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Florentin AS, Garcia Perez HA, Rodrigues CMF, Dubois EF, Monzón CM, Teixeira MMG. Molecular epidemiological insights into Trypanosoma vivax in Argentina: From the endemic Gran Chaco to outbreaks in the Pampas. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 69:1364-1374. [PMID: 33835714 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Argentina is a home to millions of beef and dairy cattle and is one of the world's major exporters of meat. In the present study, Trypanosoma vivax was prevalent (2016-2018) in two major livestock farming regions, the Gran Chaco and the Pampas. In the Gran Chaco, 29% and 51% of animals (n = 72, taurine x zebuine crossbreed) were, respectively, positive by TviCATL-PCR and the more sensitive fluorescent fragment length barcoding (FFLB) method. While 18.4/38.8% of breeding cows (n = 49) tested positive by PCR/FFLB, infection increased to 52.2/78.3% in an outbreak of acute infection in steers (n = 23, taurine breed) brought from a non-endemic area. In the Pampas, overall infection rates in dairy cows (n = 54, taurine breed) were comparable (p > .01) between PCR (66.7%) and FFLB (62.9%) and showed a remarkable increase (PCR / FFLB) from 48.3/44.8% in 2017 to 88/84% in 2018. Infected dairy cattle exhibited anaemia, fever, anorexia, enlarged lymph nodes, emaciation and neurological signs. In contrast, beef cows (taurine x zebuine crossbreed) from the Pampas (n = 30) were asymptomatic despite exhibiting 16.7% (PCR) and 53.3% (FFLB) infection rates. Microsatellite genotyping revealed a remarkable microheterogeneity, seven genotypes in the Gran Chaco, nine in the Pampas and five shared between both regions, consistent with regular movement of T. vivax infected livestock. Data gathered in our study support the Gran Chaco being an endemic area for T. vivax, whereas the Pampas emerged as an outbreak area of acute infection in dairy cattle with critical negative impact in milk production. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first molecular study of T. vivax in Argentina, and results indicated the need for preventive measures to control T. vivax spread from the Gran Chaco to vast livestock farming areas across Argentina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea S Florentin
- Centro de Investigaciones y Transferencia de Formosa, Formosa, Argentina.,Universidad Nacional de Formosa, Formosa, Argentina
| | - Herakles A Garcia Perez
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carla M F Rodrigues
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eugenio F Dubois
- Centro de Investigaciones y Transferencia de Formosa, Formosa, Argentina
| | - Carlos M Monzón
- Centro de Investigaciones y Transferencia de Formosa, Formosa, Argentina.,Universidad Nacional de Formosa, Formosa, Argentina
| | - Marta M G Teixeira
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Fetene E, Leta S, Regassa F, Büscher P. Global distribution, host range and prevalence of Trypanosoma vivax: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:80. [PMID: 33494807 PMCID: PMC7830052 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-04584-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trypanosomosis caused by Trypanosoma vivax is one of the diseases threatening the health and productivity of livestock in Africa and Latin America. Trypanosoma vivax is mainly transmitted by tsetse flies; however, the parasite has also acquired the ability to be transmitted mechanically by hematophagous dipterans. Understanding its distribution, host range and prevalence is a key step in local and global efforts to control the disease. METHODS The study was conducted according to the methodological recommendations of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) checklist. A systematic literature search was conducted on three search engines, namely PubMed, Scopus and CAB Direct, to identify all publications reporting natural infection of T. vivax across the world. All the three search engines were screened using the search term Trypanosoma vivax without time and language restrictions. Publications on T. vivax that met our inclusion criteria were considered for systematic review and meta-analysis. RESULT The study provides a global database of T. vivax, consisting of 899 records from 245 peer-reviewed articles in 41 countries. A total of 232, 6277 tests were performed on 97 different mammalian hosts, including a wide range of wild animals. Natural infections of T. vivax were recorded in 39 different African and Latin American countries and 47 mammalian host species. All the 245 articles were included into the qualitative analysis, while information from 186 cross-sectional studies was used in the quantitative analysis mainly to estimate the pooled prevalence. Pooled prevalence estimates of T. vivax in domestic buffalo, cattle, dog, dromedary camel, equine, pig, small ruminant and wild animals were 30.6%, 6.4%, 2.6%, 8.4%, 3.7%, 5.5%, 3.8% and 12.9%, respectively. Stratified according to the diagnostic method, the highest pooled prevalences were found with serological techniques in domesticated buffalo (57.6%) followed by equine (50.0%) and wild animals (49.3%). CONCLUSION The study provides a comprehensive dataset on the geographical distribution and host range of T. vivax and demonstrates the potential of this parasite to invade other countries out of Africa and Latin America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eyerusalem Fetene
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, P. O. Box 34, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
| | - Samson Leta
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, P. O. Box 34, Bishoftu, Ethiopia.
| | - Fikru Regassa
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, P. O. Box 34, Bishoftu, Ethiopia.,FDRE Ministry of Agriculture, P.O.Box 62347/3735, Addia Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Philippe Büscher
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Nationalestraat 155, 2000, Antwerp, Belgium
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Reis MDO, Souza FR, Albuquerque AS, Monteiro F, Oliveira LFDS, Raymundo DL, Wouters F, Wouters ATB, Peconick AP, Varaschin MS. Epizootic Infection by Trypanosoma vivax in Cattle from the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2019; 57:191-195. [PMID: 31104413 PMCID: PMC6526221 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2019.57.2.191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Trypanosomiasis is caused by a pathogenic protozoan of the genus Trypanosoma, being Trypanosoma vivax the most important agent for cattle. The aim of the present study was to demonstrate the expansion of T. vivax infection in different mesoregions of Minas Gerais, Brazil, and describe the clinicopathological findings of trypanosomiasis in cattle. The diagnosis was based on visualization of the parasite in blood smears and DNA detection of T. vivax in the blood of live cows and tissues of necropsied animals by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Thirty suspected herds were tested, of which 11 were positive for T. vivax. The most frequent clinical signs were anemia, apathy, drop in milk production, weight loss, reproductive disorders, and nervous signs. Concomitant diseases, such as malignant edema, pneumonia and increased cases of mastitis were associated with T. vivax infection. Three cows were necropsied and the most significant findings were low body condition score, pale mucous and spleen with white pulp hyperplasia. The results demonstrated the expansion of T. vivax infection in Minas Gerais, that PCR-associated blood smears are promising for diagnosis, and that other diseases often occur concomitantly to T. vivax infection in regions with trypanosomiasis in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matheus de Oliveira Reis
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Minas Gerais State 37200-000, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Rezende Souza
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Minas Gerais State 37200-000, Brazil
| | - Adriana Silva Albuquerque
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Minas Gerais State 37200-000, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Monteiro
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Minas Gerais State 37200-000, Brazil
| | | | - Djeison Lutier Raymundo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Minas Gerais State 37200-000, Brazil
| | - Flademir Wouters
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Minas Gerais State 37200-000, Brazil
| | | | - Ana Paula Peconick
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Minas Gerais State 37200-000, Brazil
| | - Mary Suzan Varaschin
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Minas Gerais State 37200-000, Brazil
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Paoletta MS, López Arias L, de la Fournière S, Guillemi EC, Luciani C, Sarmiento NF, Mosqueda J, Farber MD, Wilkowsky SE. Epidemiology of Babesia, Anaplasma and Trypanosoma species using a new expanded reverse line blot hybridization assay. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2018; 9:155-163. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2017.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Revised: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Ogbaje CI, Lawal IA, Ajanusi OJ. Sensitivity of Nigerian field isolates of Trypanosoma vivax and Trypanosoma congolense to commonly available trypanocides. ASIAN PACIFIC JOURNAL OF TROPICAL DISEASE 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/s2222-1808(14)60656-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Rodrigues CMF, Olinda RG, Silva TMF, Vale RG, da Silva AE, Lima GL, Garcia HA, Teixeira MMG, Batista JS. Follicular degeneration in the ovaries of goats experimentally infected with Trypanosoma vivax from the Brazilian semi-arid region. Vet Parasitol 2012; 191:146-53. [PMID: 22921989 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2012.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2012] [Revised: 07/13/2012] [Accepted: 08/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Infection by Trypanosoma vivax and other African trypanosomes plays an important role in reproductive disorders in male and female livestock. Outbreaks of T. vivax in the semi-arid region of northeastern Brazil are characterized by wasting disease in cattle, sheep and goats with hematological, cardiac and nervous compromises in addition to reproductive failures. Similar to reports from Africa, we previously observed a reduction in fertility rates and severe testicular degeneration and epididymitis in male sheep infected with T. vivax from this region. Although anestrus is frequently reported in goats and sheep infected with T. vivax, the effects of this infection on the female reproductive organs need clarification. In this study, we addressed this issue through a histopathological evaluation of ovarian follicular morphology and classification in goats experimentally infected with a T. vivax isolate from the Brazilian semi-arid region. The infected animals presented typical clinical signs of trypanosomosis by T. vivax, including anemia, hyperthermia, pallor of the mucous membranes, enlarged lymph nodes, and progressive loss of weight. All the infected goats remained anestrus throughout the experimental period and exhibited important disturbances in the ovaries, evidenced by reduced size and a smooth surface without follicles or corpora lutea, and abnormal follicular development. In addition, through PCR, we detected T. vivax DNA in the ovarian tissues of the infected goats. Our findings contributed to understand the female reproductive failure associated with trypanosomosis caused by T. vivax.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla M F Rodrigues
- Department of Animal Sciences, Federal Rural University of the Semiarid (UFERSA), Av. Francisco Mota, Br 110, Km 47-59, 59625-900 Mossoró, RN, Brazil
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First report and molecular characterization of Trypanosoma vivax in cattle from state of Pernambuco, Brazil. Vet Parasitol 2012; 185:286-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2011] [Revised: 10/12/2011] [Accepted: 10/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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