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Noor Azlan NAB, Vitus V, Nor Rashid N, Nordin F, Tye GJ, Wan Kamarul Zaman WS. Human mesenchymal stem cell secretomes: Factors affecting profiling and challenges in clinical application. Cell Tissue Res 2024; 395:227-250. [PMID: 38244032 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-023-03857-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
The promising field of regenerative medicine is thrilling as it can repair and restore organs for various debilitating diseases. Mesenchymal stem cells are one of the main components in regenerative medicine that work through the release of secretomes. By adopting the use of the secretome in cell-free-based therapy, we may be able to address the challenges faced in cell-based therapy. As one of the components of cell-free-based therapy, secretome has the advantage of a better safety and efficacy profile than mesenchymal stem cells. However, secretome has its challenges that need to be addressed, such as its bioprocessing methods that may impact the secretome content and its mechanisms of action in clinical settings. Effective and standardization of bioprocessing protocols are important to ensure the supply and sustainability of secretomes for clinical applications. This may eventually impact its commercialization and marketability. In this review, the bioprocessing methods and their impacts on the secretome profile and treatment are discussed. This improves understanding of its fundamental aspects leading to potential clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vieralynda Vitus
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Centre for Innovation in Medical Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nurshamimi Nor Rashid
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Fazlina Nordin
- Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 56000, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Gee Jun Tye
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Minden, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Wan Safwani Wan Kamarul Zaman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
- Centre for Innovation in Medical Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
- Department of Pharmaceutical Life Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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Guo T, Noshin M, Baker HB, Taskoy E, Meredith SJ, Tang Q, Ringel JP, Lerman MJ, Chen Y, Packer JD, Fisher JP. 3D printed biofunctionalized scaffolds for microfracture repair of cartilage defects. Biomaterials 2018; 185:219-231. [PMID: 30248646 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Revised: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
While articular cartilage defects affect millions of people worldwide from adolescents to adults, the repair of articular cartilage defects still remains challenging due to the limited endogenous regeneration of the tissue and poor integration with implants. In this study, we developed a 3D-printed scaffold functionalized with aggrecan that supports the cellular fraction of bone marrow released from microfracture, a widely used clinical procedure, and demonstrated tremendous improvement of regenerated cartilage tissue quality and joint function in a lapine model. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) revealed doubled thickness of the regenerated cartilage tissue in the group treated with our aggrecan functionalized scaffold compared to standard microfracture treatment. H&E staining showed 366 ± 95 chondrocytes present in the unit area of cartilage layer with the support of bioactive scaffold, while conventional microfracture group showed only 112 ± 26 chondrocytes. The expression of type II collagen appeared almost 10 times higher with our approach compared to normal microfracture, indicating the potential to overcome the fibro-cartilage formation associated with the current microfracture approach. The therapeutic effect was also evaluated at joint function level. The mobility was evaluated using a modified Basso, Beattie and Bresnahan (BBB) scale. While the defect control group showed no movement improvement over the course of study, all experimental groups showed a trend of increasing scores over time. The present work developed an effective method to regenerate critical articular defects by combining a 3D-printed therapeutic scaffold with the microfracture surgical procedure. This biofunctionalized acellular scaffold has great potential to be applied as a supplement for traditional microfracture to improve the quality of cartilage regeneration in a cost and labor effective way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Guo
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD USA; Center for Engineering Complex Tissues, University of Maryland, College Park, MD USA
| | - Maeesha Noshin
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD USA; Center for Engineering Complex Tissues, University of Maryland, College Park, MD USA
| | - Hannah B Baker
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD USA; Center for Engineering Complex Tissues, University of Maryland, College Park, MD USA
| | - Evin Taskoy
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Sean J Meredith
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Qinggong Tang
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD USA
| | - Julia P Ringel
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD USA; Center for Engineering Complex Tissues, University of Maryland, College Park, MD USA
| | - Max J Lerman
- Center for Engineering Complex Tissues, University of Maryland, College Park, MD USA; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD USA; Surface and Trace Chemical Analysis Group, Materials Measurement Lab, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD USA
| | - Yu Chen
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD USA
| | - Jonathan D Packer
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - John P Fisher
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD USA; Center for Engineering Complex Tissues, University of Maryland, College Park, MD USA.
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