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Zhang P, Zhu H. Cytokines in Thyroid-Associated Ophthalmopathy. J Immunol Res 2022; 2022:2528046. [PMID: 36419958 PMCID: PMC9678454 DOI: 10.1155/2022/2528046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 09/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO), also known as thyroid eye disease (TED) or Graves' orbitopathy (GO), is a complex autoimmune condition causing visual impairment, disfigurement, and harm to patients' physical and mental health. The pathogenesis of TAO has not been fully elucidated, and the mainstream view is that coantigens shared by the thyroid and orbit trigger remodeling of extraocular muscles and orbital connective tissues through an inflammatory response. In recent years, cytokines and the immune responses they mediate have been crucial in disease progression, and currently, common evidence has shown that drugs targeting cytokines, such as tocilizumab, infliximab, and adalimumab, may be novel targets for therapy. In this review, we summarize the research development of different cytokines in TAO pathogenesis in the hope of discovering new therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengbo Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Huang Zhu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
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Karakaya D, Çakmak Genc G, Karakas Celik S, Aktas T, Bayraktaroglu T, Dursun A. Association between IL-18 gene polymorphisms and Hashimoto thyroiditis. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 48:6703-6708. [PMID: 34460061 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06659-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT), which is also called lymphocytic thyroiditis, is the most frequent autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD), in which T helper-1 lymphocytes mediate the disease. IL-18 is expressed in thyroid follicular cells (TFCs) during HT. The findings of studies aimed at investigating the relationship between IL-18 and HT are highly contradictory. In this study, we aimed to investigate the association between IL-18 gene polymorphisms and HT. METHODS AND RESULTS The study included 97 patients diagnosed with HT and 86 volunteers in the healthy control group. The IL18-607C/A (rs1946518) and -137G/C (rs187238) genotypes were determined using the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method. No significant difference in the mean age or sex was observed between the groups (p = 0.763 and p = 0.658, respectively). The -137 IL18 CG genotype was more frequent in HT patients than in controls. In HT patients, the risk of the IL-18 CG genotype was more than 2.237 times higher (OR 2.237%95 Cl 1.195-4.187, p = 0.039) than that of the G/G genotype. Additionally, the -607 AC genotype was more frequent in the control group than in the HT group (in individuals with the IL18 CG genotype). CONCLUSIONS According to our results, the CG genotype might be a risk factor for HT. Conversely, there is a possibility that the AC genotype plays a protective role against the condition. However, further studies will contribute to new solutions by revealing the molecular and cellular mechanisms of HT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilek Karakaya
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Gebze Medical Park Hospital, Kavak Street No:5, Gebze/Kocaeli, Turkey.
| | - Gunes Çakmak Genc
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Bulent Ecevit University, Zonguldak, Turkey
| | - Sevim Karakas Celik
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Bulent Ecevit University, Zonguldak, Turkey
| | - Tugba Aktas
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Sciences and Arts, Bulent Ecevit University, Zonguldak, Turkey
| | - Taner Bayraktaroglu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, Zonguldak, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Dursun
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Bulent Ecevit University, Zonguldak, Turkey
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Inoue N, Watanabe M, Nakaguchi A, Ueda D, Kawaguti H, Hidaka Y, Iwatani Y. Functional polymorphisms affecting Th1 differentiation are associated with the severity of autoimmune thyroid diseases. Endocr J 2017; 64:695-703. [PMID: 28515387 DOI: 10.1507/endocrj.ej16-0551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The prognosis for autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITDs), such as Hashimoto's disease (HD) and Graves' disease (GD), varies among patients. Interleukin (IL)-12 and IL-18 also induce Th1 differentiation, and SOCS1 (Suppressor of cytokine signaling 1) and TIM-3 (T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-3) are known to be negative regulators of Th1 cells. To clarify the association of functional polymorphisms in the IL12, IL12Rβ1, IL18, SOCS1 and TIM3 genes with the intractability and severity of autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD), we genotyped these polymorphisms in 151 GD patients, including 61 patients with intractable GD and 51 patients with GD in remission, in 140 HD patients, including 59 patients with severe HD and 55 patients with mild HD, and in 74 healthy controls. The frequency of the IL18 -607CC genotype which correlates with a high production of IL-18, was significantly higher in patients with GD in remission than in those with intractable GD (p=0.0178). The -607C allele was significantly higher in patients with severe HD than in those with mild HD (p=0.0050). The -607CC genotype in IL18 gene may be protective against the intractability of GD, and the -607C allele may enhance the severity of HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoya Inoue
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Division of Health Sciences, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita 565-0871, Japan
- Laboratory for Clinical Investigation, Osaka University Hospital, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Mikio Watanabe
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Division of Health Sciences, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Azusa Nakaguchi
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Division of Health Sciences, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Daishi Ueda
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Division of Health Sciences, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hayaka Kawaguti
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Division of Health Sciences, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yoh Hidaka
- Laboratory for Clinical Investigation, Osaka University Hospital, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Iwatani
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Division of Health Sciences, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita 565-0871, Japan
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Lee JY, Kim NK, Cho YW, Lew H. Association between methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) polymorphisms and susceptibility to Graves' ophthalmopathy. Mol Med Rep 2016; 14:2276-82. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.5458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Wong KH, Rong SS, Chong KKL, Young AL, Pang CP, Chen LJ. Genetic Associations of Interleukin-related Genes with Graves' Ophthalmopathy: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Sci Rep 2015; 5:16672. [PMID: 26578206 PMCID: PMC4649612 DOI: 10.1038/srep16672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Graves’ ophthalmopathy (GO) is the commonest extra-thyroidal manifestation of Graves’ disease (GD). Associations between interleukin-related (IL) gene polymorphisms and GO have been reported in different populations. We aim to confirm such associations by conducting a meta-analysis. Totally 382 publications were retrieved in MEDLINE and EMBASE up to 25/2/2015. After removing the duplicates and assessing the studies, we retrieved 16 studies that met the selection criteria for meta-analysis, involving 12 polymorphisms in 8 IL-related genes, and 1650 GO cases and 2909 GD controls. The summary odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated. We found one polymorphism in IL1A (rs1800587, c.-889C>T) showing a suggestive association with GO in the meta-analysis (allelic model [T vs. C]: OR = 1.62, 95% CI: 1.00–2.62, P = 0.050, I2 = 53.7%; recessive model [TT vs. TC + CC]: OR = 2.39, 95% CI: 1.07–5.37, P = 0.039, I2 = 23.6%; heterozygous model [TC vs. CC]: OR = 1.52, 95% CI: 1.04–2.22, P = 0.034, I2 = 37.0%). No association with GO was detected for the other 7 genes (IL1B, IL1RA, IL4, IL6, IL12B, IL13 and IL23R). Our results thus indicate that IL1A is likely to be a genetic biomarker for GO. Further studies with larger sample sizes are warranted to confirm the associations of IL1A and other IL-related genes with GO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kah Hie Wong
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Shi Song Rong
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kelvin K L Chong
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - Alvin L Young
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chi Pui Pang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Li Jia Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, China
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Huang CY, Ting WH, Lo FS, Wu YL, Chang TY, Chan HW, Lin WS, Chen WF, Lien YP, Lee YJ. The IL18 gene and Hashimoto thyroiditis in children. Hum Immunol 2012; 74:120-4. [PMID: 23073298 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2012.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2012] [Revised: 09/13/2012] [Accepted: 10/03/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin 18 (IL18) stimulates interferon-γ production in Th1 cells which are prominent in the thyroid of Hashimoto thyroiditis (HT). We investigated the association between the IL18 gene and HT. There were 116 children with HT and 1272 controls. rs187238 and rs1946518 in the promoter region of the IL18 gene were genotyped. Differences in genotype, allele, carrier, and haplotype distributions between patients and controls were compared. A Pc value <0.05 was considered significant. The frequency of the C/G genotype of rs187238 was significantly higher in patients and conferred a risk of HT (OR, 1.96; 95% CI, 1.30-2.95; Pc, 0.0021). So did the frequencies of allele C (OR, 1.73; 95% CI, 1.22-2.44; Pc, 0.0035) and carrier C (OR, 1.96; 95% CI, 1.31-2.92; Pc, 0.0017), however the frequency of the G/G genotype was significantly lower in patients than in controls (OR, 0.51; 95% CI, 0.34-0.76; Pc, 0.0034). There was no association between HT and rs1946518. The CT haplotype was significantly more frequent in patients than in controls and conferred a risk of HT (OR, 1.76; 95% CI, 1.24-2.49; Pc, 0.0049). We concluded that the IL18 gene was associated with HT in children. The rs187238C allele and CT haplotype conferred a risk of HT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Yu Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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Pan HF, Leng RX, Ye DQ. Lack of association of interleukin-18 gene promoter -607 A/C polymorphism with susceptibility to autoimmune diseases: a meta-analysis. Lupus 2011; 20:945-51. [PMID: 21636628 DOI: 10.1177/0961203311400114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Published data on the association between interleukin (IL)-18 gene promoter -607 A/C polymorphism and autoimmune diseases risk are inconclusive. To derive a more precise estimation of the relationship, a meta-analysis was performed. METHODS A total of 17 studies, including six studies on type 1 diabetes (T1D), four on rheumatoid arthritis (RA), five on systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), three on Crohn's Disease (CD) and three on ulcerative colitis (UC), were available for the meta-analysis. Meta-analysis was performed for genotypes A/A (recessive effect), genotypes A/A + A/C (dominant effect), and A allele in fixed or random-effects models. RESULTS Overall, no significantly elevated autoimmune diseases risk was found in all genetic models when all studies were pooled into the meta-analysis. The overall odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for A-allele were T1D (OR = 0.938, 95% CI = 0.757-1.162), RA (OR = 0.759, 95% CI = 0.540-1.067), SLE (OR = 0.858, 95% CI = 0.609-1.208), CD (OR = 1.159, 95% CI = 0.975-1.379) and UC (OR = 1.170, 95% CI = 0.977-1.402), respectively. In the subgroup analysis by ethnicity, there was still no significant association detected in all genetic models. CONCLUSIONS To date, there is still not enough evidence to indicate the association of IL-18 gene promoter -607 A/C polymorphism and the development of autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- H-F Pan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Anhui, PR China
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Khalilzadeh O, Anvari M, Esteghamati A, Mahmoudi M, Tahvildari M, Rashidi A, Khosravi F, Amirzargar A. Graves' ophthalmopathy and gene polymorphisms in interleukin-1alpha, interleukin-1beta, interleukin-1 receptor and interleukin-1 receptor antagonist. Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2009; 37:614-9. [PMID: 19702713 DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-9071.2009.02093.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Interleukin-1 (IL-1) is known to have an important role in pathogenesis of Graves' ophthalmopathy (GO). Polymorphisms in IL-1 gene have been associated with autoimmune reactions. This study aimed to investigate the association of GO with single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the IL-1 family (IL-1alpha, IL-1beta, IL-1 receptor [IL-1R] and IL-1 receptor antagonist [IL-1RA]). METHODS A total of 57 patients of Graves' disease without GO, 50 patients with GO and 140 healthy controls were enrolled. Patients were recruited consecutively from the outpatient endocrine clinic of a large university general hospital. Cytokine typing was performed by the polymerase chain reaction with sequence-specific primers assay. The allele and genotype frequencies of the following polymorphisms were determined: IL-1alpha (-889C/T), IL-1beta (-511C/T), IL-1beta (+3962C/T), IL-1R (Pst-1 1970C/T) and IL-1RA (Mspa-1 11100C/T). Genotype distributions among patients were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium for all polymorphisms. RESULTS Among the five SNPs studied, the frequencies of the T allele and the TT genotype of IL-1alpha (-889C/T) were significantly higher among patients with GO than those without GO (odds ratio [OR] = 2.16, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.25-3.74; P = 0.006 and 5.67, 95% CI = 1.66-49.34; P = 0.005, respectively). For IL-1RA (Mspa-1 11100C/T), the frequencies of the C allele and the CC genotype were significantly higher among patients with GO (OR = 2.31, 95% CI = 1.34-4.00; P = 0.004 and 6.73 95% CI = 1.94-23.36; P = 0.004, respectively; P < 0.01). No significant association was found for other SNPs. CONCLUSION This is the first study to show a positive correlation between polymorphisms in the IL-1alpha and IL-1RA genes and susceptibility to GO. These findings promote further research into genetic correlates of GO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omid Khalilzadeh
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Vali-Asr Hospital, Tehran, Iran
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Bednarczuk T, Gopinath B, Ploski R, Wall JR. Susceptibility genes in Graves' ophthalmopathy: searching for a needle in a haystack? Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2007; 67:3-19. [PMID: 17521325 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2265.2007.02854.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The variety of clinical presentations of eye changes in patients with Graves' disease suggests that complex interactions between genetic, environmental, endogenous and local factors influence the development/severity of Graves' ophthalmopathy (GO). At present, the role of genetic factors in the development of GO remains unknown. Based on small case-control association studies with candidate genes, several susceptibility loci in GO have been proposed. These are human leucocyte antigen (HLA, 6p21.3), cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4, 2q33), tumour necrosis factor (TNF, 6p21.3), interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma, 12q14), intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1, 19p13), and thyroid stimulating hormone receptor gene (TSH-R, 14q31). Unfortunately, these results were either not confirmed or require replication in larger studies. There are many reasons for the lack of reproducibility of association studies in GO, including poor characterization of the studied groups and small sample sizes, which may result in both false positive and negative results. Thus, the genetic background of GO remains to be elucidated in future research. However, the possibility that GO may be a genetically heterogeneous disorder, or that the development of GO may be predominantly influenced by environmental factors such as cigarette smoking, can not be disregarded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Bednarczuk
- Department of Endocrinology, Medical University of Warsaw, Medical Research Center, Polish Academy of Science, Warsaw, Poland
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