1
|
Selivanova EK, Gaynullina DK, Tarasova OS. Thyroxine Induces Acute Relaxation of Rat Skeletal Muscle Arteries via Integrin αvβ3, ERK1/2 and Integrin-Linked Kinase. Front Physiol 2021; 12:726354. [PMID: 34594239 PMCID: PMC8477044 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.726354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Hyperthyroidism is associated with a decreased peripheral vascular resistance, which could be caused by the vasodilator genomic or non-genomic effects of thyroid hormones (TH). Non-genomic, or acute, effects develop within several minutes and involve a wide tissue-specific spectrum of molecular pathways poorly studied in vasculature. We aimed to investigate the mechanisms of acute effects of TH on rat skeletal muscle arteries. Methods: Sural arteries from male Wistar rats were used for isometric force recording (wire myography) and phosphorylated protein content measurement (Western blotting). Results: Both triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) reduced contractile response of sural arteries to α1-adrenoceptor agonist methoxamine. The effect of T4 was more prominent than T3 and not affected by iopanoic acid, an inhibitor of deiodinase 2. Endothelium denudation abolished the effect of T3, but not T4. Integrin αvβ3 inhibitor tetrac abolished the effect of T4 in endothelium-denuded arteries. T4 weakened methoxamine-induced elevation of phospho-MLC2 (Ser19) content in arterial samples. The effect of T4 in endothelium-denuded arteries was abolished by inhibiting ERK1/2 activation with U0126 as well as by ILK inhibitor Cpd22 but persisted in the presence of Src- or Rho-kinase inhibitors (PP2 and Y27632, respectively). Conclusion: Acute non-genomic relaxation of sural arteries induced by T3 is endothelium-dependent and that induced by T4 is endothelium-independent. The effect of T4 on α1-adrenergic contraction is stronger compared to T3 and involves the suppression of extracellular matrix signaling via integrin αvβ3, ERK1/2 and ILK with subsequent decrease of MLC2 (Ser19) phosphorylation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina K Selivanova
- Department of Human and Animal Physiology, Faculty of Biology, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Dina K Gaynullina
- Department of Human and Animal Physiology, Faculty of Biology, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.,Department of Physiology, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga S Tarasova
- Department of Human and Animal Physiology, Faculty of Biology, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.,Laboratory of Exercise Physiology, Institute of Biomedical Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Jankauskas SS, Morelli MB, Gambardella J, Lombardi A, Santulli G. Thyroid hormones regulate both cardiovascular and renal mechanisms underlying hypertension. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 2020; 23:373-381. [PMID: 33377271 PMCID: PMC8030083 DOI: 10.1111/jch.14152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stanislovas S Jankauskas
- Department of Medicine, Einstein-Mount Sinai Diabetes Research Center (ES-DRC), Fleischer Institute for Diabetes and Metabolism (FIDAM), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Marco B Morelli
- Department of Medicine, Einstein-Mount Sinai Diabetes Research Center (ES-DRC), Fleischer Institute for Diabetes and Metabolism (FIDAM), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Einstein Institute for Aging Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jessica Gambardella
- Department of Medicine, Einstein-Mount Sinai Diabetes Research Center (ES-DRC), Fleischer Institute for Diabetes and Metabolism (FIDAM), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Einstein Institute for Aging Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Advanced Biomedical Science, "Federico II" University, and International Translational Research and Medical Education Consortium (ITME), Naples, Italy
| | - Angela Lombardi
- Department of Medicine, Einstein-Mount Sinai Diabetes Research Center (ES-DRC), Fleischer Institute for Diabetes and Metabolism (FIDAM), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Gaetano Santulli
- Department of Medicine, Einstein-Mount Sinai Diabetes Research Center (ES-DRC), Fleischer Institute for Diabetes and Metabolism (FIDAM), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Einstein Institute for Aging Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Advanced Biomedical Science, "Federico II" University, and International Translational Research and Medical Education Consortium (ITME), Naples, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Khalfallah M, Draz E, Shalaby K, Hafez YM. Predictors of poorly developed coronary collateral circulation in patients with subclinical hypothyroidism suffered from chronic stable angina. Glob Cardiol Sci Pract 2019; 2019:e201910. [PMID: 31799285 PMCID: PMC6865308 DOI: 10.21542/gcsp.2019.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. The development of coronary collaterals is variable among patients with coronary artery disease and remains incompletely understood. We aimed to demonstrate the predictors of poorly developed coronary collateral circulation (CCC) in patients with subclinical hypothyroidism suffered from chronic stable angina. Methods. The study was conducted on 226 patients with subclinical hypothyroidism suffered from chronic stable angina, coronary angiography documented total occlusion at any major coronary artery or coronary artery lumen diameter stenosis >90%. Patients were divided into two groups according to grade of CCC, group A: 138 patients with (good collaterals) and group B: 88 patients with (poor collaterals). To classify CCC, we used Rentrop’s classification. Results. Multivariate regression analysis was performed and identified the independent predictors of poor coronary collaterals: N/L ratio (OR 0.413, CI 95% [0.172–0.993], p = 0.048), and TSH (OR 2.511, CI 95% [1.784–3.534], p = 0.001). The ROC analysis provided a cut-off value of >4.6 for N/L ratio, and >9 µIU/mL for TSH to predict poor coronary collaterals. Conclusion. An elevated level of N/L ratio >4.6 and TSH level >9 µIU/mL were the independent predictors of poorly developed CCC in patients with subclinical hypothyroidism suffered from chronic stable angina.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Khalfallah
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Enas Draz
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Khaled Shalaby
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Yasser Mostafa Hafez
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Castilla R, Asuaje A, Rivière S, Romero CG, Martín P, Cao G, Kleiman de Pisarev D, Milesi V, Alvarez L. Environmental pollutant hexachlorobenzene induces hypertension in a rat model. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 195:576-584. [PMID: 29277037 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.11.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Revised: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Hexachlorobenzene (HCB) is a dioxin-like environmental pollutant, widely distributed in the environment. New research links exposure to high levels of persistent organic environmental toxicants to cardiovascular disease, however little is known about the effect of HCB on vascular function and on blood pressure. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate biochemical and cardiovascular changes resulting from subchronic HCB exposure. Adult female Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with vehicle or HCB (5 or 500 mg/kg b.w) for 45 days. Systolic blood pressure (BP), recorded by tail cuff plethysmography, was significantly increased at 35, 40 and 45 days of 500 mg/kg HCB-treatment. HCB (500 mg/kg) increased arterial thickness, while both 5 and 500 mg/kg HCB decreased proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) protein levels and cellular nuclei in abdominal aortas indicating a hypertrophic process. Also, aortas from both groups of HCB-treated rats presented higher sensitivity to noradrenalin (NA) and a significant decrease in maximum contractile response. Arteries from 500 mg/kg HCB-treated rats showed a significant increase in the levels of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) mRNA and angiotensin II type1 receptor (AT1), and a significant decrease in estrogen receptor alpha (ERα), endothelial nitric oxidide synthase (eNOS) protein expression and deiodinase II (DII) mRNA levels. In conclusion, we have demonstrated for the first time that subchronic HCB administration significantly increases BP and alters associated cardiovascular parameters in rats. In addition, HCB alters the expression of key vascular tissue molecules involved in BP regulation, such as TGF-β1, AT1, ERα, eNOS and DII.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rocío Castilla
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, CONICET, Instituto de Investigaciones Cardiológicas (ININCA), C1122AAJ Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Agustín Asuaje
- Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, CONICET, Instituto de Estudios Inmunológicos y Fisiopatológicos (IIFP), 1900, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Stéphanie Rivière
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, CONICET, Instituto de Investigaciones Cardiológicas (ININCA), C1122AAJ Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Caimi Giselle Romero
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Bioquímica Humana, Laboratorio de Efectos Biológicos de Contaminantes Ambientales, C1121ABG, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Pedro Martín
- Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, CONICET, Instituto de Estudios Inmunológicos y Fisiopatológicos (IIFP), 1900, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Gabriel Cao
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, CONICET, Instituto de Investigaciones Cardiológicas (ININCA), C1122AAJ Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Diana Kleiman de Pisarev
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Bioquímica Humana, Laboratorio de Efectos Biológicos de Contaminantes Ambientales, C1121ABG, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Verónica Milesi
- Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, CONICET, Instituto de Estudios Inmunológicos y Fisiopatológicos (IIFP), 1900, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Laura Alvarez
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Bioquímica Humana, Laboratorio de Efectos Biológicos de Contaminantes Ambientales, C1121ABG, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Lozano-Cuenca J, López-Canales OA, Aguilar-Carrasco JC, Villagrana-Zesati JR, López-Mayorga RM, Castillo-Henkel EF, López-Canales JS. Pharmacological study of the mechanisms involved in the vasodilator effect produced by the acute application of triiodothyronine to rat aortic rings. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 49:S0100-879X2016000800604. [PMID: 27464023 PMCID: PMC4964895 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x20165304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A relationship between thyroid hormones and the cardiovascular system has been well established in the literature. The present in vitro study aimed to investigate the mechanisms involved in the vasodilator effect produced by the acute application of 10-8–10-4 M triiodothyronine (T3) to isolated rat aortic rings. Thoracic aortic rings from 80 adult male Wistar rats were isolated and mounted in tissue chambers filled with Krebs-Henseleit bicarbonate buffer in order to analyze the influence of endothelial tissue, inhibitors and blockers on the vascular effect produced by T3. T3 induced a vasorelaxant response in phenylephrine-precontracted rat aortic rings at higher concentrations (10-4.5–10-4.0 M). This outcome was unaffected by 3.1×10-7 M glibenclamide, 10-3 M 4-aminopyridine (4-AP), 10-5 M indomethacin, or 10-5 M cycloheximide. Contrarily, vasorelaxant responses to T3 were significantly (P<0.05) attenuated by endothelium removal or the application of 10-6 M atropine, 10-5 M L-NG-nitroarginine methyl ester (L-NAME), 10-7 M 1H-(1,2,4)oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one (ODQ), 10-6 M (9S,10R,12R)-2,3,9,10,11,12-Hexahydro-10-methoxy-2,9-dimethyl-1-oxo-9,12-epoxy-1H-diindolo[1,2,3-fg:3′,2′,1′-kl]pyrrolo[3,4-i](1,6)benzodiazocine-10-carboxylic acid, methyl ester KT 5823, 10-2 M tetraethylammonium (TEA), or 10-7 M apamin plus 10-7 M charybdotoxin. The results suggest the involvement of endothelial mechanisms in the vasodilator effect produced by the acute in vitro application of T3 to rat aortic rings. Possible mechanisms include the stimulation of muscarinic receptors, activation of the NO-cGMP-PKG pathway, and opening of Ca2+-activated K+ channels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Lozano-Cuenca
- Department of Cellular Biology, National Institute of Perinatology, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - O A López-Canales
- Section of Postgraduate Studies and Investigation, Higher School of Medicine, National Polytechnic Institute, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - J C Aguilar-Carrasco
- Department of Cellular Biology, National Institute of Perinatology, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - J R Villagrana-Zesati
- Department of Infectology and Perinatal Immunology, National Institute of Perinatology, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - R M López-Mayorga
- Section of Postgraduate Studies and Investigation, Higher School of Medicine, National Polytechnic Institute, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - E F Castillo-Henkel
- Section of Postgraduate Studies and Investigation, Higher School of Medicine, National Polytechnic Institute, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - J S López-Canales
- Department of Cellular Biology, National Institute of Perinatology, Mexico City, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Abstract
Cardiac remodeling includes alterations in molecular, cellular, and interstitial systems contributing to changes in size, shape, and function of the heart. This may be the result of injury, alterations in hemodynamic load, neurohormonal effects, electrical abnormalities, metabolic changes, etc. Thyroid hormones (THs) serve as master regulators for diverse remodeling processes of the cardiovascular system-from the prenatal period to death. THs promote a beneficial cardiomyocyte shape and improve contractility, relaxation, and survival via reversal of molecular remodeling. THs reduce fibrosis by decreasing interstitial collagen and reduce the incidence and duration of arrhythmias via remodeling ion channel expression and function. THs restore metabolic function and also improve blood flow both by direct effects on the vessel architecture and decreasing atherosclerosis. Optimal levels of THs both in the circulation and in cardiac tissues are critical for normal homeostasis. This review highlights TH-based remodeling and clinically translatable strategies for diverse cardiovascular disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Viswanathan Rajagopalan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, New York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic Medicine, Northern Blvd, PO Box 8000, Old Westbury, NY, 11568-8000, USA,
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Cabral MD, Teixeira P, Soares D, Leite S, Salles E, Waisman M. Effects of thyroxine replacement on endothelial function and carotid artery intima-media thickness in female patients with mild subclinical hypothyroidism. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2011; 66:1321-8. [PMID: 21915478 PMCID: PMC3161206 DOI: 10.1590/s1807-59322011000800003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2011] [Accepted: 04/19/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have suggested an association between subclinical hypothyroidism and coronary artery disease that could be related to changes in serum lipids or endothelial dysfunction. METHODS Thirty-two female subclinical hypothyroidism patients were randomly assigned to 12 months of L-thyroxine replacement or no treatment. Endothelial function was measured by the flow-mediated vasodilatation of the brachial artery, as well as mean carotid artery intima-media thickness, and lipid profiles were studied at baseline and after 12 months of follow-up. RESULTS The mean ( ± SD) serum thyroid-stimulating hormone levels in the L-thyroxine replacement and control groups were 6.09 ± 1.32 and 6.27 ± 1.39 μUI/ml, respectively. No relationship between carotid artery intima-media thickness or brachial flow-mediated vasodilatation and free T4 and serum thyroid-stimulating hormone was found. The median L-T4 dose was 44.23 ± 18.13 μg/day. After 12 months, there was a significant decrease in the flow-mediated vasodilatation in the subclinical hypothyroidism control group (before: 17.33 ± 7.88 to after: 13.1 ± 4.75%, p =0.03), but there were no significant differences in flow-mediated vasodilatation in the L-thyroxine treated group (before: 16.81 ± 7.0 to after: 18.52 ± 7.44%, p = 0.39). We did not find any significant change in mean carotid intimamedia thickness after 12 months of L-thyroxine treatment. CONCLUSION Replacement therapy prevents a decline in flow-mediated vasodilatation with continuation of the subclinical hypothyroidism state. Large prospective multicenter placebo-controlled trials are necessary to investigate endothelial physiology further in subclinical hypothyroidism patients and to define the role of L-thyroxine therapy in improving endothelial function in these patients.
Collapse
|
8
|
Axelband F, Dias J, Ferrão FM, Einicker-Lamas M. Nongenomic signaling pathways triggered by thyroid hormones and their metabolite 3-iodothyronamine on the cardiovascular system. J Cell Physiol 2010; 226:21-8. [PMID: 20658515 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- F Axelband
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Cabral MD, Teixeira PDFS, Leite SP, Vaisman M. [Markers of endothelial function in hypothyroidism]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 53:303-9. [PMID: 19578590 DOI: 10.1590/s0004-27302009000300002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2008] [Accepted: 02/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The role of the endothelium in human disease has become the focus of scientific investigation and recently noninvasive and less expensive measures of endothelial function have become available. The endothelium modulates the vascular tonus and participates in inflammatory processes, platelet aggregation and thrombosis. Consequently, endothelial dysfunction has been implicated as an important event in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Hypothyroidism is associated with an increased cardiovascular risk, and the assessment of endothelial function holds a great deal of promise as an assessment tool for the detection of preclinical cardiovascular alterations associated with thyroid dysfunction. Some recent studies have demonstrated a relationship between thyroid status and endothelial function, but large multicenter, placebo-controlled prospective trials are necessary to address this issue and the effect of levothyroxine replacement treatment in endothelial function. The objective of this work is to discuss the perspective picture in endothelium and thyroid function relationship.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mônica Dias Cabral
- Serviço de Endocrinologia, Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho (HUCFF), Departamentode Clínica Médica, Faculdadede Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Thyroid hormone in cardiac surgery. Vascul Pharmacol 2010; 52:131-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2009.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2009] [Accepted: 11/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
11
|
Barreto-Chaves MLM, Carrillo-Sepúlveda MA, Carneiro-Ramos MS, Gomes DA, Diniz GP. The crosstalk between thyroid hormones and the Renin-Angiotensin System. Vascul Pharmacol 2009; 52:166-70. [PMID: 19857605 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2009.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2009] [Accepted: 10/18/2009] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormones (THs) exert multiple effects on the heart and vascular system. As a consequence, altered cardiovascular function observed in the thyroid diseases corresponds to one of the most important and clinically relevant aspects found in both hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism. Besides THs' direct effects on the heart and vascular system, in the last three decades several studies have implicated the Renin-Angiotensin System (RAS) in some of the cardiovascular effects of THs, with this interaction suggesting that RAS may be an important mediator of THs actions. In the present review, we discuss the alterations in the circulating RAS, as well as modifications in cardiac and vascular RAS which are involved in the cardiovascular alterations found during the modulation of TH levels. In addition, considering the important role that both systems present during fetal and neonatal periods, we also review the interaction between THs and the RAS in the development of cardiovascular system. A greater understanding of the role of the RAS in hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism, during early or adult life will presumably facilitate the evolution of newer, targeted therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Luiza M Barreto-Chaves
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Functional Anatomy, Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences of University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
The role of thyroid hormone in the pathophysiology of heart failure: clinical evidence. Heart Fail Rev 2008; 15:155-69. [DOI: 10.1007/s10741-008-9126-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2008] [Accepted: 11/06/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
13
|
Abstract
Altered cardiac function in thyroid disease is well recognized and has been extensively investigated, vascular function has however been less well studied in those with thyroid dysfunction. Thyroid hormones, thyroxine (T(4)) and triiodothyronine (T(3)) are important regulators of cardiac function and cardiovascular hemodynamics. The cardiovascular system responds to minimal but persistent changes in circulating thyroid hormone levels producing changes in vascular reactivity and endothelial function. The detection of endothelial dysfunction and/or arterial stiffness allows early identification of individuals at risk as these occur in both patients with risk factors for coronary artery disease and in those with established disease. This may allow treatment to be targeted at high risk individuals with the aim of slowing the progression of vascular disease. The various methods used to assess arterial function are reviewed and the changes demonstrated in human and animal models of thyroid dysfunction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Penelope J D Owen
- Centre for Endocrine and Diabetes Sciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Wales, United Kingdom.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Kimura K, Shinozaki Y, Jujo S, Shizuma T, Fukuyama N, Nakazawa H. Triiodothyronine acutely increases blood flow in the ventricles and kidneys of anesthesized rabbits. Thyroid 2006; 16:357-60. [PMID: 16646681 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2006.16.357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormone (triiodothyronine [T(3)]) has various nongenomic effects, including alterations in glucose and fatty acid metabolism, augmentation of intracellular Ca(2+), enhancement of myocardial contractility, and vascular dilatation. However, its effect on regional blood flow remains to be established. We have measured the effect of T(3) on blood flow in major organs of anesthetized rabbits in vivo using the microsphere method. Under artificial respiration, nonradioactive microspheres (5 x 10(5)) labeled with barium were injected to measure blood flow at control level. Then, T(3) (50 microg/kg per milliliter) was administered and microspheres labeled with iodine (5 x 10(5)) were injected. The atria, ventricles, kidneys, and right upper limb were excised and their contents of microspheres were evaluated. Blood flow in the ventricles was significantly increased by T(3) (2.9 +/- 0.3 versus 3.4 +/- 0.3 mL/min per gram, vehicle versus T(3)). Similarly, blood flow in the kidneys was significantly higher after T(3) injection (4.3 +/- 0.5 versus 5.1 +/- 0.5 mL/min per, vehicle versus T(3)). The blood flow in the atria and skeletal muscles remained unchanged. These results indicate that the vasodilatory response to T(3) is not uniform and occurs preferentially in major organs such as cardiac ventricles and kidneys; this may be relevant to the T(3)-induced improvement of cardiac function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Koji Kimura
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tokai University, Isehara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Colantuoni A, Marchiafava PL, Lapi D, Forini FS, Iervasi G. Effects of tetraiodothyronine and triiodothyronine on hamster cheek pouch microcirculation. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2004; 288:H1931-6. [PMID: 15576438 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00931.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to assess the effects of topically applied triiodothyronine (T(3)) and thyroxine (T(4)) on the arterioles of hamster cheek pouch microcirculation in vivo. Microvessels were visualized using a fluorescent microscopy technique. Topical application of T(3) (3.08, 30.8, 61.5, 307, 615, and 6,150 nM/l) consistently induced dose-dependent dilation of arterioles within 2.0 +/- 0.5 min of administration. The application of T(4) (150, 257, 514, and 5,140 nM/l) caused different dose-dependent effects: dilation at the three lower doses within 16 +/- 2 min and rhythmic diameter changes at the highest dose. Aging of hamsters did not alter the arteriolar responses to T(3) and T(4). T(3)-induced dilation was countered by the inhibition of nitric oxide synthase with N(G)-nitro-L-arginine-methyl ester or N(G)-nitro-L-arginine. Iopanoic acid (IPA), which inhibits types I and II 5'-deiodinase, abolished the dilation elicited by 514 nM T(4) but did not affect T(3)-dependent dilation. 6-Propyl-2-thiouracil (PTU), which inhibits type I 5'-deiodinase only, did not affect the dilation induced by T(4). IPA and PTU did not impair arteriolar dilation induced by acetylcholine or sodium nitroprusside. These results indicate that T(3) induces arteriolar dilation, likely through nitric oxide release. The local conversion of T(4) to T(3) appears to be crucial for the dilation induced by T(4).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Colantuoni
- Dept. of Neuroscience, Federico II University Medical School, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Abstract
Extranuclear or nongenomic actions of thyroid hormone do not require formation of a nuclear complex between the hormone and its traditional 3,5,3'-triiodo-L-thyronine (T3) receptor (TR). Among nongenomic actions of iodothyronines that are relevant to the heart are those on membrane ion channels or pumps. These include stimulation of the sarcolemmal Na+ channel, inward-rectifying K+ channel, voltage-activated potassium channels, and calcium pump (Ca2+-adenosine triphosphatases [ATPases]) and have been shown in intact cells or isolated membranes. Because circulating levels of thyroid hormone are relatively stable, actions on channels or pumps may contribute to setting of basal activity of these transport functions. The mechanism of certain of these membrane effects may involve actions of the hormone on signal transducing protein kinases that modulate levels of activity of plasma membrane channels. Thyroid hormone nongenomically enhances myocardial contractility in isolated myocardial cells, in the isolated perfused rat heart and in human subjects. Iodothyronines also decrease vasomotor tone in a variety of models and in man by a mechanism independent of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), or nitric oxide generation. Acutely increased myocardial mitochondrial respiration has been demonstrated in isolated organelles exposed to thyroid hormone. Genomic and nongenomic actions of thyroid hormone can interface, e.g., at the level of sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase, where gene expression is regulated by the TR-T3 complex and activity of the enzyme can be modulated nongenomically. The relevance of nongenomic actions of thyroid hormone on the heart has been demonstrated in acute effects of the hormone on cardiac output and systemic vascular resistance in human subjects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Davis
- Ordway Research Institute, Albany Medical College and Stratton Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Albany, New York, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|