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Soares ARC, de Faria VCS, de Avelar DM. Development and accuracy evaluation of a new loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay targeting the HSP70 gene for the diagnosis of cutaneous leishmaniasis. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0306967. [PMID: 39172895 PMCID: PMC11340985 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0306967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 08/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a global public health problem caused by species on the genus Leishmania and is the most prevalent clinical form of leishmaniasis. The aim of this study was to develop a new LAMP assay for Leishmania sp. based on HSP70 gene and evaluate it clinically for molecular diagnosis of CL. The study was carried out in the following stages: i) design of primers based on HSP70 gene of Leishmania sp.; ii) evaluation of detection limit and analytical specificity; iii) estimation of the accuracy of LAMP-Leish/HSP70 assay for diagnosing CL. A total of 100 skin biopsy samples from patients, comprising 60 CL cases and 40 non-cases, were analyzed in this study. One LAMP assay using HSP70 gene as molecular target were standardized, and the observed detection limit was 100fg of L. braziliensis purified DNA. The LAMP-Leish/HSP70 assay was specific for Leishmania spp. The LAMP-Leish/HSP70 assay showed an accuracy of 92%, and positivity rates were not affected by lesion onset time or parasite load. This novel LAMP assay targeting the HSP70 gene of Leishmania sp. has the potential to be a useful tool to integrate into routine diagnosis for suspected cases of CL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Ribeiro Cheloni Soares
- Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Grupo de Pesquisa Clínica e Políticas Públicas em Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias, CEP: 30190–002, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Verônica Cardoso Santos de Faria
- Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Grupo de Pesquisa Clínica e Políticas Públicas em Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias, CEP: 30190–002, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Daniel Moreira de Avelar
- Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Grupo de Pesquisa Clínica e Políticas Públicas em Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias, CEP: 30190–002, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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De los Santos MB, Loyola S, Perez-Velez ES, Santos RDP, Ramírez IM, Valdivia HO. Sampling is decisive to determination of Leishmania (Viannia) species. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2024; 18:e0012113. [PMID: 38662642 PMCID: PMC11045131 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0012113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accuracy of molecular tools for the identification of parasites that cause human cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) could largely depend on the sampling method. Non-invasive or less-invasive sampling methods such as filter paper imprints and cotton swabs are preferred over punch biopsies and lancet scrapings for detection methods of Leishmania based on polymerase chain reaction (PCR) because they are painless, simple, and inexpensive, and of benefit to military and civilian patients to ensure timely treatment. However, different types of samples can generate false negatives and there is a clear need to demonstrate which sample is more proper for molecular assays. METHODOLOGY Here, we compared the sensitivity of molecular identification of different Leishmania (Viannia) species from Peru, using three types of sampling: punch biopsy, filter paper imprint and lancet scraping. Different composite reference standards and latent class models allowed to evaluate the accuracy of the molecular tools. Additionally, a quantitative PCR assessed variations in the results and parasite load in each type of sample. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Different composite reference standards and latent class models determined higher sensitivity when lancet scrapings were used for sampling in the identification and determination of Leishmania (Viannia) species through PCR-based assays. This was consistent for genus identification through kinetoplastid DNA-PCR and for the determination of species using FRET probes-based Nested Real-Time PCR. Lack of species identification in some samples correlated with the low intensity of the PCR electrophoretic band, which reflects the low parasite load in samples. CONCLUSIONS The type of clinical sample can directly influence the detection and identification of Leishmania (Viannia) species. Here, we demonstrated that lancet scraping samples consistently allowed the identification of more leishmaniasis cases compared to filter paper imprints or biopsies. This procedure is inexpensive, painless, and easy to implement at the point of care and avoids the need for anesthesia, surgery, and hospitalization and therefore could be used in resource limited settings for both military and civilian populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxy B. De los Santos
- Department of Parasitology, U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit SOUTH (NAMRU SOUTH), Bellavista, Lima, Peru
| | - Steev Loyola
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Erika S. Perez-Velez
- Departamento Académico de Medicina Humana, Universidad Andina del Cusco, Cusco, Peru
| | | | - Ivonne Melissa Ramírez
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Cercado de Lima, Lima, Peru
| | - Hugo O. Valdivia
- Department of Parasitology, U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit SOUTH (NAMRU SOUTH), Bellavista, Lima, Peru
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Zhang S, Duan M, Li S, Hou J, Qin T, Teng Z, Hu J, Zhang H, Xia X. Current status of recombinase polymerase amplification technologies for the detection of pathogenic microorganisms. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2023; 108:116097. [PMID: 39491865 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2023.116097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Revised: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/05/2024]
Abstract
Rapid detection of pathogenic microorganisms is key to the epidemiologic identification, prevention and control of disease in the field of public health. PCR-based pathogen detection methods have been widely used because they overcome the time-consuming issues encountered in traditional culture-based methods, including the limited detecting window-phase of immunological detection. However, the requirement for precise temperature-controlled thermal cyclers severely limits the application of these methods in resource-limited areas. Recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) is a new type of nucleic acid amplification technology that can amplify DNA or RNA at a constant temperature. It has the advantages of simple operation, high specificity and sensitivity and a short detection time. In recent years, a number of alternative methods for pathogenic microorganism detection have been developed by combining microfluidic technology with RPA. Through the design of chip structures, optimization of injection modes, and utilization of multiple detection and quantification methods, the integration of pathogen nucleic acid extraction, amplification and detection is achieved, and this approach is suitable for the rapid detection of pathogenic microorganisms in various environments. In this review, we compare different nucleic acid amplification techniques, explain the principle of RPA technology, detection methods, and applications for pathogen microorganism detection and describe future direction of RPA application. These methods increase the ability to rapidly screen pathogenic microorganisms, thus improving the management of infectious diseases in the field of public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
| | - Mingyuan Duan
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
| | - Shuang Li
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
| | - Jie Hou
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
| | - Ting Qin
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
| | - Zhanwei Teng
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
| | - Jianhe Hu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
| | - Huihui Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China.
| | - Xiaojing Xia
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China.
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Castellanos-Gonzalez A, Cossio A, Jojoa J, Moen S, Travi BL. MiniPCR as a Portable Equipment for the Molecular Diagnosis of American Cutaneous Leishmaniasis. Acta Trop 2023; 243:106926. [PMID: 37088354 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2023.106926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
There is an urgent need to improve the diagnostic capacity of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) in rural health centers to improve the management of the disease in patients from remote regions where the infection is endemic. Microscopy of Giemsa-stained lesion smears is the standard-of-care diagnostic test in virtually all health centers, but its sensitivity is suboptimal (50-70%) and prone to false negative results. We evaluated the performance of a low-cost DNA extraction buffer (LAB) using a portable miniPCRTM equipment coupled with an inexpensive fluorescence viewer to detect Leishmania DNA with the naked eye or using a commercial photo app. Using ten-fold serial dilutions of Leishmania (V.) panamensis promastigotes the miniPCR-F test detected 10 parasites per µL, which was comparable to real-time PCR. Utilization of DNA from retrospective clinical samples preserved at -80°C from Colombia (n=28) or lesion exudate preserved in filter papers from Peru (n=48) showed that the miniPCR-fluorescent test had a 100% sensitivity and > 90% specificity compared to real-time PCR. This study demonstrated the utility of LAB DNA extraction method for direct amplification of Leishmania using the miniPCR and reading of P51 results with the naked eye or via digital reading with a photo app. These preliminary results indicated that the miniPCR-F test workflow could be amenable to implementation in resource-limited health centers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexandra Cossio
- Centro Internacional de Entrenamiento e Investigaciones Médicas-CIDEIM, Cali, Colombial
| | - Jimena Jojoa
- Centro Internacional de Entrenamiento e Investigaciones Médicas-CIDEIM, Cali, Colombial
| | - Scott Moen
- Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Bruno L Travi
- Department of Internal Medicine-Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas.
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Zamanpour M, Mohebali M, Khamesipour A, Mohammadi AMA, Akhoundi B. Diagnosis of Human Cutaneous Leishmaniasis: A Comparative Study Using CL Detect ™ Dipstick, Direct Smear and Polymerase Chain Reaction Methods. Acta Parasitol 2023:10.1007/s11686-023-00662-5. [PMID: 36913075 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-023-00662-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In most of the endemic areas, the detection of CL is based on searching for amastigotes using the direct smear method. Since expert microscopists are not usually available in every laboratory, false diagnoses are a disaster that happens. Therefore, the aim of current research is to evaluate the validity of the CL Detect™ Rapid Test (CDRT) for diagnosis CL in comparison to direct smear and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods. METHODS A total of 70 patients with skin lesions suspected to be CL were recruited. Skin samples from the lesions were collected and used for direct microscopic examination and the PCR method. Furthermore, the skin sample was collected in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions for the CDRT-based rapid diagnostic test. RESULTS Of 70 samples, 51 and 35 samples were positive by direct smear examination and the CDRT, respectively. The PCR showed positive results in 59 samples; 50 and 9 samples were identified as Leishmania major and Leishmania tropica, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity were calculated to be 68.6% (95% CI 54.11-80.89%) and 100% (95% CI 82.35-100%). When the results of CDRT were compared to the microscopic examinations, an agreement of 77.14% was seen between the CDRT and microscopic examination. In addition, the sensitivity and specificity were 59.32% (95% CI 45.75-71.93%) and 100% (95% CI 71.5-100%) when the CDRT was compared to PCR assay (as gold standard) and an agreement (65.71%) was found between CDRT and PCR assay. CONCLUSION As the CDRT is simple, rapid, and does not require great proficiency, it is recommended for use in the detection of CL caused by L. major or L. tropica as a diagnostic method, especially in areas with limited access to expert microscopists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Zamanpour
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Medical Parasitology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mehdi Mohebali
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. .,Center for Research of Endemic Parasites of Iran (CREPI), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Ali Khamesipour
- Center for Research and Training in Skin Diseases and Leprosy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Akram Mir Amin Mohammadi
- Center for Research and Training in Skin Diseases and Leprosy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Behnaz Akhoundi
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Tan M, Liao C, Liang L, Yi X, Zhou Z, Wei G. Recent advances in recombinase polymerase amplification: Principle, advantages, disadvantages and applications. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:1019071. [PMID: 36519130 PMCID: PMC9742450 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.1019071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
After the outbreak of SARS-CoV-2, nucleic acid testing quickly entered people's lives. In addition to the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) which was commonly used in nucleic acid testing, isothermal amplification methods were also important nucleic acid testing methods. Among several common isothermal amplification methods like displaced amplification, rolling circle amplification, and so on, recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) was recently paid more attention to. It had the advantages like a simple operation, fast amplification speed, and reaction at 37-42°C, et al. So it was very suitable for field detection. However, there were still some disadvantages to RPA. Herein, our review mainly summarized the principle, advantages, and disadvantages of RPA. The specific applications of RPA in bacterial detection, fungi detection, virus detection, parasite detection, drug resistance gene detection, genetically modified food detection, and SARS-CoV-2 detection were also described. It was hoped that the latest research progress on RPA could be better delivered to the readers who were interested in RPA.
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Dueñas E, Nakamoto JA, Cabrera-Sosa L, Huaihua P, Cruz M, Arévalo J, Milón P, Adaui V. Novel CRISPR-based detection of Leishmania species. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:958693. [PMID: 36187950 PMCID: PMC9520526 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.958693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Tegumentary leishmaniasis, a disease caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania, is a major public health problem in many regions of Latin America. Its diagnosis is difficult given other conditions resembling leishmaniasis lesions and co-occurring in the same endemic areas. A combination of parasitological and molecular methods leads to accurate diagnosis, with the latter being traditionally performed in centralized reference and research laboratories as they require specialized infrastructure and operators. Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR-associated protein (CRISPR/Cas) systems have recently driven innovative tools for nucleic acid detection that combine high specificity, sensitivity and speed and are readily adaptable for point-of-care testing. Here, we harnessed the CRISPR-Cas12a system for molecular detection of Leishmania spp., emphasizing medically relevant parasite species circulating in Peru and other endemic areas in Latin America, with Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis being the main etiologic agent of cutaneous and mucosal leishmaniasis. We developed two assays targeting multi-copy targets commonly used in the molecular diagnosis of leishmaniasis: the 18S ribosomal RNA gene (18S rDNA), highly conserved across Leishmania species, and a region of kinetoplast DNA (kDNA) minicircles conserved in the L. (Viannia) subgenus. Our CRISPR-based assays were capable of detecting down to 5 × 10-2 (kDNA) or 5 × 100 (18S rDNA) parasite genome equivalents/reaction with PCR preamplification. The 18S PCR/CRISPR assay achieved pan-Leishmania detection, whereas the kDNA PCR/CRISPR assay was specific for L. (Viannia) detection. No cross-reaction was observed with Trypanosoma cruzi strain Y or human DNA. We evaluated the performance of the assays using 49 clinical samples compared to a kDNA real-time PCR assay as the reference test. The kDNA PCR/CRISPR assay performed equally well as the reference test, with positive and negative percent agreement of 100%. The 18S PCR/CRISPR assay had high positive and negative percent agreement of 82.1% and 100%, respectively. The findings support the potential applicability of the newly developed CRISPR-based molecular tools for first-line diagnosis of Leishmania infections at the genus and L. (Viannia) subgenus levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Dueñas
- Laboratory of Biomolecules, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), Lima, Peru
| | - Jose A. Nakamoto
- Laboratory of Biomolecules, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), Lima, Peru
| | - Luis Cabrera-Sosa
- Laboratory of Biomolecules, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), Lima, Peru
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Percy Huaihua
- Laboratorio de Patho-antígenos, Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - María Cruz
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
- Hospital Nacional Adolfo Guevara Velasco, Cusco, Peru
| | - Jorge Arévalo
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
- Laboratorio de Patho-antígenos, Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Pohl Milón
- Laboratory of Biomolecules, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), Lima, Peru
| | - Vanessa Adaui
- Laboratory of Biomolecules, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), Lima, Peru
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
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Cutaneous Leishmaniasis: A 2022 Updated Narrative Review into Diagnosis and Management Developments. Am J Clin Dermatol 2022; 23:823-840. [PMID: 36103050 PMCID: PMC9472198 DOI: 10.1007/s40257-022-00726-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
This review is an update of an earlier narrative review published in 2015 on developments in the clinical management of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) including diagnosis, treatment, prevention and control measurements. CL is a vector-borne infection caused by the protozoan parasite Leishmania. The vector is the female sandfly. Globally, CL affects 12 million cases and annually 2 million new cases occur. CL is endemic in almost 100 countries and the total risk population is approximately 350 million people. WHO lists CL an emerging and uncontrolled disease and a neglected tropical disease. Local experience-based evidence remains the mainstay for the management of CL. Whereas intralesional therapeutic options are the first treatment option for most CL patients, those with mucocutaneous and disseminated involvement require a systemic therapeutic approach. Moreover, different Leishmania species can vary in their treatment outcomes. Therefore, species determination is critical for optimal CL clinical management. New DNA techniques allow for relatively easy Leishmania species determination, yet they are not easily implemented in resource-limited settings. There is a desperate need for novel, less toxic, and less painful treatment options, especially for children with CL. Yet, the large and well conducted studies required to provide the necessary evidence are lacking. To further control and potentially eliminate CL, we urgently need to improve vector control, and diagnostics, and we require efficient and safe vaccines. Alas, since CL primarily affects poor people, biotechnical companies dedicate little investment into the research programs that could lead to diagnostic, pharmaceutical, and vaccine innovations.
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Sereno D, Oury B, Geiger A, Vela A, Karmaoui A, Desquesnes M. Isothermal Nucleic Acid Amplification to Detect Infection Caused by Parasites of the Trypanosomatidae Family: A Literature Review and Opinion on the Laboratory to Field Applicability. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:7543. [PMID: 35886895 PMCID: PMC9322063 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Isothermal amplification of nucleic acids has the potential to be applied in resource-limited areas for the detection of infectious agents, as it does not require complex nucleic purification steps or specific and expensive equipment and reagents to perform the reaction and read the result. Since human and animal infections by pathogens of the Tryponasomatidae family occur mainly in resource-limited areas with scant health infrastructures and personnel, detecting infections by these methodologies would hold great promise. Here, we conduct a narrative review of the literature on the application of isothermal nucleic acid amplification for Trypanosoma and Leishmania infections, which are a scourge for human health and food security. We highlight gaps and propose ways to improve them to translate these powerful technologies into real-world field applications for neglected human and animal diseases caused by Trypanosomatidae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Sereno
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Université de Montpellier, UMR INTERTRYP IRD, CIRAD, Parasite Infectiology and Public Health Group, 34032 Montpellier, France
| | - Bruno Oury
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Université de Montpellier, UMR INTERTRYP IRD, CIRAD, Parasite Infectiology and Public Health Group, 34032 Montpellier, France
| | - Anne Geiger
- Centre International de Recherche en Agronomie pour le Développement, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Université de Montpellier, UMR INTERTRYP IRD, 34032 Montpellier, France
| | - Andrea Vela
- One Health Research Group, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de las Américas-Quito, Calle de los Colimes y Avenida De los Granados, Quito 170513, Ecuador
| | - Ahmed Karmaoui
- Bioactives (Health and Environmental, Epigenetics Team), Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, Errachidia (UMI), Moroccan Center for Culture and Sciences, University Moulay Ismail, Meknes 50000, Morocco
| | - Marc Desquesnes
- CIRAD, UMR INTERTRYP, 31076 Toulouse, France
- INTERTRYP, Université de Montpellier, CIRAD, IRD, 34032 Montpellier, France
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