratory of Functional Genomics and Transplantation Biology, Germany.
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Solchaga LA, Penick K, Goldberg VM, Caplan AI, Welter JF. Fibroblast growth factor-2 enhances proliferation and delays loss of chondrogenic potential in human adult bone-marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Tissue Eng Part A 2010; 16:1009-19. [PMID: 19842915 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2009.0100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
We compared human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs), expanded long term with and without fibroblast growth factor (FGF) supplementation, with respect to proliferation, and the ability to undergo chondrogenesis in vitro. hMSCs expanded in FGF-supplemented medium proliferated more rapidly than the control cells. Aggregates of FGF-treated cells exhibited chondrogenic differentiation at all passages tested although, in some preparations, differentiation was diminished after seventh passage. Aggregates made with control cells differentiated along the chondrogenic lineage after first passage but exhibited only marginal differentiation after fourth and failed to form cartilage after seventh passage. Microarray analysis of gene expression identified 334 transcripts differentially expressed in fourth passage control cells that had reduced chondrogenic potential, compared with the fourth passage FGF-treated cells that retained this capacity, and 243 transcripts that were differentially expressed when comparing them to the first passage control cells that were also capable of differentiating into chondrocytes. The intersection of these analyses yielded 49 transcripts differentially expressed in cells that exhibited chondrogenic differentiation in vitro compared with the cells that did not. Among these, angiopoietin 1, secreted frizzled-related protein 1, and six transmembrane epithelial antigen of the prostate 1 appear to be of higher relevance. These preliminary data must now be validated to verify whether different gene expression profiles translate into functional differences. In summary, these findings suggest that the chondrogenic potential of hMSCs is vulnerable to cell expansion and that care should be exercised when expanding these cells for cartilage tissue engineering applications. Supplementation with FGF-2 allows reaching target cell numbers more rapidly and extends the level of expansion within which these cells are useful for tissue-engineered cartilage repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis A Solchaga
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of General Medical Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106-7080, USA.
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