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De Kesel W, Vanden Broecke B, Borremans B, Fourchault L, Willems E, Ceulemans A, Sabuni C, Massawe A, Makundi RH, Leirs H, Peeters M, Verheyen E, Gryseels S, Mariën J, Ariën KK. Antibodies against medically relevant arthropod-borne viruses in the ubiquitous African rodent Mastomys natalensis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2024; 18:e0012233. [PMID: 39231158 PMCID: PMC11404846 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0012233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2024] [Revised: 09/16/2024] [Accepted: 08/20/2024] [Indexed: 09/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Over the past decades, the number of arthropod-borne virus (arbovirus) outbreaks has increased worldwide. Knowledge regarding the sylvatic cycle (i.e., non-human hosts/environment) of arboviruses is limited, particularly in Africa, and the main hosts for virus maintenance are unknown. Previous studies have shown the presence of antibodies against certain arboviruses (i.e., chikungunya-, dengue-, and Zika virus) in African non-human primates and bats. We hypothesize that small mammals, specifically rodents, may function as amplifying hosts in anthropogenic environments. The detection of RNA of most arboviruses is complicated by the viruses' short viremic period within their hosts. An alternative to determine arbovirus hosts is by detecting antibodies, which can persist several months. Therefore, we developed a high-throughput multiplex immunoassay to detect antibodies against 15 medically relevant arboviruses. We used this assay to assess approximately 1,300 blood samples of the multimammate mouse, Mastomys natalensis from Tanzania. In 24% of the samples, we detected antibodies against at least one of the tested arboviruses, with high seroprevalences of antibodies reacting against dengue virus serotype one (7.6%) and two (8.4%), and chikungunya virus (6%). Seroprevalence was higher in females and increased with age, which could be explained by inherent immunity and behavioral differences between sexes, and the increased chance of exposure to an arbovirus with age. We evaluated whether antibodies against multiple arboviruses co-occur more often than randomly and found that this may be true for some members of the Flaviviridae and Togaviridae. In conclusion, the development of an assay against a wide diversity of medically relevant arboviruses enabled the analysis of a large sample collection of one of the most abundant African small mammals. Our findings highlight that Mastomys natalensis is involved in the transmission cycle of multiple arboviruses and provide a solid foundation to better understand the role of this ubiquitous rodent in arbovirus outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wim De Kesel
- Evolutionary Ecology Group, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Virology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Bram Vanden Broecke
- Evolutionary Ecology Group, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Terrestrial Ecology Unit, Department of Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Benny Borremans
- Evolutionary Ecology Group, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Wildlife Health Ecology Research Organization, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Léa Fourchault
- OD Taxonomy & Phylogeny, Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Elisabeth Willems
- Virology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Ann Ceulemans
- Virology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
- Virus Ecology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Christopher Sabuni
- Institute of Pest Management, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Apia Massawe
- Institute of Pest Management, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Rhodes H Makundi
- Institute of Pest Management, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Herwig Leirs
- Evolutionary Ecology Group, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Martine Peeters
- TransVIHMI, University of Montpellier, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Erik Verheyen
- Evolutionary Ecology Group, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- OD Taxonomy & Phylogeny, Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sophie Gryseels
- Evolutionary Ecology Group, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- OD Taxonomy & Phylogeny, Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Joachim Mariën
- Evolutionary Ecology Group, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Virus Ecology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Kevin K Ariën
- Virology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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Mangombi-Pambou JB, Granjon L, Flirden F, Kane M, Niang Y, Davoust B, Fenollar F, Mediannikov O. Molecular Survey of Rodent-Borne Infectious Agents in the Ferlo Region, Senegal. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1107. [PMID: 37239466 PMCID: PMC10218615 DOI: 10.3390/genes14051107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Zoonotic pathogens are responsible for most infectious diseases in humans, with rodents being important reservoir hosts for many of these microorganisms. Rodents, thus, pose a significant threat to public health. Previous studies in Senegal have shown that rodents harbour a diversity of microorganisms, including human pathogens. Our study aimed to monitor the prevalence of infectious agents in outdoor rodents, which can be the cause of epidemics. We screened 125 rodents (both native and expanding) from the Ferlo region, around Widou Thiengoly, for different microorganisms. Analysis, performed on rodent spleens, detected bacteria from the Anaplasmataceae family (20%), Borrelia spp. (10%), Bartonella spp. (24%) and Piroplasmida (2.4%). Prevalences were similar between native and the expanding (Gerbillus nigeriae) species, which has recently colonised the region. We identified Borrelia crocidurae, the agent responsible for tick-borne relapsing fever, which is endemic in Senegal. We also identified two other not-yet-described bacteria of the genera Bartonella and Ehrlichia that were previously reported in Senegalese rodents. Additionally, we found a potential new species, provisionally referred to here as Candidatus Anaplasma ferloense. This study highlights the diversity of infectious agents circulating in rodent populations and the importance of describing potential new species and evaluating their pathogenicity and zoonotic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joa Braïthe Mangombi-Pambou
- Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), Franceville BP 769, Gabon;
- Department of Epidemiology of Parasitic Diseases, Aix-Marseille University, IRD, AP-HM, MEPHI, 13005 Marseille, France; (F.F.); (B.D.)
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, 13005 Marseille, France;
| | - Laurent Granjon
- CBGP, IRD, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, University Montpellier, 34000 Montpellier, France;
| | - Fabien Flirden
- Department of Epidemiology of Parasitic Diseases, Aix-Marseille University, IRD, AP-HM, MEPHI, 13005 Marseille, France; (F.F.); (B.D.)
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, 13005 Marseille, France;
| | - Mamadou Kane
- BIOPASS, CBGP-IRD, ISRA, UCAD, CIRAD, Campus de Bel-Air, Dakar 1386, Senegal; (M.K.)
| | - Youssoupha Niang
- BIOPASS, CBGP-IRD, ISRA, UCAD, CIRAD, Campus de Bel-Air, Dakar 1386, Senegal; (M.K.)
| | - Bernard Davoust
- Department of Epidemiology of Parasitic Diseases, Aix-Marseille University, IRD, AP-HM, MEPHI, 13005 Marseille, France; (F.F.); (B.D.)
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, 13005 Marseille, France;
| | - Florence Fenollar
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, 13005 Marseille, France;
- IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, Aix-Marseille University, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Oleg Mediannikov
- Department of Epidemiology of Parasitic Diseases, Aix-Marseille University, IRD, AP-HM, MEPHI, 13005 Marseille, France; (F.F.); (B.D.)
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, 13005 Marseille, France;
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Castel G, Filippone C, Tatard C, Vigan J, Dobigny G. Role of Seaports and Imported Rats in Seoul Hantavirus Circulation, Africa. Emerg Infect Dis 2023; 29:20-25. [PMID: 36573519 PMCID: PMC9796207 DOI: 10.3201/eid2901.221092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Seoul orthohantavirus (SEOV) is not considered a major public health threat on the continent of Africa. However, Africa is exposed to rodentborne SEOV introduction events through maritime traffic after exponential growth of trade with the rest of the world. Serologic studies have already detected hantavirus antibodies in human populations, and recent investigations have confirmed circulation of hantavirus, including SEOV, in rat populations. Thus, SEOV is a possible emerging zoonotic risk in Africa. Moreover, the range of SEOV could rapidly expand, and transmission to humans could increase because of host switching from the usual brown rat (Rattus norvegicus) species, which is currently invading Africa, to the more widely installed black rat (R. rattus) species. Because of rapid economic development, environmental and climatic changes, and increased international trade, strengthened surveillance is urgently needed to prevent SEOV dissemination among humans in Africa.
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Liyai R, Kimita G, Masakhwe C, Abuom D, Mutai B, Onyango DM, Waitumbi J. The spleen bacteriome of wild rodents and shrews from Marigat, Baringo County, Kenya. PeerJ 2021; 9:e12067. [PMID: 34557350 PMCID: PMC8418798 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.12067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a global increase in reports of emerging diseases, some of which have emerged as spillover events from wild animals. The spleen is a major phagocytic organ and can therefore be probed for systemic microbiome. This study assessed bacterial diversity in the spleen of wild caught small mammals so as to evaluate their utility as surveillance tools for monitoring bacteria in an ecosystem shared with humans. METHODS Fifty-four small mammals (rodents and shrews) were trapped from different sites in Marigat, Baringo County, Kenya. To characterize their bacteriome, DNA was extracted from their spleens and the V3-V4 regions of the 16S rRNA amplified and then sequenced on Illumina MiSeq. A non-target control sample was used to track laboratory contaminants. Sequence data was analyzed with Mothur v1.35, and taxomy determined using the SILVA database. The Shannon diversity index was used to estimate bacterial diversity in each animal and then aggregated to genus level before computing the means. Animal species within the rodents and shrews were identified by amplification of mitochondrial cytochrome b (cytb) gene followed by Sanger sequencing. CLC workbench was used to assemble the cytb gene sequences, after which their phylogenetic placements were determined by querying them against the GenBank nucleotide database. RESULTS cytb gene sequences were generated for 49/54 mammalian samples: 38 rodents (Rodentia) and 11 shrews (Eulipotyphyla). Within the order Rodentia, 21 Acomys, eight Mastomys, six Arvicanthis and three Rattus were identified. In the order Eulipotyphyla, 11 Crucidura were identified. Bacteria characterization revealed 17 phyla that grouped into 182 genera. Of the phyla, Proteobacteria was the most abundant (67.9%). Other phyla included Actinobacteria (16.5%), Firmicutes (5.5%), Chlamydiae (3.8%), Chloroflexi (2.6%) and Bacteroidetes (1.3%) among others. Of the potentially pathogenic bacteria, Bartonella was the most abundant (45.6%), followed by Anaplasma (8.0%), Methylobacterium (3.5%), Delftia (3.8%), Coxiella (2.6%), Bradyrhizobium (1.6%) and Acinetobacter (1.1%). Other less abundant (<1%) and potentially pathogenic included Ehrlichia, Rickettsia, Leptospira, Borrelia, Brucella, Chlamydia and Streptococcus. By Shannon diversity index, Acomys spleens carried more diverse bacteria (mean Shannon diversity index of 2.86, p = 0.008) compared to 1.77 for Crocidura, 1.44 for Rattus, 1.40 for Arvicathis and 0.60 for Mastomys. CONCLUSION This study examined systemic bacteria that are filtered by the spleen and the findings underscore the utility of 16S rRNA deep sequencing in characterizing complex microbiota that are potentially relevant to one health issues. An inherent problem with the V3-V4 region of 16S rRNA is the inability to classify bacteria reliably beyond the genera. Future studies should utilize the newer long read methods of 16S rRNA analysis that can delimit the species composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rehema Liyai
- Department of Zoology, Maseno University College, Kisumu, Kenya
- Basic Science Laboratory, United States Army Medical Research Directorate-Africa, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Gathii Kimita
- Basic Science Laboratory, United States Army Medical Research Directorate-Africa, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Clement Masakhwe
- Basic Science Laboratory, United States Army Medical Research Directorate-Africa, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - David Abuom
- Entomology Section, United States Medical Research Directorate-Africa, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Beth Mutai
- Basic Science Laboratory, United States Army Medical Research Directorate-Africa, Kisumu, Kenya
| | | | - John Waitumbi
- Basic Science Laboratory, United States Army Medical Research Directorate-Africa, Kisumu, Kenya
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Mangombi JB, N’dilimabaka N, Lekana-Douki JB, Banga O, Maghendji-Nzondo S, Bourgarel M, Leroy E, Fenollar F, Mediannikov O. First investigation of pathogenic bacteria, protozoa and viruses in rodents and shrews in context of forest-savannah-urban areas interface in the city of Franceville (Gabon). PLoS One 2021; 16:e0248244. [PMID: 33684147 PMCID: PMC7939261 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0248244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Rodents are reservoirs of numerous zoonotic diseases caused by bacteria, protozoans, or viruses. In Gabon, the circulation and maintenance of rodent-borne zoonotic infectious agents are poorly studied and are often limited to one type of pathogen. Among the three existing studies on this topic, two are focused on a zoonotic virus, and the third is focused on rodent Plasmodium. In this study, we searched for a wide range of bacteria, protozoa and viruses in different organs of rodents from the town of Franceville in Gabon. Samples from one hundred and ninety-eight (198) small mammals captured, including two invasive rodent species, five native rodent species and 19 shrews belonging to the Soricidae family, were screened. The investigated pathogens were bacteria from the Rickettsiaceae and Anaplasmataceae families, Mycoplasma spp., Bartonella spp., Borrelia spp., Orientia spp., Occidentia spp., Leptospira spp., Streptobacillus moniliformis, Coxiella burnetii, and Yersinia pestis; parasites from class Kinetoplastida spp. (Leishmania spp., Trypanosoma spp.), Piroplasmidae spp., and Toxoplasma gondii; and viruses from Paramyxoviridae, Hantaviridae, Flaviviridae and Mammarenavirus spp. We identified the following pathogenic bacteria: Anaplasma spp. (8.1%; 16/198), Bartonella spp. (6.6%; 13/198), Coxiella spp. (5.1%; 10/198) and Leptospira spp. (3.5%; 7/198); and protozoans: Piroplasma sp. (1%; 2/198), Toxoplasma gondii (0.5%; 1/198), and Trypanosoma sp. (7%; 14/198). None of the targeted viral genes were detected. These pathogens were found in Gabonese rodents, mainly Lophuromys sp., Lemniscomys striatus and Praomys sp. We also identified new genotypes: Candidatus Bartonella gabonensis and Uncultured Anaplasma spp. This study shows that rodents in Gabon harbor some human pathogenic bacteria and protozoans. It is necessary to determine whether the identified microorganisms are capable of undergoing zoonotic transmission from rodents to humans and if they may be responsible for human cases of febrile disease of unknown etiology in Gabon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joa Braïthe Mangombi
- Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), Franceville, Gabon
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, Microbes, VITROME, Marseille, France
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Nadine N’dilimabaka
- Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), Franceville, Gabon
- Département de Biologie, Faculté des sciences, Université des Sciences et Techniques de Masuku (USTM), Franceville, Gabon
| | - Jean-Bernard Lekana-Douki
- Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), Franceville, Gabon
- Département de Parasitologie, Université des Sciences de la Santé (USS), Owendo, Libreville
| | - Octavie Banga
- Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), Franceville, Gabon
| | - Sydney Maghendji-Nzondo
- Département Epidémiologie-Biostatistique et Informatique Médicale (DEBIM), Université des Sciences de la Santé (USS), Owendo, Libreville
| | - Mathieu Bourgarel
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Harare, Zimbabwe
- ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier, France
| | - Eric Leroy
- Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), Franceville, Gabon
- UMR MIVEGEC IRD-CNRS-UM, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Florence Fenollar
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, Microbes, VITROME, Marseille, France
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Oleg Mediannikov
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, Microbes, MEPHI, Marseille, France
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Ferguson AW. On the role of (and threat to) natural history museums in mammal conservation: an African small mammal perspective. JOURNAL OF VERTEBRATE BIOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.25225/jvb.20028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Diagne MM, Dieng I, Granjon L, Lucaccioni H, Sow A, Ndiaye O, Faye M, Bâ K, Bâ Y, Diallo M, Faye O, Duplantier JM, Diallo M, Handschumacher P, Faye O, Sall AA. Seoul Orthohantavirus in Wild Black Rats, Senegal, 2012-2013. Emerg Infect Dis 2020; 26:2460-2464. [PMID: 32946728 PMCID: PMC7510722 DOI: 10.3201/eid2610.201306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Hantaviruses cause hemorrhagic fever in humans worldwide. However, few hantavirus surveillance campaigns occur in Africa. We detected Seoul orthohantavirus in black rats in Senegal, although we did not find serologic evidence of this disease in humans. These findings highlight the need for increased surveillance of hantaviruses in this region.
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Mougin C, Artige E, Marchand F, Mondy S, Ratié C, Sellier N, Castagnone-Sereno P, D'Acier AC, Esmenjaud D, Faivre-Primot C, Granjon L, Hamelet V, Lange F, Pagès S, Rimet F, Ris N, Sallé G. BRC4Env, a network of Biological Resource Centres for research in environmental and agricultural sciences. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:33849-33857. [PMID: 29675816 PMCID: PMC6245002 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-1973-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The Biological Resource Centre for the Environment BRC4Env is a network of Biological Resource Centres (BRCs) and collections whose leading objectives are to improve the visibility of genetic and biological resources maintained by its BRCs and collections and to facilitate their use by a large research community, from agriculture research to life sciences and environmental sciences. Its added value relies on sharing skills, harmonizing practices, triggering projects in comparative biology, and ultimately proposing a single-entry portal to facilitate access to documented samples, taking into account the partnership policies of research institutions as well as the legal frame which varies with the biological nature of resources. BRC4Env currently includes three BRCs: the Centre for Soil Genetic Resources of the platform GenoSol, in partnership with the European Conservatory of Soil Samples; the Egg Parasitoids Collection (EP-Coll); and the collection of ichthyological samples, Colisa. BRC4Env is also associated to several biological collections: microbial consortia (entomopathogenic bacteria, freshwater microalgae…), terrestrial arthropods, nematodes (plant parasitic, entomopathogenic, animal parasitic...), and small mammals. The BRCs and collections of BRC4Env are involved in partnership with academic scientists, as well as private companies, in the fields of medicinal mining, biocontrol, sustainable agriculture, and additional sectors. Moreover, the staff of the BRCs is involved in many training courses for students from French licence degree to Ph.D, engineers, as well as ongoing training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Mougin
- UMR ECOSYS, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78026, Versailles, France.
| | - Emmanuelle Artige
- UMR CBGP, INRA, CIRAD, IRD, Montpellier SupAgro, 34988, Montferrier-sur-Lez, France
| | | | - Samuel Mondy
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, INRA, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000, Dijon, France
| | | | - Nadine Sellier
- INRA, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, ISA, 06900, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | | | - Armelle Cœur D'Acier
- UMR CBGP, INRA, CIRAD, IRD, Montpellier SupAgro, 34988, Montferrier-sur-Lez, France
| | - Daniel Esmenjaud
- INRA, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, ISA, 06900, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Céline Faivre-Primot
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, INRA, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000, Dijon, France
| | - Laurent Granjon
- UMR CBGP, INRA, CIRAD, IRD, Montpellier SupAgro, 34988, Montferrier-sur-Lez, France
| | - Valérie Hamelet
- UMR CARRTEL, INRA, Université de Savoie, 74203, Thonon-les-Bains, France
| | - Frederic Lange
- UMR ECOBIOP, INRA, Université Pau & Pays Adour, pôle AFB-INRA Gest'Aqua, 64310, Saint-Pee-sur-Nivelle, France
| | - Sylvie Pagès
- UMR DGIMI, INRA, Université de Montpellier, 34095, Montpellier, France
| | - Frédéric Rimet
- UMR CARRTEL, INRA, Université de Savoie, 74203, Thonon-les-Bains, France
| | - Nicolas Ris
- INRA, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, ISA, 06900, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Guillaume Sallé
- UMR ISP, INRA, Université François Rabelais, 37380, Nouzilly, France
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