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Li WJ, Liu L, Lu H. Morroniside ameliorates lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory damage in iris pigment epithelial cells through inhibition of TLR4/JAK2/STAT3 pathway. Int J Ophthalmol 2023; 16:1928-1934. [PMID: 38111933 PMCID: PMC10700076 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2023.12.03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the effect of morroniside (Mor) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated iris pigment epithelial cells (IPE). METHODS IPE cells were induced by LPS and treated with Mor. Cell proliferation was detected by cell counting kit (CCK) -8, apoptosis was detected by flow cytometry, the levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-8 were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits, and the protein expression of TLR4, JAK2, p-JAK2, STAT3, and p-STAT3 was analyzed by Western blotting. In addition, overexpression of TLR4 and Mor treatment of LPS-stimulated IPE cells were also tested for the above indices. RESULTS Mor effectively promoted the proliferation and inhibited the apoptosis of LPS-treated IPE cells. In addition, Mor significantly reduced the levels of TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-8 and significantly inhibited the expression of TLR4, p-JAK2, and p-STAT3 in LPS-treated IPE cells. The effect of Mor on LPS-treated IPE cells was markedly attenuated after overexpression of TLR4. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that Mor may ameliorate LPS-induced inflammatory damage and apoptosis in IPE through inhibition of TLR4/JAK2/STAT3 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Jie Li
- The First Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu Province, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu Province, China
| | - Lin Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu Province, China
| | - Hong Lu
- The First Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu Province, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, Beijing Chao Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100083, China
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Tsissios G, Sallese A, Chen W, Miller A, Wang H, Del Rio-Tsonis K. In Vivo and Ex Vivo View of Newt Lens Regeneration. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2562:197-208. [PMID: 36272077 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2659-7_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Lens regeneration in the adult newt illustrates a unique example of naturally occurring cell transdifferentiation. During this process, iris pigmented epithelial cells (iPECs) reprogram into a lens, a tissue that is derived from a different embryonic source. Several methodologies both in vivo and in culture have been utilized over the years to observe this phenomenon. Most recently, Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) has been identified as an effective tool to study the lens regeneration process in continuity through noninvasive, real-time imaging of the same animal. Described in this chapter are three different methodologies that can be used to observe the newt lens regeneration process both in vivo and ex vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Tsissios
- Department of Biology Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA
- Center for Visual Sciences at Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA
- Cellular Molecular and Structural Biology Program, Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA
| | - Anthony Sallese
- Department of Biology Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA
- Center for Visual Sciences at Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA
| | - Weihao Chen
- Cellular Molecular and Structural Biology Program, Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA
- Department of Chemical, Paper and Biomedical Engineering, Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA
| | - Alyssa Miller
- Department of Biology Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA
| | - Hui Wang
- Center for Visual Sciences at Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA
- Department of Chemical, Paper and Biomedical Engineering, Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA
| | - Katia Del Rio-Tsonis
- Department of Biology Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA.
- Center for Visual Sciences at Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA.
- Cellular Molecular and Structural Biology Program, Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA.
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Vergara MN, Tsissios G, Del Rio-Tsonis K. Lens regeneration: a historical perspective. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2019; 62:351-361. [PMID: 29877565 PMCID: PMC6378223 DOI: 10.1387/ijdb.180084nv] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The idea of regenerating injured body parts has captivated human imagination for centuries, and the topic still remains an area of extensive scientific research. This review focuses on the process of lens regeneration: its history, our current knowledge, and the questions that remain unanswered. By highlighting some of the milestones that have shaped our understanding of this phenomenon and the contributions of scientists who have dedicated their lives to investigating these questions, we explore how regeneration enquiry evolved into the science it is today, and how technological advances accelerated our understanding of these remarkable processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Natalia Vergara
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
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Growth of hollow cell spheroids in microbead templated chambers. Biomaterials 2017; 143:57-64. [PMID: 28763630 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2017.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Revised: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Cells form hollow, spheroidal structures during the development of many tissues, including the ocular lens, inner ear, and many glands. Therefore, techniques for in vitro formation of hollow spheroids are valued for studying developmental and disease processes. Current in vitro methods require cells to self-organize into hollow morphologies; we explored an alternative strategy based on cell growth in predefined, spherical scaffolds. Our method uses sacrificial, gelatin microbeads to simultaneously template spherical chambers within a hydrogel and deliver cells into the chambers. We use mouse lens epithelial cells to demonstrate that cells can populate the internal surfaces of the chambers within a week to create numerous hollow spheroids. The platform supports manipulation of matrix mechanics, curvature, and biochemical composition to mimic in vivo microenvironments. It also provides a starting point for engineering organoids of tissues that develop from hollow spheroids.
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Sousounis K, Bhavsar R, Looso M, Krüger M, Beebe J, Braun T, Tsonis PA. Molecular signatures that correlate with induction of lens regeneration in newts: lessons from proteomic analysis. Hum Genomics 2014; 8:22. [PMID: 25496664 PMCID: PMC4271507 DOI: 10.1186/s40246-014-0022-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Amphibians have the remarkable ability to regenerate missing body parts. After complete removal of the eye lens, the dorsal but not the ventral iris will transdifferentiate to regenerate an exact replica of the lost lens. We used reverse-phase nano-liquid chromatography followed by mass spectrometry to detect protein concentrations in dorsal and ventral iris 0, 4, and 8 days post-lentectomy. We performed gene expression comparisons between regeneration and intact timepoints as well as between dorsal and ventral iris. Results Our analysis revealed gene expression patterns associated with the ability of the dorsal iris for transdifferentiation and lens regeneration. Proteins regulating gene expression and various metabolic processes were enriched in regeneration timepoints. Proteins involved in extracellular matrix, gene expression, and DNA-associated functions like DNA repair formed a regeneration-related protein network and were all up-regulated in the dorsal iris. In addition, we investigated protein concentrations in cultured dorsal (transdifferentiation-competent) and ventral (transdifferentiation-incompetent) iris pigmented epithelial (IPE) cells. Our comparative analysis revealed that the ability of dorsal IPE cells to keep memory of their tissue of origin and transdifferentiation is associated with the expression of proteins that specify the dorso-ventral axis of the eye as well as with proteins found highly expressed in regeneration timepoints, especially 8 days post-lentectomy. Conclusions The study deepens our understanding in the mechanism of regeneration by providing protein networks and pathways that participate in the process. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40246-014-0022-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Sousounis
- Department of Biology and Center for Tissue Regeneration and Engineering at Dayton, University of Dayton, 300 College Park, Dayton, OH, 45469, USA.
| | - Rital Bhavsar
- Department of Biology and Center for Tissue Regeneration and Engineering at Dayton, University of Dayton, 300 College Park, Dayton, OH, 45469, USA.
| | - Mario Looso
- Department of Cardiac Development and Remodeling, Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Ludwigstrasse 43, 61231, Bad Nauheim, Germany.
| | - Marcus Krüger
- Department of Cardiac Development and Remodeling, Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Ludwigstrasse 43, 61231, Bad Nauheim, Germany.
| | - Jessica Beebe
- Department of Biology and Center for Tissue Regeneration and Engineering at Dayton, University of Dayton, 300 College Park, Dayton, OH, 45469, USA.
| | - Thomas Braun
- Department of Cardiac Development and Remodeling, Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Ludwigstrasse 43, 61231, Bad Nauheim, Germany.
| | - Panagiotis A Tsonis
- Department of Biology and Center for Tissue Regeneration and Engineering at Dayton, University of Dayton, 300 College Park, Dayton, OH, 45469, USA.
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Manthey AL, Terrell AM, Wang Y, Taube JR, Yallowitz AR, Duncan MK. The Zeb proteins δEF1 and Sip1 may have distinct functions in lens cells following cataract surgery. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2014; 55:5445-55. [PMID: 25082886 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.14-14845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Posterior capsular opacification (PCO), the most prevalent side effect of cataract surgery, occurs when residual lens epithelial cells (LECs) undergo fiber cell differentiation or epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Here, we used a murine cataract surgery model to investigate the role of the Zeb proteins, Smad interacting protein 1 (Sip1) and δ-crystallin enhancer-binding factor 1 (δEF1), during PCO. METHODS Extracapsular extraction of lens fiber cells was performed on wild-type and Sip1 knockout mice. Protein expression patterns were assessed at multiple time points after surgery using confocal immunofluorescence. βB1-Crystallin mRNA levels were measured using quantitative RT-PCR. We used Transfac searches to identify δEF1 binding sites in the βB1-crystallin promoter and transfection analysis to test the ability of δEF1 to regulate βB1-crystallin expression. RESULTS δEF1, which, in other systems, can activate fibrotic genes (e.g., α-smooth muscle actin) and repress epithelial genes, upregulates by 48 hours after fiber cell removal. In culture, δEF1 repressed βB1-crystallin promoter activity, suggesting that it may also turn off lens gene expression following surgery, contributing to "fibrotic PCO" development. Sip1 also upregulates in LECs by 48 hours, but analysis of Sip1 knockout lenses demonstrated that Sip1 does not play a major role in EMT or fiber cell differentiation after surgery. However, Sip1 knockout LECs do express the ectodermal marker keratin 8, suggesting that Sip1 may limit the reprogramming of residual LECs to an embryonic state. CONCLUSIONS Zeb transcription factors likely play important, but distinct roles in PCO development after cataract surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abby L Manthey
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, United States
| | - Anne M Terrell
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, United States
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, United States
| | - Jennifer R Taube
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, United States
| | - Alisha R Yallowitz
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, United States
| | - Melinda K Duncan
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, United States
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Bhavsar RB, Tsonis PA. Exogenous Oct-4 inhibits lens transdifferentiation in the newt Notophthalmus viridescens. PLoS One 2014; 9:e102510. [PMID: 25019378 PMCID: PMC4097451 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0102510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
From the cocktail of four factors that were able to induce pluripotent stem cells from differentiated cells, Oct-4, c-Myc, Sox-2 and Klf4, only Oct-4 was not expressed during regeneration in newts. To explore the possible action of this stemness factor we developed an assay where we introduced exogenous Oct-4 protein to an in vitro system for lens regeneration in newts. We found that exogenous Oct-4 inhibits differentiation of iris pigmented epithelial cells into lens cells and also regulates Sox-2 and Pax-6, both important players during lens development. Thus, presence of Oct-4 hinders transdifferentiation of iris cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rital B. Bhavsar
- Department of Biology and Center for Tissue Regeneration and Engineering, University of Dayton, Dayton, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Panagiotis A. Tsonis
- Department of Biology and Center for Tissue Regeneration and Engineering, University of Dayton, Dayton, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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