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Idris Z, Zakaria Z, Yee AS, Fitzrol DN, Ismail MI, Ghani ARI, Abdullah JM, Hassan MH, Suardi N. Light and the Brain: A Clinical Case Depicting the Effects of Light on Brainwaves and Possible Presence of Plasma-like Brain Energy. Brain Sci 2024; 14:308. [PMID: 38671960 PMCID: PMC11047981 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci14040308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Light is an electromagnetic radiation that has visible and invisible wavelength spectrums. Visible light can only be detected by the eyes through the optic pathways. With the presence of the scalp, cranium, and meninges, the brain is seen as being protected from direct exposure to light. For that reason, the brain can be viewed as a black body lying inside a black box. In physics, a black body tends to be in thermal equilibrium with its environment and can tightly regulate its temperature via thermodynamic principles. Therefore, a healthy brain inside a black box should not be exposed to light. On the contrary, photobiomodulation, a form of light therapy for the brain, has been shown to have beneficial effects on some neurological conditions. The proposed underlying mechanisms are multiple. Herein, we present our intraoperative findings of rapid electrocorticographic brainwave changes when the brain was shone directly with different wavelengths of light during awake brain surgery. Our findings provide literature evidence for light's ability to influence human brain energy and function. Our proposed mechanism for these rapid changes is the presence of plasma-like energy inside the brain, which causes fast brain activities that are akin to lightning strikes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zamzuri Idris
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia; (Z.Z.); (A.S.Y.); (D.N.F.); (M.I.I.); (A.R.I.G.); (J.M.A.)
- Brain and Behavior Cluster (BBC), School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia
- Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia (HUSM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia;
| | - Zaitun Zakaria
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia; (Z.Z.); (A.S.Y.); (D.N.F.); (M.I.I.); (A.R.I.G.); (J.M.A.)
- Brain and Behavior Cluster (BBC), School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia
- Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia (HUSM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia;
| | - Ang Song Yee
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia; (Z.Z.); (A.S.Y.); (D.N.F.); (M.I.I.); (A.R.I.G.); (J.M.A.)
- Brain and Behavior Cluster (BBC), School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia
- Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia (HUSM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia;
| | - Diana Noma Fitzrol
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia; (Z.Z.); (A.S.Y.); (D.N.F.); (M.I.I.); (A.R.I.G.); (J.M.A.)
- Brain and Behavior Cluster (BBC), School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia
- Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia (HUSM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia;
| | - Muhammad Ihfaz Ismail
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia; (Z.Z.); (A.S.Y.); (D.N.F.); (M.I.I.); (A.R.I.G.); (J.M.A.)
- Brain and Behavior Cluster (BBC), School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia
- Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia (HUSM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia;
| | - Abdul Rahman Izaini Ghani
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia; (Z.Z.); (A.S.Y.); (D.N.F.); (M.I.I.); (A.R.I.G.); (J.M.A.)
- Brain and Behavior Cluster (BBC), School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia
- Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia (HUSM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia;
| | - Jafri Malin Abdullah
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia; (Z.Z.); (A.S.Y.); (D.N.F.); (M.I.I.); (A.R.I.G.); (J.M.A.)
- Brain and Behavior Cluster (BBC), School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia
- Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia (HUSM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia;
| | - Mohd Hasyizan Hassan
- Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia (HUSM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia;
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Nursakinah Suardi
- School of Physics, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor 11800, Penang, Malaysia;
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Tsimitrea E, Anagnostopoulou D, Chatzi M, Fradelos EC, Tsimitrea G, Lykas G, Flouris AD. Prediction of Intracranial Temperature Through Invasive and Noninvasive Measurements on Patients with Severe Traumatic Brain Injury. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1424:255-263. [PMID: 37486502 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-31982-2_29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
The brain's temperature measurements (TB) in patients with severe brain damage are important, in order to offer the optimal treatment. The purpose of this research is the creation of mathematical models for the TB's prediction, based on the temperatures in the bladder (TBL), femoral artery (TFA), ear canal (TΕC), and axilla (TA), without the need for placement of intracranial catheter, contributing significantly to the research of the human thermoregulatory system.The research involved 18 patients (13 men and 5 women), who were hospitalized in the adult intensive care units (ICU) of Larissa's two hospitals, with severe brain injury. An intracranial catheter with a thermistor was used to continuously measure TB and other parameters. The TB's measurements, and simultaneously one or more of TBL, TFA, TEC, and TA, were recorded every 1 h.To create TB predicting models, the data of each measurement was separated into (a) model sample (measurements' 80%) and (b) validation sample (measurements' 20%). Multivariate linear regression analysis demonstrated that it is possible to predict brain's temperature (PrTB), using independent variables (R2 was TBL = 0.73, TFA = 0.80, TEC = 0.27, and TA = 0.17, p < 0.05). Significant linear associations were found, statistically, and no difference in means between TB and PrTB of each prediction model. Also, the 95% limits of agreement and the percent coefficient of variation showed sufficient agreement between the TB and PrTB in each prediction model.In conclusion, brain's temperature prediction models based on TBL, TFA, TEC, and TA were successful. Its determination contributes to the improvement of clinical decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Tsimitrea
- University General Hospital of Larissa, Larissa, Greece
- Laboratory of Clinical Nursing, Department of Nursing, University of Thessaly Larissa, Larissa, Greece
| | - Dimitra Anagnostopoulou
- University General Hospital of Larissa, Larissa, Greece
- Laboratory of Clinical Nursing, Department of Nursing, University of Thessaly Larissa, Larissa, Greece
| | - Maria Chatzi
- University General Hospital of Larissa, Larissa, Greece
- Laboratory of Clinical Nursing, Department of Nursing, University of Thessaly Larissa, Larissa, Greece
| | - Evangelos C Fradelos
- Laboratory of Clinical Nursing, Department of Nursing, University of Thessaly Larissa, Larissa, Greece
| | | | - George Lykas
- Department of Medicine, University of Thessaly Larissa, Larissa, Greece
| | - Andreas D Flouris
- Department of Exercise Science, University of Thessaly, Trikala, Greece
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Idris Z, Yee AS, Wan Hassan WMN, Hassan MH, Ab Mukmin L, Mohamed Zain KA, Manaf AA, Balandong RP, Tang TB. Clinical outcomes and thermodynamics aspect of direct brain cooling in severe head injury. Surg Neurol Int 2023; 14:158. [PMID: 37151468 PMCID: PMC10159295 DOI: 10.25259/sni_118_2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Brain cooling therapy is one of the subjects of interest, and currently, data on direct brain cooling are lacking. Hence, the objective is to investigate the clinical outcomes and discuss the thermodynamics aspect of direct brain cooling on severely injured brain patients. Methods This pilot study recruited the severely injured brain patients who were then randomized to either a direct brain cooling therapy group using a constant cooling temperature system or a control group. All studied patients must be subjected to an emergency neurosurgical procedure of decompressive craniectomy and were monitored with intracranial pressure, brain oxygenation, and temperature. Further, comparison was made with our historical group of patients who had direct brain cooling therapy through the old technique. Results The results disclosed the direct brain cooling treated patients through a newer technique obtained a better Extended Glasgow Outcome Score than a control group (P < 001). In addition, there is a significant outcome difference between the combined cooling treated patients (new and old technique) with the control group (P < 0.001). Focal brain oxygenation and temperature are likely factors that correlate with better outcomes. Conclusion Direct brain cooling is feasible, safe, and affects the clinical outcomes of the severely traumatized brain, and physics of thermodynamics may play a role in its pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zamzuri Idris
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia
- Corresponding author: Zamzuri Idris, Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia.
| | - Ang Song Yee
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia
| | | | - Mohamad Hasyizan Hassan
- Department of Anaesthesiology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia
| | - Laila Ab Mukmin
- Department of Anaesthesiology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia
| | - Khairu Anuar Mohamed Zain
- Collaborative Microelectronic Design Excellence Center (CEDEC), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Bayan Lepas, Malaysia
| | - Asrulnizam Abd Manaf
- Collaborative Microelectronic Design Excellence Center (CEDEC), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Bayan Lepas, Malaysia
| | | | - Tong Boon Tang
- Centre for Intelligent Signal and Imaging Research, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Bandar Seri Iskandar, Malaysia
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Idris Z, Zakaria Z, Abdullah JM. Role of the Neurons, Astrocytes and Particle-Wave Duality in Conventional Electromagnetic Field, Plasma Brain Dynamics and Quantum Brain Dynamics. Malays J Med Sci 2022; 28:1-7. [PMID: 35002485 PMCID: PMC8715886 DOI: 10.21315/mjms2021.28.6.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The brain is regarded as the most complex anatomical structure in the human body that executes various functions. The electromagnetic brainwaves or energy with its discrete network is commonly thought of as the sole contributor to various brain functions. However, the discrete pattern of the brain network seems insufficient to explain consciousness, binding problems in neural communication, brain heat, psychiatric manifestations and higher-order of thinking. Therefore, it seems that the brain must possess additional energy for it to have a much higher degree of functional freedom. Plasma brain dynamics (PBD) and quantum brain dynamics (QBD) are two hypothetical brain energies that have a strong scientific basis to exist together with the conventional brain electromagnetic energy. The presence of these energies may explain the puzzling brain functions, thus creating an opportunity to correct any abnormalities arising from them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zamzuri Idris
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia.,Brain and Behaviour Cluster, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia.,Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Zaitun Zakaria
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia.,Brain and Behaviour Cluster, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia.,Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Jafri Malin Abdullah
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia.,Brain and Behaviour Cluster, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia.,Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
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Idris Z, Zakaria Z, Yee AS, Fitzrol DN, Ghani ARI, Abdullah JM, Wan Hassan WMN, Hassan MH, Manaf AA, Chong Heng RO. Quantum and Electromagnetic Fields in Our Universe and Brain: A New Perspective to Comprehend Brain Function. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11050558. [PMID: 33925002 PMCID: PMC8146693 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11050558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The concept of wholeness or oneness refers to not only humans, but also all of creation. Similarly, consciousness may not wholly exist inside the human brain. One consciousness could permeate the whole universe as limitless energy; thus, human consciousness can be regarded as limited or partial in character. According to the limited consciousness concept, humans perceive projected waves or wave-vortices as a waveless item. Therefore, human limited consciousness collapses the wave function or energy of particles; accordingly, we are only able to perceive them as particles. With this “limited concept”, the wave-vortex or wave movement comes into review, which also seems to have a limited concept, i.e., the limited projected wave concept. Notably, this wave-vortex seems to embrace photonic light, as well as electricity and anything in between them, which gives a sense of dimension to our brain. These elements of limited projected wave-vortex and limitless energy (consciousness) may coexist inside our brain as electric (directional pilot wave) and quantum (diffused oneness of waves) brainwaves, respectively, with both of them giving rise to one brain field. Abnormality in either the electrical or the quantum field or their fusion may lead to abnormal brain function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zamzuri Idris
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Malaysia; (Z.Z.); (A.S.Y.); (D.N.F.); (A.R.I.G.); (J.M.A.)
- Brain and Behaviour Cluster (BBC), School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Malaysia
- Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia (HUSM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Malaysia; (W.M.N.W.H.); (M.H.H.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +60-9-767-6299; Fax: +60-9-764-8613
| | - Zaitun Zakaria
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Malaysia; (Z.Z.); (A.S.Y.); (D.N.F.); (A.R.I.G.); (J.M.A.)
- Brain and Behaviour Cluster (BBC), School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Malaysia
- Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia (HUSM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Malaysia; (W.M.N.W.H.); (M.H.H.)
| | - Ang Song Yee
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Malaysia; (Z.Z.); (A.S.Y.); (D.N.F.); (A.R.I.G.); (J.M.A.)
- Brain and Behaviour Cluster (BBC), School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Malaysia
- Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia (HUSM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Malaysia; (W.M.N.W.H.); (M.H.H.)
| | - Diana Noma Fitzrol
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Malaysia; (Z.Z.); (A.S.Y.); (D.N.F.); (A.R.I.G.); (J.M.A.)
- Brain and Behaviour Cluster (BBC), School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Malaysia
- Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia (HUSM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Malaysia; (W.M.N.W.H.); (M.H.H.)
| | - Abdul Rahman Izaini Ghani
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Malaysia; (Z.Z.); (A.S.Y.); (D.N.F.); (A.R.I.G.); (J.M.A.)
- Brain and Behaviour Cluster (BBC), School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Malaysia
- Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia (HUSM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Malaysia; (W.M.N.W.H.); (M.H.H.)
| | - Jafri Malin Abdullah
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Malaysia; (Z.Z.); (A.S.Y.); (D.N.F.); (A.R.I.G.); (J.M.A.)
- Brain and Behaviour Cluster (BBC), School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Malaysia
- Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia (HUSM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Malaysia; (W.M.N.W.H.); (M.H.H.)
| | - Wan Mohd Nazaruddin Wan Hassan
- Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia (HUSM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Malaysia; (W.M.N.W.H.); (M.H.H.)
- Department of Anaesthesiology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Hasyizan Hassan
- Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia (HUSM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Malaysia; (W.M.N.W.H.); (M.H.H.)
- Department of Anaesthesiology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Malaysia
| | - Asrulnizam Abdul Manaf
- Collaborative Microelectronic Design Excellence Center (CEDEC), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Bayan Lepas 11900, Malaysia;
| | - Raymond Ooi Chong Heng
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia;
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