1
|
Alkadhi KA. Synaptic Plasticity and Cognitive Ability in Experimental Adult-Onset Hypothyroidism. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2024; 389:150-162. [PMID: 38508752 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.123.001887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Adult-onset hypothyroidism impairs normal brain function. Research on animal models of hypothyroidism has revealed critical information on how deficiency of thyroid hormones impacts the electrophysiological and molecular functions of the brain, which leads to the well known cognitive impairment in untreated hypothyroid patients. Currently, such information can only be obtained from experiments on animal models of hypothyroidism. This review summarizes important research findings that pertain to understanding the clinical cognitive consequences of hypothyroidism, which will provide a better guiding path for therapy of hypothyroidism. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Cognitive impairment occurs during adult-onset hypothyroidism in both humans and animal models. Findings from animal studies validate clinical findings showing impaired long-term potentiation, decreased CaMKII, and increased calcineurin. Such findings can only be gleaned from animal experiments to show how hypothyroidism produces clinical symptoms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karim A Alkadhi
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
A Fine Regulation of the Hippocampal Thyroid Signalling Pro-Tects Hypothyroid Mice against Glial Cell Activation. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911938. [PMID: 36233235 PMCID: PMC9569489 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult-onset hypothyroidism is associated with learning and cognitive dysfunctions, which may be related to alterations in synaptic plasticity. Local reduced levels of thyroid hormones (THs) may impair glia morphology and activity, and promote the increase of pro-inflammatory cytokine levels mainly in the hippocampus. Given that neuroinflammation induces memory impairments, hypothyroidism-related glia dysfunction may participate in brain disorders. Thus, we investigated the mechanisms linking hypothyroidism and neuroinflammation, from a protective perspective. We induced hypothyroidism in adult C57BL/6J and wild-derived WSB/EiJ male mice by a seven-week propylthiouracil (PTU) treatment. We previously showed that WSB/EiJ mice were resistant to high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity, showing no neuroinflammatory response through adaptive abilities, unlike C57BL/6J. As PTU and HFD treatments are known to induce comparable inflammatory responses, we hypothesized that WSB/EiJ mice might also be protected against hypothyroidism-induced neuroinflammation. We showed that hypothyroid WSB/EiJ mice depicted no hippocampal neuroinflammatory response and were able to maintain their hippocampal thyroid signalling despite low circulatisng TH levels. In contrast, C57BL/6J mice exhibited disturbed hippocampal TH signalling, accompanied by neuroinflammation and memory impairment. Our results reinforce the preponderance of the hippocampal TH regulatory system over TH circulating levels in the hippocampal glial reactivity.
Collapse
|
3
|
Ahmadabady S, Hosseini M, Shafei MN, Marefati N, Salmani H, Amirahmadi S, Mortazavi Sani SS, Beheshti F. The effects of curcumin in learning and memory impairment associated with hypothyroidism in juvenile rats: the role of nitric oxide, oxidative stress, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor. Behav Pharmacol 2022; 33:466-481. [PMID: 36094051 DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0000000000000694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The effect of curcumin (Cur) on cognitive impairment and the possible role of brain tissue oxidative stress, nitric oxide (NO) levels, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) were investigated in juvenile hypothyroid rats. The juvenile rats (21 days old) were allocated into the following groups: (1) control; (2) hypothyroid (0.05% propylthiouracil (PTU) in drinking water); (3-5) hypothyroid-Cur 50, 100, and 150, which in these groups 50, 100, or 150 mg/kg, Cur was orally administered by gavage during 6 weeks. In the hypothyroid rats, the time elapsed and the traveled distance to locate the hidden platform in the learning trials of Morris water maze (MWM) increased, and on the probe day, the amount of time spent in the target quadrant and the distance traveled in there was decreased. Hypothyroidism also decreased the latency and increased the time spent in the darkroom of the passive avoidance (PA) test. Compared with the hypothyroid group, Cur enhanced the performance of the rats in both MWM and PA tests. In addition, Cur reduced malondialdehyde concentration and NO metabolites; however, it increased thiol content as well as the activity of catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase enzymes in both the cortex and hippocampus. Cur also increased hippocampal synthesis of BDNF in hypothyroid rats. The beneficial effects of Cur cognitive function in juvenile hypothyroid rats might be attributed to its protective effect against oxidative stress and potentiation of BDNF production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Somaieh Ahmadabady
- Division of Neurocognitive Sciences, Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences
| | - Mahmoud Hosseini
- Division of Neurocognitive Sciences, Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences
- Neuroscience Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences
| | | | - Narges Marefati
- Division of Neurocognitive Sciences, Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences
| | - Hossein Salmani
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences
| | - Sabiheh Amirahmadi
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Faculty of Medicine, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran
| | - Sakineh Sadat Mortazavi Sani
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Faculty of Medicine, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran
| | - Farimah Beheshti
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad
- Neuroscience Research Center, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Pan H, Wang Y, Wang X, Yan C. Dimethyl fumarate improves cognitive impairment by enhancing hippocampal brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels in hypothyroid rats. BMC Endocr Disord 2022; 22:188. [PMID: 35869475 PMCID: PMC9306081 DOI: 10.1186/s12902-022-01086-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dimethyl fumarate (DMF) is an effective drug for multiple sclerosis and can improve the cognitive dysfunction caused by streptozotocin, but the effect on cognitive dysfunction caused by hypothyroidism is unclear. METHODS After the hypothyroidism rat model induced by propylthiouracil, we gave rats 25 mg/kg DMF by gavage. The body weight during model building and administration was recorded. The levels of T4 and T3 in serum were detected by an automatic biochemical analyzer. Morris water maze test was used to detect the effect of DMF on cognitive learning ability. The effect of DMF on Nissl bodies in the brain tissue was evaluated by Nissl staining. The mRNA and protein levels of BDNF in brain tissue were detected by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and Western blot. The degrees of p-AKT/AKT and p-CREB/CREB in brain tissue were detected by Western blot. RESULTS After DMF treatment, the body weight of hypothyroid rats recovered, and the levels of T3 and T4 in the serum were ameliorated. DMF also reduced the escape latency and distance traveled, and increased the swim speed. The number of Nissl bodies and expression of BDNF, p-AKT/AKT, and p-CREB/CREB in the brain tissue were increased after DMF treatment. CONCLUSION DMF improved the cognitive dysfunction of hypothyroid rats by increasing the level of BDNF in the brain tissue of hypothyroid rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Pan
- Department of Endocrinology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medicine University, Hangzhou, 310000, China
| | - Yanbo Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medicine University, Hangzhou, 310000, China
| | - Xiaowei Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medicine University, Hangzhou, 310000, China
| | - Ci Yan
- Departments of Psychiatry, Affiliated Mental Health Center, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310000, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wang F, Cai YJ, Ma X, Wang N, Wu ZB, Sun Y, Xu YX, Yang H, Liu TT, Xia Q, Yu Z, Zhu DF. Synaptic loss in a mouse model of euthyroid Hashimoto's thyroiditis: possible involvement of the microglia. BMC Neurosci 2022; 23:25. [PMID: 35468730 PMCID: PMC9036731 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-022-00710-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (HT) is an autoimmune illness that renders individuals vulnerable to neuropsychopathology even in the euthyroid state, the mechanisms involved remain unclear. We hypothesized that activated microglia might disrupt synapses, resulting in cognitive disturbance in the context of euthyroid HT, and designed the present study to test this hypothesis. Methods Experimental HT model was induced by immunizing NOD mice with thyroglobulin and adjuvant twice. Morris Water Maze was measured to determine mice spatial learning and memory. The synaptic parameters such as the synaptic density, synaptic ultrastructure and synaptic-markers (SYN and PSD95) as well as the interactions of microglia with synapses were also determined. Results HT mice had poorer performance in Morris Water Maze than controls. Concurrently, HT resulted in a significant reduction in synapse density and ultrastructure damage, along with decreased synaptic puncta visualized by immunostaining with synaptophysin and PSD-95. In parallel, frontal activated microglia in euthyroid HT mice showed increased engulfment of PSD95 and EM revealed that the synaptic structures were visible within the microglia. These functional alterations in microglia corresponded to structural increases in their attachment to neuronal perikarya and a reduction in presynaptic terminals covering the neurons. Conclusion Our results provide initial evidence that HT can induce synaptic loss in the euthyroid state with deficits might be attributable to activated microglia, which may underlie the deleterious effects of HT on spatial learning and memory. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12868-022-00710-2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fen Wang
- Department of Geriatric Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Yao-Jun Cai
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Xiao Ma
- Department of Respiratoration, Wuhu Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhu, 241000, China
| | - Nan Wang
- Department of Geriatric Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Zhang-Bi Wu
- Department of Geriatric Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Yan Sun
- Department of Geriatric Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Yong-Xia Xu
- Department of Geriatric Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Hao Yang
- Department of Geriatric Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Tian-Tian Liu
- Department of Geriatric Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Qin Xia
- Department of Geriatric Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Zhen Yu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China.
| | - De-Fa Zhu
- Department of Geriatric Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Kim HK, Song J. Hypothyroidism and Diabetes-Related Dementia: Focused on Neuronal Dysfunction, Insulin Resistance, and Dyslipidemia. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23062982. [PMID: 35328405 PMCID: PMC8952212 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23062982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The incidence of dementia is steadily increasing worldwide. The risk factors for dementia are diverse, and include genetic background, environmental factors, sex differences, and vascular abnormalities. Among the subtypes of dementia, diabetes-related dementia is emerging as a complex type of dementia related to metabolic imbalance, due to the increase in the number of patients with metabolic syndrome and dementia worldwide. Thyroid hormones are considered metabolic regulatory hormones and affect various diseases, such as liver failure, obesity, and dementia. Thyroid dysregulation affects various cellular mechanisms and is linked to multiple disease pathologies. In particular, hypothyroidism is considered a critical cause for various neurological problems-such as metabolic disease, depressive symptoms, and dementia-in the central nervous system. Recent studies have demonstrated the relationship between hypothyroidism and brain insulin resistance and dyslipidemia, leading to diabetes-related dementia. Therefore, we reviewed the relationship between hypothyroidism and diabetes-related dementia, with a focus on major features of diabetes-related dementia such as insulin resistance, neuronal dysfunction, and dyslipidemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hee Kyung Kim
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, 264 Seoyangro, Hwasun 58128, Korea;
| | - Juhyun Song
- Department of Anatomy, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun 58128, Korea
- BioMedical Sciences Graduate Program (BMSGP), Chonnam National University, 264 Seoyangro, Hwasun 58128, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-61-379-2706; Fax: +82-61-375-5834
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Suda M, Takatsuru Y, Amano I, Haraguchi S, Koibuchi N. Adult-onset hypothyroidism causes mechanical hypersensitivity due to peripheral nerve hyperexcitability based on voltage-gated potassium channel downregulation in male mice. J Neurosci Res 2021; 100:506-521. [PMID: 34935172 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.25001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormones play an important role in the central and peripheral nervous system functions. Approximately 50% of adult-onset hypothyroid patients have sensory symptoms including pain, possibly caused by peripheral neuropathy. However, the mechanism causing the pain has not been clarified. We generated an adult-onset hypothyroid model animal by administering 50 ppm propylthiouracil (PTU) for 5 weeks to male mice. Female mice were not tested in this study. Mechanical hypersensitivity, determined by the von Frey hair test, was observed during the PTU exposure and recovered after the exposure termination. The sciatic nerve compound action potential was also analyzed. Under single-pulse stimulation, no significant change in the threshold and conduction velocity was observed in the PTU-administered group. On the other hand, under train-pulse stimulation, the latency delay in the Aδ-fiber component was less in the PTU-administered group in Week 4 of PTU exposure, indicating relative hyperexcitability. Fluticasone, which is the anti-inflammatory agent with an ability to activate the voltage-gated potassium channel subfamily A (Kv1), restored the decrease in the latency change ratio by PTU exposure under the train-pulse stimulation supporting our hypothesis that Kv1 may be involved in the conductivity change. Kv1.1 protein level decreased significantly in the sciatic nerve of the PTU-administered group. These results indicate that adult-onset hypothyroidism causes mechanical hypersensitivity owing to hyperexcitability of the peripheral nerve and that reduction of Kv1.1 level may be involved in such alteration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Machiko Suda
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Yusuke Takatsuru
- Department of Nutrition and Health Science, Toyo University, Ora-gun, Japan
| | - Izuki Amano
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Shogo Haraguchi
- Department of Biochemistry, Showa University School of Medicine, Shinagawa-ku, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Koibuchi
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Wang N, Sun Y, Yang H, Xu Y, Cai Y, Liu T, Xia Q, Zhu D, Wang F. Hashimoto's Thyroiditis Induces Hippocampus-Dependent Cognitive Alterations by Impairing Astrocytes in Euthyroid Mice. Thyroid 2021; 31:482-493. [PMID: 32907517 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2020.0139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Background: Although studies have reported an increased risk for cognitive disorders in Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) patients, even in the euthyroid state, the mechanisms involved remain unclear. The hippocampus is a classic brain region associated with cognitive function, among which the formation of long-term potentiation (LTP) in the Schaffer collateral-CA1 pathway plays an important role in the process of learning and memory. Therefore, this study established a euthyroid HT model in mice and investigated whether and how HT itself has the ability to trigger LTP alterations accompanied by learning and memory abnormality. Methods: An experimental euthyroid HT model was established in NOD mice through immunization with porcine thyroglobulin (Tg). Morris water maze was measured to determine mice spatial learning and memory. We investigated the effect of HT on synaptic transmission and high-frequency stimulation-induced LTP in the Schaffer collateral-CA1 synapse of mice hippocampus in vivo. Then, animals were sacrificed for thyroid-related parameter measure as well as detection of cellular and molecular events associated with the induction of LTP. Results: HT mice showed intrathyroidal lymphocyte infiltration and rising serum thyroid autoantibody levels accompanied by normal thyroid function. The HT mice had poorer performance in Morris water maze than controls. These alterations were mirrored by abnormalities in synaptic plasticity in the Schaffer collateral-CA1 synapses of the hippocampus in vivo. The integrity of the synaptic structure is the premise for the production of LTP. As detected by transmission electron microscopy, the ultrastructure of synapse and astrocyte in the hippocampus were impaired in euthyroid HT mice. Additionally, Western blot and real-time polymerase chain reaction analyses confirmed that in HT mice, GS, GLAST, and GLT-1, key elements in glutamate-glutamine circulation located in astrocyte, were downregulated, accompanied by elevated levels of glutamate in the hippocampus, which impaired the material basis for LTP induction. NMDR2B expression in the hippocampus was also downregulated. Conclusion: HT can induce damage of LTP in the hippocampal Schaffer collateral-CA1 pathway in the euthyroid state, and this can be attributed, at least partly, to astrocytes impairment, which may underlie the deleterious effects of HT itself on hippocampal-dependent learning and memory function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nan Wang
- Department of Geriatric Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yan Sun
- Department of Geriatric Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Hao Yang
- Department of Geriatric Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yongxia Xu
- Department of Geriatric Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yaojun Cai
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Tiantian Liu
- Department of Geriatric Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Qin Xia
- Department of Geriatric Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Defa Zhu
- Department of Geriatric Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Fen Wang
- Department of Geriatric Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Sinha P, Chakrabarti N, Ghosh N, Mitra S, Dalui S, Bhattacharyya A. Alterations of thyroidal status in brain regions and hypothalamo-pituitary-blood-thyroid-axis associated with dopaminergic depletion in substantia nigra and ROS formation in different brain regions after MPTP treatment in adult male mice. Brain Res Bull 2020; 156:131-140. [PMID: 31891753 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2019.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
MPTP produces oxidative stress, damages niagrostriatal dopaminergic neurons and develops Parkinsonism in rodents. Due to paucity of information, the thyroidal status in brain regions and peripheral tissues during different post-treatment days in MPTP-induced mice had been executed in the present study. MPTP depleted tyrosine hydroxylase protein expressions that signify the dopaminergic neuronal damage in substantia nigra. MPTP elevated ROS formation differentially in brain regions (cerebral cortex, hippocampus, substantia nigra) with maximal elevation at hippocampus. The changes in thyroid hormone (T4 and T3) levels indicate that brain regions might combat the adverse situation by keeping the levels of thyroid hormones either unchanged or in the elevated conditions in the latter phases (day-3 and day-7), apart from the depletion of thyroid hormones in certain brain regions (T4 in SN and hippocampus, T3 in hippocampus) as the immediate (day-1) effects after MPTP treatment. MPTP caused alterations of cellular morphology, RNA:Protein ratio and TPO protein expression, concomitantly depleted TPO mRNA expression and elevated TSH levels in the thyroid gland. Although T4 levels changed differentially, T3 levels remained unaltered in thyroid gland throughout the post-treatment days. Results have been discussed mentioning the putative role of T4 and TSH in apoptosis and/or proliferation/differentiation of thyrocytes. In blood, T4 levels remained unchanged while the changes in T3 and TSH levels did not signify the clinical feature of hypo/hyperthyroidism of animals. In the pituitary, both T4 and T3 levels remained elevated where TSH differentially altered (elevated followed by depletion) during post-treatment days. Notably, T4, T3 and TSH levels did not alter in hypothalamus except initial (day-1) depletion of the T4 level. Therefore, the feedback control mechanism of hypothalamo-pituitary-blood-thyroid-axis failed to occur after MPTP treatment. Overall, MPTP altered thyroidal status in the brain and peripheral tissues while both events might occur in isolation as well.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Priyobrata Sinha
- Immunology Lab, Department of Zoology, University of Calcutta, 35, Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata 700019, India; Department of Physiology, University of Calcutta, 92, Acharya Prafulla Chandra Road, Kolkata 700009, India
| | - Nilkanta Chakrabarti
- Department of Physiology, University of Calcutta, 92, Acharya Prafulla Chandra Road, Kolkata 700009, India; Centres with Potential for Excellence in Particular Areas (CPEPA, UGC), Centre for "Electrophysiology & Neuroimaging Studies Including Mathematical Modeling" India.
| | - Nabanita Ghosh
- Immunology Lab, Department of Zoology, University of Calcutta, 35, Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata 700019, India
| | - Soham Mitra
- Immunology Lab, Department of Zoology, University of Calcutta, 35, Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata 700019, India
| | - Shauryabrota Dalui
- Immunology Lab, Department of Zoology, University of Calcutta, 35, Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata 700019, India
| | - Arindam Bhattacharyya
- Immunology Lab, Department of Zoology, University of Calcutta, 35, Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata 700019, India.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Cai YJ, Wang F, Chen ZX, Li L, Fan H, Wu ZB, Ge JF, Hu W, Wang QN, Zhu DF. Hashimoto's thyroiditis induces neuroinflammation and emotional alterations in euthyroid mice. J Neuroinflammation 2018; 15:299. [PMID: 30373627 PMCID: PMC6206655 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-018-1341-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although studies have reported an increased risk for mood disorders in Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (HT) patients even in the euthyroid state, the mechanisms involved remain unclear. Neuroinflammation may play a key role in the etiology of mood disorders in humans and behavioral disturbances in rodents. Therefore, this study established a euthyroid HT model in mice and investigated whether HT itself was capable of triggering neuroinflammation accompanied by emotional alterations. Methods Experimental HT was induced by immunizing NOD mice with thyroglobulin and adjuvant twice. Four weeks after the last challenge, mice were tested for anxiety-like behavior in the open field and elevated plus maze tests and depression-like behavior in the forced swimming and tail suspension tests. Then, animals were sacrificed for thyroid-related parameter measure as well as detection of cellular and molecular events associated with neuroinflammation. The changes in components of central serotonin signaling were also investigated. Results HT mice showed intrathyroidal monocyte infiltration and rising serum thyroid autoantibody levels accompanied by normal thyroid function, which defines euthyroid HT in humans. These mice displayed more anxiety- and depressive-like behaviors than controls. HT mice further showed microglia and astrocyte activation in the frontal cortex detected by immunohistochemistry, real-time RT-PCR, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). These observations were also accompanied by enhanced gene expression of proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β and TNF-α in the frontal cortex. Despite this inflammatory response, no signs of neuronal apoptosis were visible by the TUNEL staining and TEM in the frontal cortex of HT mice. Additionally, IDO1 and SERT, key serotonin-system-related genes activated by proinflammatory cytokines, were upregulated in HT mice, accompanied by reduced frontal cortex serotonin levels. Conclusions Our results are the first to suggest that HT induces neuroinflammation and alters related serotonin signaling in the euthyroid state, which may underlie the deleterious effects of HT itself on emotional function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yao-Jun Cai
- Department of Endocrinology, Anhui Geriatric Institute, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Fen Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Anhui Geriatric Institute, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Zhang-Xiang Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, Anhui Geriatric Institute, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Anhui Geriatric Institute, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Hua Fan
- Department of Endocrinology, Anhui Geriatric Institute, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Zhang-Bi Wu
- Department of Endocrinology, Anhui Geriatric Institute, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Jin-Fang Ge
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Bioactivity of Natural Products, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Wen Hu
- Department of Pathology, Anhui Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Qu-Nan Wang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China.
| | - De-Fa Zhu
- Department of Endocrinology, Anhui Geriatric Institute, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Baghcheghi Y, Beheshti F, Shafei MN, Salmani H, Sadeghnia HR, Soukhtanloo M, Anaeigoudari A, Hosseini M. The effects of vitamin E on brain derived neurotrophic factor, tissues oxidative damage and learning and memory of juvenile hypothyroid rats. Metab Brain Dis 2018; 33:713-724. [PMID: 29290043 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-017-0176-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The effects of vitamin E (Vit E) on brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and brain tissues oxidative damage as well as on learning and memory impairments in juvenile hypothyroid rats were examined. The rats were grouped as: (1) Control; (2) Propylthiouracil (PTU); (3) PTU-Vit E and (4) Vit E. PTU was added to their drinking water (0.05%) during 6 weeks. Vit E (20 mg/kg) was daily injected (IP). Morris water maze (MWM) and passive avoidance (PA) were carried out. The animals were deeply anesthetized and the brain tissues were removed for biochemical measurements. PTU increased the escape latency and traveled path in MWM (P < 0.001). It also shortened the latency to enter the dark compartment of PA as well as the time spent in the target quadrant in probe trial of MWM (P < 0.01-P < 0.001). All the effects of PTU were reversed by Vit E (P < 0.01-P < 0.001). PTU administration attenuated thiol and BDNF content as well as the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) in the brain tissues while increased molondialdehyde (MDA). Moreover, Vit E improved BDNF, thiol, SOD and CAT while diminished MDA. The results of the present study showed that Vit E improved BDNF and prevented from brain tissues oxidative damage as well as learning and memory impairments in juvenile hypothyroid rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yousef Baghcheghi
- Student Research Committee, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Farimah Beheshti
- Division of Neurocognitive Sciences, Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Naser Shafei
- Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hossein Salmani
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hamid Reza Sadeghnia
- Pharmacological Research Center of Medicinal Plants, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Soukhtanloo
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Akbar Anaeigoudari
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Jiroft University of Medical Sciences, Jiroft, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Hosseini
- Division of Neurocognitive Sciences, Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Thyroid Hormone Supplementation Restores Spatial Memory, Hippocampal Markers of Neuroinflammation, Plasticity-Related Signaling Molecules, and β-Amyloid Peptide Load in Hypothyroid Rats. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 56:722-735. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1111-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
|
13
|
Hypothyroidism Causes Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Adult Rat Hippocampus: A Mechanism Associated with Hippocampal Damage. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2018; 2018:2089404. [PMID: 29743975 PMCID: PMC5884203 DOI: 10.1155/2018/2089404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Thyroid hormones (TH) are essential for hippocampal neuronal viability in adulthood, and their deficiency causes hypothyroidism, which is related to oxidative stress events and neuronal damage. Also, it has been hypothesized that hypothyroidism causes a glucose deprivation in the neuron. This study is aimed at evaluating the temporal participation of the endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERE) in hippocampal neurons of adult hypothyroid rats and its association with the oxidative stress events. Adult Wistar male rats were divided into euthyroid and hypothyroid groups. Thyroidectomy with parathyroid gland reimplementation caused hypothyroidism at three weeks postsurgery. Oxidative stress, redox environment, and antioxidant enzyme markers, as well as the expression of the ERE through the pathways of PERK, ATF6, and IRE1, were evaluated at the 3rd and 4th weeks postsurgery. We found a rise in ROS and nitrite production; also, catalase increased and glutathione peroxidase diminished their activities. These events promote an enhancement of the lipoperoxidation, as well as of γ-GT, myeloperoxidase, and caspase 3 activities. With respect to ERE, there were ATF6, IRE1, and GADD153 overexpressions with a reduction in mitochondrial activity and GSH2/GSSG ratio. We conclude that the endoplasmic reticulum stress might play a pivotal role in the activation of hypothyroidism-induced hippocampal cell death.
Collapse
|
14
|
Thyroid Dysfunction, Neurological Disorder and Immunosuppression as the Consequences of Long-term Combined Stress. Sci Rep 2018. [PMID: 29540811 PMCID: PMC5852085 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-19564-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress is a powerful modulator of neuroendocrine, behavioral, and immunological functions. So far, the molecular mechanisms of response to stressors still remain elusive. In the current study, after 10 days of repeated chronic stress (hot-dry environment and electric foot-shock), a murine model of combined-stress (CS) was created in the SPF Wistar rats. Meanwhile, we established an ulcerative-colitis (UC) rat model induced by 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS)/ethanol enema according to previous studies. The blood, hypothalamus, and colon tissues of these rats from CS, normal control (NC), UC and sham (SH) groups, were collected for further investigations. Comparing to the NC group, the serum levels of T3, T4, fT3 and fT4 were obviously decreased in the CS group after chronic stress, indicating that thyroid dysfunction was induced by long-term combined stress. Moreover, the application of RNA-seq and subsequent analyses revealed that neurological disorder and immunosuppression were also caused in the hypothalamus and colon tissues, respectively. Comparing with SH group, besides the induced colon inflammation, thyroid dysfuntion and neurological disorder were also produced in the UC group, suggesting that hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis and gastrointestinal system might not function in isolation, but rather, have intricate crosstalks.
Collapse
|
15
|
Prieto-Almeida F, Panveloski-Costa AC, Crunfli F, da Silva Teixeira S, Nunes MT, Torrão ADS. Thyroid hormone improves insulin signaling and reduces the activation of neurodegenerative pathway in the hippocampus of diabetic adult male rats. Life Sci 2018; 192:253-258. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2017.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Revised: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
|
16
|
Novel spiroimidazopyridine derivative SAK3 improves methimazole-induced cognitive deficits in mice. Neurochem Int 2017; 108:91-99. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2017.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Revised: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
17
|
Wang F, Wu Z, Zha X, Cai Y, Wu B, Jia X, Zhu D. Concurrent administration of thyroxine and donepezil induces plastic changes in the prefrontal cortex of adult hypothyroid rats. Mol Med Rep 2017; 16:3233-3241. [PMID: 28713915 PMCID: PMC5548062 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.6977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to observe the effects of the concurrent administration of thyroxine (T4) and an acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor, donepezil (DON), on the hypothyroidism-induced ultrastructural changes of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) in adult rats. The acetylcholine (ACh) content and AChE activity was assessed, as well as the expressions of synaptotagmin-1 (syt-1) and SNAP-25 were analyzed in the rats. Adding 0.05% propylthiouracil to rats' drinking water induced a hypothyroid rat model. The animals were treated with T4 and DON administered separately or in combination from the fifth week. Transmission electron microscope analysis revealed that hypothyroidism induced marked ultrastructural changes, including the neurons, the synapses and the myelin sheath in the PFC. T4 or DON treatment improved the morphologic features of the PFC, and the performance of the T4 combined DON group was the closest to the control group. Moreover, hypothyroidism significantly decreased the content of ACh (29.8%) and activity of AChE (27.8%), which were restored to control values by T4 administration. In addition, DON treatment restored ACh content to normal. At the protein level, hypothyroidism increased the levels of syt-1 and SNAP-25 in the PFC, both of which were not restored to control values following T4 administration, while concurrent administration of T4 and DON was able to induce this effect. These results suggested that adult-onset hypothyroidism induce morphological, biochemical and molecular alterations in the PFC, combined administration of T4 and DON induce plastic changes in the PFC, different from that of the standard T4 therapy, and that the DON treatment may facilitate the recovery of synaptic protein impairments induced by hypothyroidism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fen Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Anhui Geriatric Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022, P.R. China
| | - Zhangbi Wu
- Department of Endocrinology, Anhui Geriatric Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoxue Zha
- Department of Endocrinology, Anhui Geriatric Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022, P.R. China
| | - Yaojun Cai
- Department of Endocrinology, Anhui Geriatric Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022, P.R. China
| | - Bo Wu
- Department of Endocrinology, Anhui Geriatric Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022, P.R. China
| | - Xuemei Jia
- Comprehensive Laboratory, College of Basic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China
| | - Defa Zhu
- Department of Endocrinology, Anhui Geriatric Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Salazar P, Cisternas P, Codocedo JF, Inestrosa NC. Induction of hypothyroidism during early postnatal stages triggers a decrease in cognitive performance by decreasing hippocampal synaptic plasticity. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2017; 1863:870-883. [PMID: 28088629 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2017.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2016] [Revised: 11/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Thyroid hormones are vital in the control of multiple body functions, including the correct performance of the brain. Multiple diseases are associated with thyroid gland functioning, including hypothyroidism. To date, little is known regarding the effects of the establishment of this condition at a young age on brain function. Here, we evaluated the effect of hypothyroidism in an early postnatal stage in cognitive abilities with focus on the hippocampus. In our model, hypothyroidism was induced in young rats at 21days of age using 0.05% 6-propyl-2-thiouracil (PTU) for 4weeks reaching significantly lower levels of fT4 (control: 1.337ng/dL±0.115, PTU: 0.050ng/dL±0.001). Following the induction of hypothyroidism, several cognitive tasks were assessed to investigate the effects of hypothyroidism on cognition performance. We determined that hypothyroidism triggers a significant dysfunction in learning and memory processes observed in the Morris Water Maze were the latency times were higher in PTU rats (controls: 37s; PTU: 57s). The cognitive impairment was correlated with a reduction in hippocampal plasticity with respect to both long-term potentiation (LTP) (control: 1.45, PTU: 1.00) and depression (LTD) (control: 0.71, PTU: 1.01). Furthermore, a decrease in the rate of glucose utilization (control: 223nmol∗mg of protein, PTU:148nmol∗mg of protein) was observed, along with an increase in oxidative stress and a decrease in MAP2 marker in the hippocampus. Our findings suggest that the induction of hypothyroidism in a young rat model alters numerous functions at the level of the hippocampus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Salazar
- Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración (CARE UC), Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pedro Cisternas
- Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración (CARE UC), Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Universidad de Atacama, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Departamento de Química y Biología, Copayapu 485, Copiapó, Chile
| | - Juan Francisco Codocedo
- Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración (CARE UC), Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Nibaldo C Inestrosa
- Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración (CARE UC), Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; Centro de Excelencia en Biomedicina de Magallanes (CEBIMA), Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Gilbert ME, Sanchez-Huerta K, Wood C. Mild Thyroid Hormone Insufficiency During Development Compromises Activity-Dependent Neuroplasticity in the Hippocampus of Adult Male Rats. Endocrinology 2016; 157:774-87. [PMID: 26606422 DOI: 10.1210/en.2015-1643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Severe thyroid hormone (TH) deficiency during critical phases of brain development results in irreversible neurological and cognitive impairments. The mechanisms accounting for this are likely multifactorial, and are not fully understood. Here we pursue the possibility that one important element is that TH affects basal and activity-dependent neurotrophin expression in brain regions important for neural processing. Graded exposure to propylthiouracil (PTU) during development produced dose-dependent reductions in mRNA expression of nerve growth factor (Ngf) in whole hippocampus of neonates. These changes in basal expression persisted to adulthood despite the return to euthyroid conditions in blood. In contrast to small PTU-induced reductions in basal expression of several genes, developmental PTU treatment dramatically reduced the activity-dependent expression of neurotrophins and related genes (Bdnft, Bdnfiv, Arc, and Klf9) in adulthood and was accompanied by deficits in hippocampal-based learning. These data demonstrate that mild TH insufficiency during development not only reduces expression of important neurotrophins that persists into adulthood but also severely restricts the activity-dependent induction of these genes. Considering the importance of these neurotrophins for sculpting the structural and functional synaptic architecture in the developing and the mature brain, it is likely that TH-mediated deficits in these plasticity mechanisms contribute to the cognitive deficiencies that accompany developmental TH compromise.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M E Gilbert
- Toxicity Assessment Division (M.E.G., C.W.), National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709; Departamento de Fisiología "Mauricio Russek" (K.S.-H.), Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico 07738
| | - K Sanchez-Huerta
- Toxicity Assessment Division (M.E.G., C.W.), National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709; Departamento de Fisiología "Mauricio Russek" (K.S.-H.), Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico 07738
| | - C Wood
- Toxicity Assessment Division (M.E.G., C.W.), National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709; Departamento de Fisiología "Mauricio Russek" (K.S.-H.), Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico 07738
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Yang H, Zha X, Cai Y, Wang F, Wu Z, Wu B, Jia X, Zhu D. Impacts of thyroxine combined with donepezil on hippocampal ultrastructures and expressions of synaptotagmin-1 and SNAP-25 in adult rats with hypothyroidism. Int J Clin Exp Med 2015; 8:17922-17931. [PMID: 26770386 PMCID: PMC4694286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/03/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The study aims to observe the impacts of thyroxine (T4) combined with donepezil (DON) on hippocampal ultrastructures and expressions of synaptotagmin-1 and SNAP-25 in adult rats with hypothyroidism. All rats were randomly divided into five groups: the normal control group (CON), the hypothyroidism group (Hypo), the T4 treatment group (T4), the DON treatment group (DON) and the T4+DON combined treatment group (T4+DON). Technique of Electron Microscope (TEM) was used to observe the hippocampal ultrastructures of each group, Western blot and real-time RT-PCR were performed to analyze the protein and mRNA expressions of syt-1 and SNAP-25 in the hippocampus of each group. TEM revealed that the Hypo group exhibited the significant vacuolar degeneration of mitochondria in the hippocampal neurons, the free ribosomes were sparse, the synaptic structures were damaged, and the number of synaptic vesicles was reduced, the above injuries in the T4 or DON group were improved, and the performance of the T4+DON group was the most close to the CON group. From the protein and mRNA levels, the dorsal hippocampal syt-1 expression of the Hypo group was significantly reduced, while SNAP-25 was significantly increased, the expressions were partially recovered after the T4 treatment, and the T4+DON combined treatment made the expression return to normal. The adult hypothyroid rats exhibited pathological damages in the hippocampal ultrastructures, the expression of syt-1 was downregulated, while that of SNAP-25 was upregulated, the T4+DON combined therapy could repair the above injuries, and the roles were better than the single drug treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, Anhui Geriatric Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical UniversityHefei 230022, Anhui, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoxue Zha
- Department of Endocrinology, Anhui Geriatric Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical UniversityHefei 230022, Anhui, P. R. China
| | - Yaojun Cai
- Department of Endocrinology, Anhui Geriatric Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical UniversityHefei 230022, Anhui, P. R. China
| | - Fen Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Anhui Geriatric Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical UniversityHefei 230022, Anhui, P. R. China
| | - Zhangbi Wu
- Department of Endocrinology, Anhui Geriatric Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical UniversityHefei 230022, Anhui, P. R. China
| | - Bo Wu
- Department of Endocrinology, Anhui Geriatric Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical UniversityHefei 230022, Anhui, P. R. China
| | - Xuemei Jia
- Comprehensive Laboratory, College of Basic Medicine, Anhui Medical UniversityHefei 230022, Anhui, P. R. China
| | - Defa Zhu
- Department of Endocrinology, Anhui Geriatric Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical UniversityHefei 230022, Anhui, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Ashwini S, Bobby Z, Joseph M. Mild hypothyroidism improves glucose tolerance in experimental type 2 diabetes. Chem Biol Interact 2015; 235:47-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2015.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2014] [Revised: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
22
|
Yu D, Zhou H, Yang Y, Jiang Y, Wang T, Lv L, Zhou Q, Yang Y, Dong X, He J, Huang X, Chen J, Wu K, Xu L, Mao R. The bidirectional effects of hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism on anxiety- and depression-like behaviors in rats. Horm Behav 2015; 69:106-15. [PMID: 25623236 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2015.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Revised: 12/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormone disorders have long been linked to depression, but the causal relationship between them remains controversial. To address this question, we established rat models of hypothyroidism using (131)iodine ((131)I) and hyperthyroidism using levothyroxine (LT4). Serum free thyroxine (FT4) and triiodothyronine (FT3) significantly decreased in the hypothyroid of rats with single injections of (131)I (5mCi/kg). These rats exhibited decreased depression-like behaviors in forced swimming test and sucrose preference tests, as well as decreased anxiety-like behaviors in an elevated plus maze. Diminished levels of brain serotonin (5-HT) and increased levels of hippocampal brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) were found in the hypothyroid rats compared to the control saline-vehicle administered rats. LT4 treatment reversed the decrease in thyroid hormones and depression-like behaviors. In contrast, hyperthyroidism induced by weekly injections of LT4 (15μg/kg) caused a greater than 10-fold increase in serum FT4 and FT3 levels. The hyperthyroid rats exhibited higher anxiety- and depression-like behaviors, higher brain 5-HT level, and lower hippocampal BDNF levels than the controls. Treatment with the antidepressant imipramine (15mg/kg) diminished serum FT4 levels as well as anxiety- and depression-like behaviors in the hyperthyroid rats but led to a further increase in brain 5-HT levels, compared with the controls or the hypothyroid rats. Together, our results suggest that hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism have bidirectional effects on anxiety- and depression-like behaviors in rats, possibly by modulating hippocampal BDNF levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dafu Yu
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms, and KIZ/CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Disease, and Laboratory of Learning and Memory, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Science, Kunming 650223, China; Department of Nuclear Medicine, First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, and Key Laboratory of Medical Imaging, Medical Faculty, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650032, China
| | - Heng Zhou
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms, and KIZ/CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Disease, and Laboratory of Learning and Memory, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Science, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Yuan Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms, and KIZ/CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Disease, and Laboratory of Learning and Memory, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Science, Kunming 650223, China; Physiological Department, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Yong Jiang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, and Key Laboratory of Medical Imaging, Medical Faculty, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650032, China
| | - Tianchao Wang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, and Key Laboratory of Medical Imaging, Medical Faculty, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650032, China
| | - Liang Lv
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, and Key Laboratory of Medical Imaging, Medical Faculty, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650032, China
| | - Qixin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms, and KIZ/CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Disease, and Laboratory of Learning and Memory, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Science, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Yuexiong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms, and KIZ/CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Disease, and Laboratory of Learning and Memory, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Science, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Xuexian Dong
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, and Key Laboratory of Medical Imaging, Medical Faculty, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650032, China
| | - Jianfeng He
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, and Key Laboratory of Medical Imaging, Medical Faculty, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650032, China
| | - Xiaoyan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in Southwest China, and Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Science, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Jijun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in Southwest China, and Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Science, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Kunhua Wu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, and Key Laboratory of Medical Imaging, Medical Faculty, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650032, China
| | - Lin Xu
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China; School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms, and KIZ/CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Disease, and Laboratory of Learning and Memory, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Science, Kunming 650223, China.
| | - Rongrong Mao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms, and KIZ/CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Disease, and Laboratory of Learning and Memory, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Science, Kunming 650223, China.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Navarro D, Alvarado M, Navarrete F, Giner M, Obregon MJ, Manzanares J, Berbel P. Gestational and early postnatal hypothyroidism alters VGluT1 and VGAT bouton distribution in the neocortex and hippocampus, and behavior in rats. Front Neuroanat 2015; 9:9. [PMID: 25741243 PMCID: PMC4330898 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2015.00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid hormones are fundamental for the expression of genes involved in the development of the CNS and their deficiency is associated with a wide spectrum of neurological diseases including mental retardation, attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder and autism spectrum disorders. We examined in rat whether developmental and early postnatal hypothyroidism affects the distribution of vesicular glutamate transporter-1 (VGluT1; glutamatergic) and vesicular inhibitory amino acid transporter (VGAT; GABAergic) immunoreactive (ir) boutons in the hippocampus and somatosensory cortex, and the behavior of the pups. Hypothyroidism was induced by adding 0.02% methimazole (MMI) and 1% KClO4 to the drinking water starting at embryonic day 10 (E10; developmental hypothyroidism) and E21 (early postnatal hypothyroidism) until day of sacrifice at postnatal day 50. Behavior was studied using the acoustic prepulse inhibition (somatosensory attention) and the elevated plus-maze (anxiety-like assessment) tests. The distribution, density and size of VGluT1-ir and VGAT-ir boutons in the hippocampus and somatosensory cortex was abnormal in MMI pups and these changes correlate with behavioral changes, as prepulse inhibition of the startle response amplitude was reduced, and the percentage of time spent in open arms increased. In conclusion, both developmental and early postnatal hypothyroidism significantly decreases the ratio of GABAergic to glutamatergic boutons in dentate gyrus leading to an abnormal flow of information to the hippocampus and infragranular layers of the somatosensory cortex, and alter behavior in rats. Our data show cytoarchitectonic alterations in the basic excitatory hippocampal loop, and in local inhibitory circuits of the somatosensory cortex and hippocampus that might contribute to the delayed neurocognitive outcome observed in thyroid hormone deficient children born in iodine deficient areas, or suffering from congenital hypothyroidism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Navarro
- Departamento de Histología y Anatomía, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Miguel HernándezAlicante, Spain
| | - Mayvi Alvarado
- Departamento de Histología y Anatomía, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Miguel HernándezAlicante, Spain
- Instituto de Neuroetología, Universidad VeracruzanaXalapa, Veracruz, México
| | - Francisco Navarrete
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández and Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasAlicante, Spain
| | - Manuel Giner
- Departamento de Histología y Anatomía, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Miguel HernándezAlicante, Spain
| | - Maria Jesus Obregon
- Instituto de investigaciones Biomédicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autónoma de MadridMadrid, Spain
| | - Jorge Manzanares
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández and Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasAlicante, Spain
| | - Pere Berbel
- Departamento de Histología y Anatomía, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Miguel HernándezAlicante, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Tanaka T, Wang L, Kimura M, Abe H, Mizukami S, Yoshida T, Shibutani M. Developmental Hypothyroidism Abolishes Bilateral Differences in Sonic Hedgehog Gene Control in the Rat Hippocampal Dentate Gyrus. Toxicol Sci 2014; 144:128-37. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfu266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
|
25
|
Nam SM, Kim YN, Yoo DY, Yi SS, Choi JH, Hwang IK, Seong JK, Yoon YS. Hypothyroidism affects astrocyte and microglial morphology in type 2 diabetes. Neural Regen Res 2014; 8:2458-67. [PMID: 25206556 PMCID: PMC4146114 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5374.2013.26.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 07/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we investigated the effects of hypothyroidism on the morphology of astrocytes and microglia in the hippocampus of Zucker diabetic fatty rats and Zucker lean control rats. To induce hypothyroidism, Zucker lean control and Zucker diabetic fatty rats at 7 weeks of age orally received the vehicle or methimazole, an anti-thyroid drug, treatment for 5 weeks and were sacrificed at 12 weeks of age in all groups for blood chemistry and immunohistochemical staining. In the methimazole-treated Zucker lean control and Zucker diabetic fatty rats, the serum circulating thyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) levels were significantly decreased compared to levels observed in the vehicle-treated Zucker lean control or Zucker diabetic fatty rats. This reduction was more prominent in the methimazole-treated Zucker diabetic fatty group. Glial fibrillary acidic protein immunoreactive astrocytes and ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (Iba-1)-immunoreactive microglia in the Zucker lean control and Zucker diabetic fatty group were diffusely detected in the hippocampal CA1 region and dentate gyrus. There were no significant differences in the glial fibrillary acidic protein and Iba-1 immunoreactivity in the CA1 region and dentate gyrus between Zucker lean control and Zucker diabetic fatty groups. However, in the methimazole-treated Zucker lean control and Zucker diabetic fatty groups, the processes of glial fibrillary acidic protein tive astrocytes and Iba-1 immunoreactive microglia, were significantly decreased in both the CA1 region and dentate gyrus compared to that in the vehicle-treated Zucker lean control and Zucker diabetic fatty groups. These results suggest that diabetes has no effect on the morphology of astrocytes and microglia and that hypothyroidism during the onset of diabetes prominently reduces the processes of astrocytes and microglia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sung Min Nam
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, South Korea
| | - Yo Na Kim
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, South Korea
| | - Dae Young Yoo
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, South Korea
| | - Sun Shin Yi
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Biomedical Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 336-745, South Korea
| | - Jung Hoon Choi
- Department of Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, South Korea
| | - In Koo Hwang
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, South Korea
| | - Je Kyung Seong
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, South Korea
| | - Yeo Sung Yoon
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Berbel P, Navarro D, Román GC. An evo-devo approach to thyroid hormones in cerebral and cerebellar cortical development: etiological implications for autism. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2014; 5:146. [PMID: 25250016 PMCID: PMC4158880 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2014.00146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The morphological alterations of cortical lamination observed in mouse models of developmental hypothyroidism prompted the recognition that these experimental changes resembled the brain lesions of children with autism; this led to recent studies showing that maternal thyroid hormone deficiency increases fourfold the risk of autism spectrum disorders (ASD), offering for the first time the possibility of prevention of some forms of ASD. For ethical reasons, the role of thyroid hormones on brain development is currently studied using animal models, usually mice and rats. Although mammals have in common many basic developmental principles regulating brain development, as well as fundamental basic mechanisms that are controlled by similar metabolic pathway activated genes, there are also important differences. For instance, the rodent cerebral cortex is basically a primary cortex, whereas the primary sensory areas in humans account for a very small surface in the cerebral cortex when compared to the associative and frontal areas that are more extensive. Associative and frontal areas in humans are involved in many neurological disorders, including ASD, attention deficit-hyperactive disorder, and dyslexia, among others. Therefore, an evo-devo approach to neocortical evolution among species is fundamental to understand not only the role of thyroid hormones and environmental thyroid disruptors on evolution, development, and organization of the cerebral cortex in mammals but also their role in neurological diseases associated to thyroid dysfunction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pere Berbel
- Departamento de Histología y Anatomía, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Alicante, Spain
| | - Daniela Navarro
- Departamento de Histología y Anatomía, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Alicante, Spain
| | - Gustavo C. Román
- Department of Neurology, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
- Methodist Neurological Institute, Houston, TX, USA
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Wang P, Xu TY, Guan YF, Zhao Y, Li ZY, Lan XH, Wang X, Yang PY, Kang ZM, Vanhoutte PM, Miao CY. Vascular smooth muscle cell apoptosis is an early trigger for hypothyroid atherosclerosis. Cardiovasc Res 2014; 102:448-59. [PMID: 24604622 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvu056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Endothelial dysfunction is an initial and vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) apoptosis, a later step of atherosclerosis. Hypothyroidism accelerates atherosclerosis. However, the early events responsible for this pro-atherosclerotic effect are unclear. METHODS AND RESULTS Rats were resistant to induction of atherosclerosis by high cholesterol diet alone, but became susceptible in hypothyroid state achieved by administration of propylthiouracil (PTU) for 6 weeks. VSMC dysfunction and apoptosis were obvious within 1 week after PTU treatment, without signs of endothelial dysfunction. This early VSMC damage was caused by hypothyroidism but not the high cholesterol diet. In ApoE knockout mice, PTU-induced hypothyroidism triggered early VSMC apoptosis, increased oxidative stress, and accelerated atherosclerosis development. Thyroid hormone supplementation (T4, 10, or 50 μg/kg) prevented atherogenic phenotypes in hypothyroid rats and mice. In rats, thyroidectomy caused severe hypothyroidism 5 days after operation, which also led to rapid VSMC dysfunction and apoptosis. In vitro studies did not show a direct toxic effect of PTU on VSMCs. In contrast, thyroid hormone (T3, 0.75 μg/L plus T4, 50 nmol/L) exerted a direct protection against VSMC apoptosis, which was reduced by knockdown of TRα1, rather than TRβ1 and TRβ2 receptors. TRα1-mediated inhibition of apoptotic signalling of JNKs and caspase-3 contributed to the anti-apoptotic action of thyroid hormone. CONCLUSION These findings provide an in vivo example for VSMC apoptosis as an early trigger of hypothyroidism-associated atherosclerosis, and reveal activation of TRα1 receptors to prevent VSMC apoptosis as a therapeutic strategy in this disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pei Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tian-Ying Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yun-Feng Guan
- Department of Pharmacology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhi-Yong Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Hong Lan
- Department of Pharmacology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xia Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Peng-Yuan Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhi-Min Kang
- Department of Pharmacology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Paul M Vanhoutte
- Department of Pharmacology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy and State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chao-Yu Miao
- Department of Pharmacology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China Center of Stroke, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Interplay between thyroxin, BDNF and GABA in injured neurons. Neuroscience 2013; 239:241-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2012] [Revised: 12/04/2012] [Accepted: 12/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
|
29
|
Hassan WA, Aly MS, Rahman TA, Shahat AS. Impact of experimental hypothyroidism on monoamines level in discrete brain regions and other peripheral tissues of young and adult male rats. Int J Dev Neurosci 2013; 31:225-33. [PMID: 23411049 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2013.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2012] [Revised: 01/17/2013] [Accepted: 02/01/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The levels of dopamine (DA), norepinephrine (NE) and serotonin (5-HT) in different brain regions as well as in blood plasma, cardiac muscle and adrenal gland of young and adult male albino rats were measured following experimentally induced hypothyroidism. Hypothyroidism induced by daily oral administration of propylthiouracil (PTU, 5mg/kg body wt) caused a significant reduction in DA levels in most of the tissues examined of both young and adult rats after 21 and 28 days, in NE levels after all the time intervals studied in young rats, and after 21 and 28 days in adult rats. 5-HT exhibited a significant reduction in the selected brain regions and blood plasma after 21 and 28 days and in cardiac muscle after all the time intervals in the two age groups of animals. It may be suggested that the changes in monoamine levels induced by hypothyroidism may be due to disturbance in the synthesis and release of these amines through the neurons impairment or may be due to an alteration pattern of their synthesizing and/or degradative enzymes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wafaa A Hassan
- National Organization for Drug Control and Research, Hormone Evaluation Department, Cairo 11511, Egypt.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Gilbert ME, Lasley SM. Developmental thyroid hormone insufficiency and brain development: a role for brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)? Neuroscience 2012. [PMID: 23201250 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormones (TH) are essential for normal brain development. Even modest degrees of TH disruption experienced in utero can result in neuropsychological deficits in children despite normal thyroid status at birth. Neurotrophins have been implicated in a host of brain cellular functions, and in particular, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) has a well documented role in development and function of the nervous system. A number of laboratories have reported the effects of TH administration or severe deprivation on neurotrophin expression in brain. This review provides an overview and update of recent developments in the thyroid field as they relate to the nervous system. Secondly, we describe an animal model of low level TH insufficiency that is more relevant for studying the neurological consequences associated with the modest TH perturbations of subclinical hypothyroidism, or that would be anticipated from exposure to environmental contaminants with a mode-of-action that involves the thyroid. Finally, we review the available in vivo literature on TH-mediated alterations in neurotrophins, particularly BDNF, and discuss their possible contribution to brain impairments associated with TH insufficiency. The observations of altered BDNF protein and gene expression have varied as a function of hypothyroid model, age, and brain region assessed. Only a handful of studies have investigated the relationship of neurotrophins and TH using models of TH deprivation that are not severe, and dose-response information is sparse. Differences in the models used, species, doses, regions assessed, age at assessment, and method employed make it difficult to reach a consensus. Based on the available literature, the case for a direct role for BDNF in thyroid-mediated effects in the brain is not compelling. We conclude that delineation of the potential role of neurotrophins in TH-mediated neuronal development may be more fruitful by examining additional neurotrophins (e.g., nerve growth factor), moderate degrees of TH insufficiency, and younger ages. We further suggest that investigation of BDNF invoked by synaptic activation (i.e., plasticity, enrichment, trauma) may serve to elucidate a role of thyroid hormone in BDNF-regulated synaptic function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M E Gilbert
- Toxicity Assessment Division, Neurotoxicology Branch, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|