1
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Fayazzadeh S, Ghorbaninejad M, Rabbani A, Zahiri J, Meyfour A. Predictive three-biomarker panel in peripheral blood mononuclear cells for detecting hepatocellular carcinoma. Sci Rep 2024; 14:7527. [PMID: 38553531 PMCID: PMC10980807 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-58158-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) ranks among the most prevalent cancers and accounts for a significant proportion of cancer-associated deaths worldwide. This disease, marked by multifaceted etiology, often poses diagnostic challenges. Finding a reliable and non-invasive diagnostic method seems to be necessary. In this study, we analyzed the gene expression profiles of 20 HCC patients, 12 individuals with chronic hepatitis, and 15 healthy controls. Enrichment analysis revealed that platelet aggregation, secretory granule lumen, and G-protein-coupled purinergic nucleotide receptor activity were common biological processes, cellular components, and molecular function in HCC and chronic hepatitis B (CHB) compared to healthy controls, respectively. Furthermore, pathway analysis demonstrated that "estrogen response" was involved in the pathogenesis of HCC and CHB conditions, while, "apoptosis" and "coagulation" pathways were specific for HCC. Employing computational feature selection and logistic regression classification, we identified candidate genes pivotal for diagnostic panel development and evaluated the performance of these panels. Subsequent machine learning evaluations assessed these panels' performance in an independent cohort. Remarkably, a 3-marker panel, comprising RANSE2, TNF-α, and MAP3K7, demonstrated the best performance in qRT-PCR-validated experimental data, achieving 98.4% accuracy and an area under the curve of 1. Our findings highlight this panel's promising potential as a non-invasive approach not only for detecting HCC but also for distinguishing HCC from CHB patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Fayazzadeh
- Bioinformatics and Computational Omics Lab (BioCOOL), Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahsa Ghorbaninejad
- Basic and Molecular Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amirhassan Rabbani
- Department of Transplant and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Taleghani Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Javad Zahiri
- Bioinformatics and Computational Omics Lab (BioCOOL), Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Anna Meyfour
- Basic and Molecular Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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2
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Awamura T, Nakasone ES, Gangcuangco LM, Subia NT, Bali AJ, Chow DC, Shikuma CM, Park J. Platelet and HIV Interactions and Their Contribution to Non-AIDS Comorbidities. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1608. [PMID: 38002289 PMCID: PMC10669125 DOI: 10.3390/biom13111608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Platelets are anucleate cytoplasmic cell fragments that circulate in the blood, where they are involved in regulating hemostasis. Beyond their normal physiologic role, platelets have emerged as versatile effectors of immune response. During an infection, cell surface receptors enable platelets to recognize viruses, resulting in their activation. Activated platelets release biologically active molecules that further trigger host immune responses to protect the body against infection. Their impact on the immune response is also associated with the recruitment of circulating leukocytes to the site of infection. They can also aggregate with leukocytes, including lymphocytes, monocytes, and neutrophils, to immobilize pathogens and prevent viral dissemination. Despite their host protective role, platelets have also been shown to be associated with various pathophysiological processes. In this review, we will summarize platelet and HIV interactions during infection. We will also highlight and discuss platelet and platelet-derived mediators, how they interact with immune cells, and the multifaceted responsibilities of platelets in HIV infection. Furthermore, we will give an overview of non-AIDS comorbidities linked to platelet dysfunction and the impact of antiretroviral therapy on platelet function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Awamura
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology, and Pharmacology, John A. Burns School Medicine, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA; (T.A.); (N.T.S.); (A.-J.B.)
| | - Elizabeth S. Nakasone
- University of Hawai‘i Cancer Center, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA;
- Department of Medicine, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA;
| | - Louie Mar Gangcuangco
- Hawai‘i Center for AIDS, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA; (L.M.G.); (C.M.S.)
| | - Natalie T. Subia
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology, and Pharmacology, John A. Burns School Medicine, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA; (T.A.); (N.T.S.); (A.-J.B.)
| | - Aeron-Justin Bali
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology, and Pharmacology, John A. Burns School Medicine, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA; (T.A.); (N.T.S.); (A.-J.B.)
| | - Dominic C. Chow
- Department of Medicine, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA;
- Hawai‘i Center for AIDS, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA; (L.M.G.); (C.M.S.)
| | - Cecilia M. Shikuma
- Hawai‘i Center for AIDS, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA; (L.M.G.); (C.M.S.)
| | - Juwon Park
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology, and Pharmacology, John A. Burns School Medicine, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA; (T.A.); (N.T.S.); (A.-J.B.)
- Hawai‘i Center for AIDS, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA; (L.M.G.); (C.M.S.)
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3
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Lakerveld AJ, van Erp EA, van Kasteren PB. Binding of respiratory syncytial virus particles to platelets does not result in their degranulation in vitro. Access Microbiol 2023; 5:acmi000481.v3. [PMID: 37601435 PMCID: PMC10436017 DOI: 10.1099/acmi.0.000481.v3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a major cause of severe respiratory infection in infants and the elderly. The mechanisms behind severe RSV disease are incompletely understood, but a dysregulated immune response probably plays an important role. Platelets are increasingly being recognized as immune cells and are involved in the pathology of several viruses. The release of chemokines from platelets upon activation may attract, for example, neutrophils to the site of infection, which is a hallmark of RSV pathology. In addition, since RSV infections are sometimes associated with cardiovascular events and platelets express several known RSV receptors, we investigated the effect of RSV exposure on platelet degranulation. Washed human platelets were incubated with sucrose-purified RSV particles. P-selectin and CD63 surface expression and CCL5 secretion were measured to assess platelet degranulation. We found that platelets bind and internalize RSV particles, but this does not result in degranulation. Our results suggest that platelets do not play a direct role in RSV pathology by releasing chemokines to attract inflammatory cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anke J. Lakerveld
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth A. van Erp
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Puck B. van Kasteren
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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4
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A Nomogram Model for Individualized Prediction of the Risk of Respiratory Tract Infection within Six Months after Diagnosis in Patients with Primary Immune Thrombocytopenia. COMPUTATIONAL AND MATHEMATICAL METHODS IN MEDICINE 2022; 2022:5002681. [PMID: 35936364 PMCID: PMC9352501 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5002681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The risk factors of upper respiratory tract infection (URI) within 6 months after diagnosis in patients with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) were analyzed, and the nomogram model was established and verified, with 242 and 50 ITP patients as the training and validation set, respectively. The patients were followed up for six months after the diagnosis of ITP. The clinical data of patients were collected, and the risk factors of URI in ITP patients within six months after diagnosis were analyzed using univariable, followed by multivariable logistic regression. Among the 242 ITP patients in the training set, 52 cases (21.49%) had URI, including 24 cases of viral infection, 11 cases of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection, and 17 cases of bacterial infection. Logistic regression analysis showed that advanced age, use of glucocorticoid, smoking history, platelet count, serum CRP level, and lymphocyte subsets CD4+ and CD8+ were all risk factors for ITP patients to develop symptoms within six months after diagnosis (P < 0.05). Using the above five indicators, a nomogram prediction model was built for URI occurrence in patients with ITP within half a year after diagnosis, and the results showed an AUC, a sensitivity, and a specificity of 0.936 (95% CI: 0.878-0.983), 0.942, and 0.865, respectively. The nomogram model was internally verified by the bootstrap method for 500 self-sampling times, and the prediction of the calibration curve was in high consistency with the real results. External validation of the nomogram model resulted in an AUC, a sensitivity, and a specificity of 0.890 (95% CI: 0.757-0.975), 0.949, and 0.727, respectively. The nomogram model of URI in ITP patients within half a year after diagnosis based on logistic regression analysis has good discrimination and prediction accuracy. This provides important guidance value for individualized prediction of URI in ITP patients.
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5
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Menter DG, Afshar-Kharghan V, Shen JP, Martch SL, Maitra A, Kopetz S, Honn KV, Sood AK. Of vascular defense, hemostasis, cancer, and platelet biology: an evolutionary perspective. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2022; 41:147-172. [PMID: 35022962 PMCID: PMC8754476 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-022-10019-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
We have established considerable expertise in studying the role of platelets in cancer biology. From this expertise, we were keen to recognize the numerous venous-, arterial-, microvascular-, and macrovascular thrombotic events and immunologic disorders are caused by severe, acute-respiratory-syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections. With this offering, we explore the evolutionary connections that place platelets at the center of hemostasis, immunity, and adaptive phylogeny. Coevolutionary changes have also occurred in vertebrate viruses and their vertebrate hosts that reflect their respective evolutionary interactions. As mammals adapted from aquatic to terrestrial life and the heavy blood loss associated with placentalization-based live birth, platelets evolved phylogenetically from thrombocytes toward higher megakaryocyte-blebbing-based production rates and the lack of nuclei. With no nuclei and robust RNA synthesis, this adaptation may have influenced viral replication to become less efficient after virus particles are engulfed. Human platelets express numerous receptors that bind viral particles, which developed from archetypal origins to initiate aggregation and exocytic-release of thrombo-, immuno-, angiogenic-, growth-, and repair-stimulatory granule contents. Whether by direct, evolutionary, selective pressure, or not, these responses may help to contain virus spread, attract immune cells for eradication, and stimulate angiogenesis, growth, and wound repair after viral damage. Because mammalian and marsupial platelets became smaller and more plate-like their biophysical properties improved in function, which facilitated distribution near vessel walls in fluid-shear fields. This adaptation increased the probability that platelets could then interact with and engulf shedding virus particles. Platelets also generate circulating microvesicles that increase membrane surface-area encounters and mark viral targets. In order to match virus-production rates, billions of platelets are generated and turned over per day to continually provide active defenses and adaptation to suppress the spectrum of evolving threats like SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G Menter
- Department of GI Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Vahid Afshar-Kharghan
- Division of Internal Medicine, Benign Hematology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - John Paul Shen
- Department of GI Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Stephanie L Martch
- Department of GI Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Anirban Maitra
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Scott Kopetz
- Department of GI Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Kenneth V Honn
- Department of Pathology, Bioactive Lipids Research Program, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Ave. 430 Chemistry, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
- Department of Pathology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 431 Chemistry Bldg, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
- Cancer Biology Division, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 431 Chemistry Bldg, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - Anil K Sood
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNA, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
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6
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Chebbo M, Duez C, Alessi MC, Chanez P, Gras D. Platelets: a potential role in chronic respiratory diseases? Eur Respir Rev 2021; 30:30/161/210062. [PMID: 34526315 PMCID: PMC9488457 DOI: 10.1183/16000617.0062-2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelets are small anucleate cells known for their role in haemostasis and thrombosis. In recent years, an increasing number of observations have suggested that platelets are also immune cells and key modulators of immunity. They express different receptors and molecules that allow them to respond to pathogens, and to interact with other immune cells. Platelets were linked to the pathogenesis of some inflammatory disorders including respiratory diseases such as asthma and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Here, we discuss the involvement of platelets in different immune responses, and we focus on their potential role in various chronic lung diseases. In addition to their essential role in haemostasis and thrombosis, platelets are strong modulators of different immune responses, and could be involved in the physiopathology of several chronic airway diseaseshttps://bit.ly/3cB6Xnj
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marie C Alessi
- Aix-Marseille Univ, INSERM, INRAE, Marseille, France.,APHM, CHU de la Timone, Laboratoire d'hématologie, Marseille, France
| | - Pascal Chanez
- Aix-Marseille Univ, INSERM, INRAE, Marseille, France.,APHM, Hôpital NORD, Clinique des Bronches, Allergie et Sommeil, Marseille, France
| | - Delphine Gras
- Aix-Marseille Univ, INSERM, INRAE, Marseille, France
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7
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Ebermeyer T, Cognasse F, Berthelot P, Mismetti P, Garraud O, Hamzeh-Cognasse H. Platelet Innate Immune Receptors and TLRs: A Double-Edged Sword. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22157894. [PMID: 34360659 PMCID: PMC8347377 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22157894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelets are hematopoietic cells whose main function has for a long time been considered to be the maintenance of vascular integrity. They have an essential role in the hemostatic response, but they also have functional capabilities that go far beyond it. This review will provide an overview of platelet functions. Indeed, stress signals may induce platelet apoptosis through proapoptotis or hemostasis receptors, necrosis, and even autophagy. Platelets also interact with immune cells and modulate immune responses in terms of activation, maturation, recruitment and cytokine secretion. This review will also show that platelets, thanks to their wide range of innate immune receptors, and in particular toll-like receptors, and can be considered sentinels actively participating in the immuno-surveillance of the body. We will discuss the diversity of platelet responses following the engagement of these receptors as well as the signaling pathways involved. Finally, we will show that while platelets contribute significantly, via their TLRs, to immune response and inflammation, these receptors also participate in the pathophysiological processes associated with various pathogens and diseases, including cancer and atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Théo Ebermeyer
- INSERM U1059-SAINBIOSE, Université de Lyon, F-42023 Saint-Etienne, France; (T.E.); (F.C.); (P.M.); (O.G.)
| | - Fabrice Cognasse
- INSERM U1059-SAINBIOSE, Université de Lyon, F-42023 Saint-Etienne, France; (T.E.); (F.C.); (P.M.); (O.G.)
- Etablissement Français du Sang Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, 25 bd Pasteur, F-42100 Saint-Étienne, France
| | - Philippe Berthelot
- Team GIMAP, CIRI—Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Université de Lyon, U1111, UMR5308, F-69007 Lyon, France;
- Infectious Diseases Department, CHU de St-Etienne, F-42055 Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Patrick Mismetti
- INSERM U1059-SAINBIOSE, Université de Lyon, F-42023 Saint-Etienne, France; (T.E.); (F.C.); (P.M.); (O.G.)
- Department of Vascular Medicine and Therapeutics, INNOVTE, CHU de St-Etienne, F-42055 Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Olivier Garraud
- INSERM U1059-SAINBIOSE, Université de Lyon, F-42023 Saint-Etienne, France; (T.E.); (F.C.); (P.M.); (O.G.)
| | - Hind Hamzeh-Cognasse
- INSERM U1059-SAINBIOSE, Université de Lyon, F-42023 Saint-Etienne, France; (T.E.); (F.C.); (P.M.); (O.G.)
- Correspondence:
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8
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Raadsen M, Du Toit J, Langerak T, van Bussel B, van Gorp E, Goeijenbier M. Thrombocytopenia in Virus Infections. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10040877. [PMID: 33672766 PMCID: PMC7924611 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10040877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Thrombocytopenia, which signifies a low platelet count usually below 150 × 109/L, is a common finding following or during many viral infections. In clinical medicine, mild thrombocytopenia, combined with lymphopenia in a patient with signs and symptoms of an infectious disease, raises the suspicion of a viral infection. This phenomenon is classically attributed to platelet consumption due to inflammation-induced coagulation, sequestration from the circulation by phagocytosis and hypersplenism, and impaired platelet production due to defective megakaryopoiesis or cytokine-induced myelosuppression. All these mechanisms, while plausible and supported by substantial evidence, regard platelets as passive bystanders during viral infection. However, platelets are increasingly recognized as active players in the (antiviral) immune response and have been shown to interact with cells of the innate and adaptive immune system as well as directly with viruses. These findings can be of interest both for understanding the pathogenesis of viral infectious diseases and predicting outcome. In this review, we will summarize and discuss the literature currently available on various mechanisms within the relationship between thrombocytopenia and virus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthijs Raadsen
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, Doctor molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (M.R.); (T.L.); (E.v.G.)
| | - Justin Du Toit
- Department of Haematology, Wits University Donald Gordon Medical Centre Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2041, South Africa;
| | - Thomas Langerak
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, Doctor molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (M.R.); (T.L.); (E.v.G.)
| | - Bas van Bussel
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center Plus, 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands;
- Care and Public Health Research Institute (CAPHRI), Maastricht University, 6229 GT Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Eric van Gorp
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, Doctor molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (M.R.); (T.L.); (E.v.G.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marco Goeijenbier
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, Doctor molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (M.R.); (T.L.); (E.v.G.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Correspondence:
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9
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Dai M, Feng X, Mo Z, Sun Y, Fu L, Zhang Y, Wu J, Yu B, Zhang H, Yu X, Wu H, Kong W. Stimulation Effects and Mechanisms of Different Adjuvants on a Norovirus P Particle-Based Active Amyloid-β Vaccine. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 77:1717-1732. [PMID: 32925038 DOI: 10.3233/jad-200351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adjuvants are important components of vaccines and effectively enhance the immune response of specific antigens. However, the role of adjuvants or combinations of adjuvants in stimulating immunogenicity of the amyloid-β (Aβ) vaccine, as well as molecular mechanisms underlying such stimulation still remain unclear. A previous study of ours developed a norovirus P particle-based active Aβ epitope vaccine, PP-3copy-Aβ1-6-loop123, which stimulates a high titer of Aβ-specific antibodies in mouse Alzheimer's disease (AD) models. OBJECTIVE The most effective and safe adjuvant that maximizes the immunogenicity of our protein vaccine was determined. METHODS We investigated four adjuvants (CpG, AS02, AS03, and MF59), and combinations of those, for capacity to enhance immunogenicity, and performed transcriptome analysis to explore mechanisms underlying the role of these in AD immunotherapy. RESULTS Addition of the adjuvant, AS02, remarkably improved the immunogenicity of the PP-3copy-Aβ1-6-loop123 vaccine without triggering an Aβ-specific T-cell response. Combinations of adjuvants, particularly CpG + AS02 and CpG + AS03, elicited a significantly elevated and prolonged Aβ-specific antibody response. Gene ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analyses indicated that a combination of two adjuvants was more effective in activating immune-related pathways, thereby enhancing the immunogenicity of PP-3copy-Aβ1-6-loop123. CONCLUSION These findings demonstrated that adjuvants can be used as enhancers in AD protein vaccination, and that a combination of CpG and AS-related adjuvants may be a very effective adjuvant candidate suitable for further clinical trials of the PP-3copy-Aβ1-6-loop123 vaccine. Our studies also revealed potential mechanisms underlying the stimulation of immune response of protein vaccines by adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- MingRui Dai
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - XueJian Feng
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - ZengShuo Mo
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yao Sun
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Lu Fu
- Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, College of Life science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jiaxin Wu
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Bin Yu
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Haihong Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xianghui Yu
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hui Wu
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Wei Kong
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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10
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Page MJ, Pretorius E. A Champion of Host Defense: A Generic Large-Scale Cause for Platelet Dysfunction and Depletion in Infection. Semin Thromb Hemost 2020; 46:302-319. [PMID: 32279287 PMCID: PMC7339151 DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1708827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Thrombocytopenia is commonly associated with sepsis and infections, which in turn are characterized by a profound immune reaction to the invading pathogen. Platelets are one of the cellular entities that exert considerable immune, antibacterial, and antiviral actions, and are therefore active participants in the host response. Platelets are sensitive to surrounding inflammatory stimuli and contribute to the immune response by multiple mechanisms, including endowing the endothelium with a proinflammatory phenotype, enhancing and amplifying leukocyte recruitment and inflammation, promoting the effector functions of immune cells, and ensuring an optimal adaptive immune response. During infection, pathogens and their products influence the platelet response and can even be toxic. However, platelets are able to sense and engage bacteria and viruses to assist in their removal and destruction. Platelets greatly contribute to host defense by multiple mechanisms, including forming immune complexes and aggregates, shedding their granular content, and internalizing pathogens and subsequently being marked for removal. These processes, and the nature of platelet function in general, cause the platelet to be irreversibly consumed in the execution of its duty. An exaggerated systemic inflammatory response to infection can drive platelet dysfunction, where platelets are inappropriately activated and face immunological destruction. While thrombocytopenia may arise by condition-specific mechanisms that cause an imbalance between platelet production and removal, this review evaluates a generic large-scale mechanism for platelet depletion as a repercussion of its involvement at the nexus of responses to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin J Page
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Etheresia Pretorius
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
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De Jacobis IT, Vona R, Straface E, Gambardella L, Ceglie G, de Gennaro F, Pontini I, Vittucci AC, Carè A, Cittadini C, Villani A, Pietraforte D. Sex differences in blood pro-oxidant status and platelet activation in children admitted with respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis: a pilot study. Ital J Pediatr 2020; 46:29. [PMID: 32143677 PMCID: PMC7059674 DOI: 10.1186/s13052-020-0792-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most common cause of bronchiolitis in the pediatric population worldwide and an important cause of death in developing countries. It has been demonstrated that the balance between oxidant and antioxidant systems is disrupted in children with bronchiolitis and that oxidative stress contributes to the pathogenesis of this disease. Platelets play an important role in antimicrobial host defenses and contribute to pulmonary vascular repair being either targets or source of reactive oxidizing species. The main purpose of this study was to assessing sex differences in clinical characteristics and platelets activation during RSV bronchiolitis in infancy. Methods In this retrospective study a total of 203 patients (112 boys and 91 girls) with bronchiolitis, aged 12 months or less, admitted to the Bambino Gesù Pediatric Hospital of Rome (Italy) in the period from January to December 2017, were enrolled. Moreover, in a select group of patients (15 boys and 12 girls) with diagnosis of moderate bronchiolitis from RSV, a pilot study on oxidative stress and platelet characteristics was carried out by electron paramagnetic resonance and flow cytometry respectively. Age-matched healthy control subjects (10 boys and 10 girls) were chosen as controls. Data were analyzed using Student’ T test, Chi Squared test and one-way ANOVA test. Results This study highlights the influence of sex in the clinical course of bronchiolitis. In particular we found: i) a higher incidence of bronchiolitis in boys than in girls (55% vs 45%); ii) higher C reactive protein values in girls than boys (1.11 mg/dL vs 0.92 mg/dL respectively; p < 0.05); iii) a different degree of thrombocytosis during hospitalization (mild in the girls and severe in the boys). Moreover, in selected patients we found that compared to girls with bronchiolitis, boys showed: i) higher percentage of activated platelets (8% vs 2% respectively; p < 0.05) and iii) higher number of platelets forming homotypic aggregates (2.36% vs 0.84% respectively, p < 0.05). Conclusion The present study affirm that the bronchiolitis is an infection in which sex seems to act as a modulating factor only in the clinical course, influencing also the choice of the therapy should be made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Tarissi De Jacobis
- Internal Care Department, General Pediatric and Infectious Disease Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Rosa Vona
- Biomarkers Unit, Center for Gender-Specific Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Straface
- Biomarkers Unit, Center for Gender-Specific Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy.
| | - Lucrezia Gambardella
- Biomarkers Unit, Center for Gender-Specific Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia Ceglie
- Internal Care Department, General Pediatric and Infectious Disease Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca de Gennaro
- Internal Care Department, General Pediatric and Infectious Disease Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Ilenia Pontini
- Internal Care Department, General Pediatric and Infectious Disease Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Chiara Vittucci
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Infectious Diseases Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Carè
- Biomarkers Unit, Center for Gender-Specific Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Camilla Cittadini
- Biomarkers Unit, Center for Gender-Specific Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Alberto Villani
- Internal Care Department, General Pediatric and Infectious Disease Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
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Understanding Platelets in Infectious and Allergic Lung Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20071730. [PMID: 30965568 PMCID: PMC6480134 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20071730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests that platelets, cytoplasmic fragments derived from megakaryocytes, can no longer be considered just as mediators in hemostasis and coagulation processes, but as key modulators of immunity. Platelets have received increasing attention as the emergence of new methodologies has allowed the characterization of their components and functions in the immune continuum. Platelet activation in infectious and allergic lung diseases has been well documented and associated with bacterial infections reproduced in several animal models of pulmonary bacterial infections. Direct interactions between platelets and bacteria have been associated with increased pulmonary platelet accumulation, whereas bacterial-derived toxins have also been reported to modulate platelet function. Recently, platelets have been found extravascular in the lungs of patients with asthma, and in animal models of allergic lung inflammation. Their ability to interact with immune and endothelial cells and secrete immune mediators makes them one attractive target for biomarker identification that will help characterize their contribution to lung diseases. Here, we present an original review of the last advances in the platelet field with a focus on the contribution of platelets to respiratory infections and allergic-mediated diseases.
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The Role of Platelets in Antimicrobial Host Defense. Platelets 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-813456-6.00029-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
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Seyoum M, Enawgaw B, Melku M. Human blood platelets and viruses: defense mechanism and role in the removal of viral pathogens. Thromb J 2018; 16:16. [PMID: 30026673 PMCID: PMC6048695 DOI: 10.1186/s12959-018-0170-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelets are small non-nucleated cell fragments and the second most abundant cell that play crucial role in managing vascular integrity and regulating hemostasis. Recent finding shows, beyond its hemostatic function platelets also play a main role in fighting against pathogen including viruses. With their receptors, platelet interacts with viral pathogen and this interaction between platelets and viral pathogens result in activation of platelets. Activated platelet releases different molecules that have antiviral activity including kinocidins and other platelet microbicidal peptides. In addition, activated platelet has antiviral role by different mechanism including; phagocytosis of viral pathogen, produce reactive oxygen species and interact with and activate other immune cells. In other side, antiplatelet treatments are one of defending mechanism of viral pathogen. This narrative review summarizes what is known regarding the role of human platelets in fighting viral pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masresha Seyoum
- University of Gondar hospital, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
- Department of Hematology & Immunohematology, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Bamlaku Enawgaw
- Department of Hematology & Immunohematology, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Mulugeta Melku
- Department of Hematology & Immunohematology, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
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