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Mei G, Wang J, Wang J, Ye L, Yi M, Chen G, Zhang Y, Tang Q, Chen L. The specificities, influencing factors, and medical implications of bone circadian rhythms. FASEB J 2024; 38:e23758. [PMID: 38923594 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202302582rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Physiological processes within the human body are regulated in approximately 24-h cycles known as circadian rhythms, serving to adapt to environmental changes. Bone rhythms play pivotal roles in bone development, metabolism, mineralization, and remodeling processes. Bone rhythms exhibit cell specificity, and different cells in bone display various expressions of clock genes. Multiple environmental factors, including light, feeding, exercise, and temperature, affect bone diurnal rhythms through the sympathetic nervous system and various hormones. Disruptions in bone diurnal rhythms contribute to the onset of skeletal disorders such as osteoporosis, osteoarthritis and skeletal hypoplasia. Conversely, these bone diseases can be effectively treated when aimed at the circadian clock in bone cells, including the rhythmic expressions of clock genes and drug targets. In this review, we describe the unique circadian rhythms in physiological activities of various bone cells. Then we summarize the factors synchronizing the diurnal rhythms of bone with the underlying mechanisms. Based on the review, we aim to build an overall understanding of the diurnal rhythms in bone and summarize the new preventive and therapeutic strategies for bone disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Mei
- Department of Stomatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- School of Stomatology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Wuhan, China
| | - Jinyu Wang
- School of Stomatology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiajia Wang
- Department of Stomatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- School of Stomatology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Wuhan, China
| | - Lanxiang Ye
- Department of Stomatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- School of Stomatology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Wuhan, China
| | - Ming Yi
- Department of Stomatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- School of Stomatology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Wuhan, China
| | - Guangjin Chen
- Department of Stomatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- School of Stomatology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Wuhan, China
| | - Yifan Zhang
- Department of Stomatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- School of Stomatology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Wuhan, China
| | - Qingming Tang
- Department of Stomatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- School of Stomatology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Wuhan, China
| | - Lili Chen
- Department of Stomatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- School of Stomatology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Wuhan, China
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Brown MG, Brady DJ, Healy KM, Henry KA, Ogunsola AS, Ma X. Stem Cells and Acellular Preparations in Bone Regeneration/Fracture Healing: Current Therapies and Future Directions. Cells 2024; 13:1045. [PMID: 38920674 PMCID: PMC11201612 DOI: 10.3390/cells13121045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2024] [Revised: 05/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Bone/fracture healing is a complex process with different steps and four basic tissue layers being affected: cortical bone, periosteum, fascial tissue surrounding the fracture, and bone marrow. Stem cells and their derivatives, including embryonic stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells, mesenchymal stem cells, hematopoietic stem cells, skeletal stem cells, and multipotent stem cells, can function to artificially introduce highly regenerative cells into decrepit biological tissues and augment the healing process at the tissue level. Stem cells are molecularly and functionally indistinguishable from standard human tissues. The widespread appeal of stem cell therapy lies in its potential benefits as a therapeutic technology that, if harnessed, can be applied in clinical settings. This review aims to establish the molecular pathophysiology of bone healing and the current stem cell interventions that disrupt or augment the bone healing process and, finally, considers the future direction/therapeutic options related to stem cells and bone healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel G. Brown
- Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Davis J. Brady
- Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Kelsey M. Healy
- Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Kaitlin A. Henry
- Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Ayobami S. Ogunsola
- Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Xue Ma
- Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
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Molitoris KH, Huang M, Baht GS. Osteoimmunology of Fracture Healing. Curr Osteoporos Rep 2024; 22:330-339. [PMID: 38616228 PMCID: PMC11186872 DOI: 10.1007/s11914-024-00869-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose of this review is to summarize what is known in the literature about the role inflammation plays during bone fracture healing. Bone fracture healing progresses through four distinct yet overlapping phases: formation of the hematoma, development of the cartilaginous callus, development of the bony callus, and finally remodeling of the fracture callus. Throughout this process, inflammation plays a critical role in robust bone fracture healing. RECENT FINDINGS At the onset of injury, vessel and matrix disruption lead to the generation of an inflammatory response: inflammatory cells are recruited to the injury site where they differentiate, activate, and/or polarize to secrete cytokines for the purposes of cell signaling and cell recruitment. This process is altered by age and by sex. Bone fracture healing is heavily influenced by the presence of inflammatory cells and cytokines within the healing tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Happ Molitoris
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University, 300 North Duke Street, Durham, NC, 27701, USA
| | - Mingjian Huang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University, 300 North Duke Street, Durham, NC, 27701, USA
| | - Gurpreet Singh Baht
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University, 300 North Duke Street, Durham, NC, 27701, USA.
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Haeusner S, Jauković A, Kupczyk E, Herrmann M. Review: cellularity in bone marrow autografts for bone and fracture healing. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2023; 324:C517-C531. [PMID: 36622067 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00482.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The use of autografts, as primary cell and tissue source, is the current gold standard approach to treat critical size bone defects and nonunion defects. The unique mixture of the autografts, containing bony compartments and bone marrow (BM), delivers promising results. Although BM mesenchymal stromal cells (BM-MSCs) still represent a major target for various healing approaches in current preclinical research and respective clinical trials, their occurrence in the human BM is typically low. In vitro expansion of this cell type is regulatory challenging as well as time and cost intensive. Compared with marginal percentages of resident BM-MSCs in BM, BM mononuclear cells (BM-MNCs) contained in BM aspirates, concentrates, and bone autografts represent a readily available abundant cell source, applicable within hours during surgical procedures without the need for time-consuming and regulatory challenging cell expansion. This benefit is one reason why autografting has become a clinical standard procedure. However, the exact anatomy and cellularity of BM-MNCs in humans, which is strongly correlated to their unique mode of action and wide application range remains to be elucidated. The aim of this review was to present an overview of the current knowledge on these specific cell types found in human BM, emphasize the contribution of BM-MNCs in bone healing, highlight donor site dependence, and discuss limitations in the current isolation and subsequent characterization procedures. Hereby, the most recent and relevant examples of human BM-MNC cell characterization, flow cytometric analyses, and findings are summarized, with a strong focus on bone therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Haeusner
- IZKF Group Tissue Regeneration in Musculoskeletal Diseases, University Hospital of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany.,Bernhard-Heine-Center for Locomotion Research, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - A Jauković
- Group for Hematology and Stem Cells, Institute for Medical Research, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - E Kupczyk
- Department of Trauma, Hand, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - M Herrmann
- IZKF Group Tissue Regeneration in Musculoskeletal Diseases, University Hospital of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany.,Bernhard-Heine-Center for Locomotion Research, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
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Changes in interstitial fluid flow, mass transport and the bone cell response in microgravity and normogravity. Bone Res 2022; 10:65. [PMID: 36411278 PMCID: PMC9678891 DOI: 10.1038/s41413-022-00234-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, our scientific interest in spaceflight has grown exponentially and resulted in a thriving area of research, with hundreds of astronauts spending months of their time in space. A recent shift toward pursuing territories farther afield, aiming at near-Earth asteroids, the Moon, and Mars combined with the anticipated availability of commercial flights to space in the near future, warrants continued understanding of the human physiological processes and response mechanisms when in this extreme environment. Acute skeletal loss, more severe than any bone loss seen on Earth, has significant implications for deep space exploration, and it remains elusive as to why there is such a magnitude of difference between bone loss on Earth and loss in microgravity. The removal of gravity eliminates a critical primary mechano-stimulus, and when combined with exposure to both galactic and solar cosmic radiation, healthy human tissue function can be negatively affected. An additional effect found in microgravity, and one with limited insight, involves changes in dynamic fluid flow. Fluids provide the most fundamental way to transport chemical and biochemical elements within our bodies and apply an essential mechano-stimulus to cells. Furthermore, the cell cytoplasm is not a simple liquid, and fluid transport phenomena together with viscoelastic deformation of the cytoskeleton play key roles in cell function. In microgravity, flow behavior changes drastically, and the impact on cells within the porous system of bone and the influence of an expanding level of adiposity are not well understood. This review explores the role of interstitial fluid motion and solute transport in porous bone under two different conditions: normogravity and microgravity.
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Oliveira CS, Leeuwenburgh S, Mano JF. New insights into the biomimetic design and biomedical applications of bioengineered bone microenvironments. APL Bioeng 2021; 5:041507. [PMID: 34765857 PMCID: PMC8568480 DOI: 10.1063/5.0065152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The bone microenvironment is characterized by an intricate interplay between cellular and noncellular components, which controls bone remodeling and repair. Its highly hierarchical architecture and dynamic composition provide a unique microenvironment as source of inspiration for the design of a wide variety of bone tissue engineering strategies. To overcome current limitations associated with the gold standard for the treatment of bone fractures and defects, bioengineered bone microenvironments have the potential to orchestrate the process of bone regeneration in a self-regulated manner. However, successful approaches require a strategic combination of osteogenic, vasculogenic, and immunomodulatory factors through a synergic coordination between bone cells, bone-forming factors, and biomaterials. Herein, we provide an overview of (i) current three-dimensional strategies that mimic the bone microenvironment and (ii) potential applications of bioengineered microenvironments. These strategies range from simple to highly complex, aiming to recreate the architecture and spatial organization of cell-cell, cell-matrix, and cell-soluble factor interactions resembling the in vivo microenvironment. While several bone microenvironment-mimicking strategies with biophysical and biochemical cues have been proposed, approaches that exploit the ability of the cells to self-organize into microenvironments with a high regenerative capacity should become a top priority in the design of strategies toward bone regeneration. These miniaturized bone platforms may recapitulate key characteristics of the bone regenerative process and hold great promise to provide new treatment concepts for the next generation of bone implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cláudia S. Oliveira
- Department of Chemistry, CICECO–Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Sander Leeuwenburgh
- Department of Dentistry-Regenerative Biomaterials, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Philips van Leydenlaan 25, 6525 EX Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - João F. Mano
- Department of Chemistry, CICECO–Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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