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Pinky, Sharma A, Arora V, Rao EP, Arava S, Agrawal AK, Jassal M, Mohanty S. Modulating the hAM/PCL Biocomposite for Expedited Wound Healing: A Chemical-Free Approach for Boosting Regenerative Potential. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2024; 10:3842-3854. [PMID: 38754076 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.3c01740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
There is an arising need for effective wound dressings that retain the bioactivity of a cellular treatment, but without the high costs and complexities associated with manufacturing, storing, and applying cell-based products. As skin wound recovery is a dynamic and complicated process, a significant obstacle to the healing of skin wounds is the lack of an appropriate wound dressing that can imitate the microenvironment of healthy skin and prevent bacterial infection. It requires the well-orchestrated integration of biological and molecular events. In this study, we have fabricated full-thickness skin graft biocomposite membranes to target full-thickness skin excision wounds. We reinforced human amniotic membrane (hAM) with electrospun polycaprolactone (PCL) to develop composite membranes, namely, PCL/hAM and PCL/hAM/PCL. Composite membranes were compared for physical, biological, and mechanical properties with the native counterpart. PCL/hAM and PCL/hAM/PCL displayed improved stability and delayed degradation, which further synergically improved the rapid wound healing property of hAM, driven primarily by wound closure analysis and histological assessment. Moreover, PCL/hAM displayed a comparable cellular interaction to hAM. On application as a wound dressing, histological analysis demonstrated that hAM and PCL/hAM promoted early epidermis and dermis formation. Studies on in vivo wound healing revealed that although hAM accelerates cell development, the overall wound healing process is similar in PCL/hAM. This finding is further supported by the immunohistochemical analysis of COL-1/COL-3, CD-31, and TGF-β. Overall, this conjugated PCL and hAM-based membrane has considerable potential to be applied in skin wound healing. The facile fabrication of the PCL/hAM composite membrane provided the self-regenerating wound dressing with the desired mechanical strength as an ideal regenerative property for skin tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinky
- Stem Cell Facility, DBT-Centre of Excellence for Stem Cell Research, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Aarushi Sharma
- Stem Cell Facility, DBT-Centre of Excellence for Stem Cell Research, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Varun Arora
- SMITA Research Lab, Department of Textile and Fibre Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - E Pranshu Rao
- Stem Cell Facility, DBT-Centre of Excellence for Stem Cell Research, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Sudheer Arava
- Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Ashwini K Agrawal
- SMITA Research Lab, Department of Textile and Fibre Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Manjeet Jassal
- SMITA Research Lab, Department of Textile and Fibre Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Sujata Mohanty
- Stem Cell Facility, DBT-Centre of Excellence for Stem Cell Research, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi 110029, India
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Wang X, Wei P, Hu C, Zeng H, Fan Z. 3D printing of Rg3-loaded hydrogel scaffolds: anti-inflammatory and scar-formation related collagen inhibitory effects for scar-free wound healing. J Mater Chem B 2024; 12:4673-4685. [PMID: 38647236 DOI: 10.1039/d3tb02941g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
During the process of wound healing, the stimulation of inflammatory factors often leads to abnormal proliferation of blood vessels and collagen, ultimately resulting in scar formation. To address this challenge, we fabricate a novel dermal extracellular matrix (DECM) hydrogel scaffold loaded with ginsenoside Rg3 (Rg3) using 3D printing technology. Mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) are introduced into the system to encase the Rg3 to control its release rate and enhance its bioavailability. We systematically evaluate the biological, physicochemical, and wound healing properties of this scaffold. In vitro studies demonstrate that the hydrogel exhibits excellent biocompatibility and solid-like rheological properties, ensuring its successful printing. In vivo studies reveal that the composite hydrogel scaffolds effectively accelerate wound healing and achieve scar-free wound healing within three weeks. Histological and immunohistochemical (IHC) analyses show that the composite hydrogel scaffolds reduce the inflammatory response and inhibit excessive collagen accumulation. These combined effects underscore the potential of our approach in effectively inhibiting scar formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xusen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Dental Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Biological Intelligence Manufacturing of Gansu Province, School of Stomatology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China.
| | - Pengyu Wei
- Key Laboratory of Dental Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Biological Intelligence Manufacturing of Gansu Province, School of Stomatology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China.
| | - Cewen Hu
- Key Laboratory of Dental Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Biological Intelligence Manufacturing of Gansu Province, School of Stomatology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China.
| | - Huajing Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Dental Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Biological Intelligence Manufacturing of Gansu Province, School of Stomatology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zengjie Fan
- Key Laboratory of Dental Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Biological Intelligence Manufacturing of Gansu Province, School of Stomatology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China.
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Chen JW, Liew FF, Tan HW, Misran M, Chung I. Cholesterol-linoleic acid liposomes induced extracellular vesicles secretion from immortalized adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells for in vitro cell migration. ARTIFICIAL CELLS, NANOMEDICINE, AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 51:346-360. [PMID: 37524112 DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2023.2237534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small vesicles that are naturally released by cells and play a crucial role in cell-to-cell communication, tissue repair and regeneration. As naturally secreted EVs are limited, liposomes with different physicochemical properties, such as 1,2-dioleoyl-3-trimethylammonium propane (DOTAP) and linoleic acid (LA) with modifications have been formulated to improve EVs secretion for in vitro wound healing. Various analyses, including dynamic light scattering (DLS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were performed to monitor the successful preparation of different types of liposomes. The results showed that cholesterol-LA liposomes significantly improved the secretion of EVs from immortalized adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (AD-MSCs) by 1.5-fold. Based on the cell migration effects obtained from scratch assay, both LA liposomal-induced EVs and cholesterol-LA liposomal-induced EVs significantly enhanced the migration of human keratinocytes (HaCaT) cell line. These findings suggested that LA and cholesterol-LA liposomes that enhance EVs secretion are potentially useful and can be extended for various tissue regeneration applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jzit Weii Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Fong Fong Liew
- Department of Oral Biology and Biomedical Science, Faculty of Dentistry, MAHSA University, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Hsiao Wei Tan
- Institute of Research Management and Services, Research and Innovation Management Complex, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Misni Misran
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Ivy Chung
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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An S, Zheng S, Cai Z, Chen S, Wang C, Li Y, Deng Z. Connexin43 in Musculoskeletal System: New Targets for Development and Disease Progression. Aging Dis 2022; 13:1715-1732. [DOI: 10.14336/ad.2022.0421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Choi J, Shin BH, Kim T, Lee JS, Kim S, Choy YB, Heo CY, Koh WG. Micro-textured silicone-based implant fabrication using electrospun fibers as a sacrificial template to suppress fibrous capsule formation. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2022; 135:112687. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2022.112687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Glady A, Vandebroek A, Yasui M. Human keratinocyte-derived extracellular vesicles activate the MAPKinase pathway and promote cell migration and proliferation in vitro. Inflamm Regen 2021; 41:4. [PMID: 33526070 PMCID: PMC7852286 DOI: 10.1186/s41232-021-00154-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Wound healing is a complex biological process and complete skin regeneration is still a critical challenge. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) play essential roles in cell communication and cell regeneration, and recent studies have suggested that EVs may contribute to wound healing, though the molecular mechanisms behind this contribution remain unclear. For these reasons, we decided to use EVs isolated from human keratinocytes (HaCaT) in vitro to determine the potential mechanism of action of EV-derived wound healing. Method Scratch assays were used to determine cell migration and proliferation. Scratched cells were exposed to EVs in multiple conditions to determine how they affect wound healing. Statistical analysis between groups was carried out to using Student’s two-sided t test. A p value of < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Result We found that proteomic analysis of purified EVs shows enrichment of proteins associated with cell communication and signal transduction, such as MAPK pathways, and keratinocyte and fibroblast cultures exposed to EVs had higher levels of proliferation, migration, and ERK1/2 and P38 activation. Moreover, we found that treatment with specific ERK1/2 and P38 signaling inhibitors PD98059 and SB239063 impaired EV-mediated cell migration, which suggests that ERK1/2 and P38 signaling is essential for EV-induced wound healing. Conclusion HaCaT cell-derived EVs accelerate the migration and proliferation of human keratinocytes and fibroblasts and may promote wound healing via the activation of MAPKinase pathways. These findings may be key in developing new methods to treat wounds and accelerate wound healing in the future. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s41232-021-00154-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azela Glady
- Department of Pharmacology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Arno Vandebroek
- Department of Pharmacology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Masato Yasui
- Department of Pharmacology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan. .,Keio University Global Research Institute, Center for Water Biology and Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan.
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Duan M, Zhang Y, Zhang H, Meng Y, Qian M, Zhang G. Epidermal stem cell-derived exosomes promote skin regeneration by downregulating transforming growth factor-β1 in wound healing. Stem Cell Res Ther 2020; 11:452. [PMID: 33097078 PMCID: PMC7584097 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-020-01971-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Scar formation, which may be caused by myofibroblast aggregations, is the greatest challenge during skin wound healing in the clinical setting. Studies have indicated that epidermal stem cells (EPSC) improve wound healing and reduce scar formation. METHODS We investigated the therapeutic effects of EPSC-derived exosomes (EPSC-Exos) on skin wound healing in a skin-defect rat model. We also examined the roles of EPSC-Exos-specific microRNAs in inhibiting the differentiation of human dermal fibroblasts (HDF) into myofibroblasts. RESULTS We found that EPSC-Exos increased the wound healing rate and reduced scar formation in rats. Also, EPSC-Exos improved the regeneration levels of skin appendages, nerves and vessels, as well as the natural distribution of collagen. Furthermore, we found these functions may be achieved by inhibiting the activity of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) and its downstream genes. The results showed that some specific microRNAs, including miR-16, let-7a, miR-425-5p and miR-142-3p, were enriched in EPSC-Exos. EPSC-Exos-specific microRNAs, especially miR-425-5p and miR-142-3p, played vital roles in inhibiting myofibroblast differentiation via reducing the TGF-β1 expression in dermal fibroblasts. CONCLUSION We found a novel function of EPSC-Exos-specific microRNAs, suggesting that EPSC-Exos might represent a strategy to prevent scar formation during wound healing in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengna Duan
- Department of Prosthodontics, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, 1500 Qinghua Rd., Changchun, 130021, Jilin, China.,Jilin Provincial Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, Jilin University, 1500 Qinghua Rd., Changchun, 130021, Jilin, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Prosthodontics, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, 1500 Qinghua Rd., Changchun, 130021, Jilin, China
| | - Haiyang Zhang
- Department of Prosthodontics, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, 1500 Qinghua Rd., Changchun, 130021, Jilin, China
| | - Yupeng Meng
- Department of Prosthodontics, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, 1500 Qinghua Rd., Changchun, 130021, Jilin, China
| | - Ming Qian
- Department of Prosthodontics, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, 1500 Qinghua Rd., Changchun, 130021, Jilin, China.
| | - Guokun Zhang
- Institute of Antler Science and Product Technology, Changchun Sci-Tech University, 1345 Pudong Rd., Changchun, 130600, Jilin, China. .,Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), 4899 Juye St., Changchun, 130112, Jilin, China.
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8
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Komi DEA, Khomtchouk K, Santa Maria PL. A Review of the Contribution of Mast Cells in Wound Healing: Involved Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2020; 58:298-312. [PMID: 30729428 DOI: 10.1007/s12016-019-08729-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mast cells (MCs), apart from their classic role in allergy, contribute to a number of biologic processes including wound healing. In particular, two aspects of their histologic distribution within the skin have attracted the attention of researchers to study their wound healing role; they represent up to 8% of the total number of cells within the dermis and their cutaneous versions are localized adjacent to the epidermis and the subdermal vasculature and nerves. At the onset of a cutaneous injury, the accumulation of MCs and release of proinflammatory and immunomodulatory mediators have been well documented. The role of MC-derived mediators has been investigated through the stages of wound healing including inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. They contribute to hemostasis and clot formation by enhancing the expression of factor XIIIa in dermal dendrocytes through release of TNF-α, and contribute to clot stabilization. Keratinocytes, by secreting stem cell factor (SCF), recruit MCs to the site. MCs in return release inflammatory mediators, including predominantly histamine, VEGF, interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-8, that contribute to increase of endothelial permeability and vasodilation, and facilitate migration of inflammatory cells, mainly monocytes and neutrophils to the site of injury. MCs are capable of activating the fibroblasts and keratinocytes, the predominant cells involved in wound healing. MCs stimulate fibroblast proliferation during the proliferative phase via IL-4, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) to produce a new extracellular matrix (ECM). MC-derived mediators including fibroblast growth factor-2, VEGF, platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), TGF-β, nerve growth factor (NGF), IL-4, and IL-8 contribute to neoangiogenesis, fibrinogenesis, or reepithelialization during the repair process. MC activation inhibition and targeting the MC-derived mediators are potential therapeutic strategies to improve wound healing through reduced inflammatory responses and scar formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Elieh Ali Komi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Immunology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Kelly Khomtchouk
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, Stanford University, 801 Welch Rd, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Peter Luke Santa Maria
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, Stanford University, 801 Welch Rd, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
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Lee JS, Shin BH, Yoo BY, Nam SY, Lee M, Choi J, Park H, Choy YB, Heo CY, Koh WG. Modulation of Foreign Body Reaction against PDMS Implant by Grafting Topographically Different Poly(acrylic acid) Micropatterns. Macromol Biosci 2019; 19:e1900206. [PMID: 31709762 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201900206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 09/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The surface of poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) is grafted with poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) layers via surface-initiated photopolymerization to suppress the capsular contracture resulting from a foreign body reaction. Owing to the nature of photo-induced polymerization, various PAA micropatterns can be fabricated using photolithography. Hole and stripe micropatterns ≈100-µm wide and 3-µm thick are grafted onto the PDMS surface without delamination. The incorporation of PAA micropatterns provides not only chemical cues by hydrophilic PAA microdomains but also topographical cues by hole or stripe micropatterns. In vitro studies reveal that a PAA-grafted PDMS surface has a lower proliferation of both macrophages (Raw 264.7) and fibroblasts (NIH 3T3) regardless of the pattern presence. However, PDMS with PAA micropatterns, especially stripe micropatterns, minimizes the aggregation of fibroblasts and their subsequent differentiation into myofibroblasts. An in vivo study also shows that PDMS samples with stripe micropatterns polarized macrophages into anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages and most effectively inhibits capsular contracture, which is demonstrated by investigation of inflammation score, transforming-growth-factor-β expression, number of macrophages, and myofibroblasts as well as the collagen density and capsule thickness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Sang Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Ho Shin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Byoung Yong Yoo
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Young Nam
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, 13620, Republic of Korea
| | - Miji Lee
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, 13620, Republic of Korea
| | - Juhwan Choi
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Hansoo Park
- School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Bin Choy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea.,Interdisciplinary Program for Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.,Institute of Medical & Biological Engineering, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan Yeong Heo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea.,Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, 13620, Republic of Korea.,Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Gun Koh
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
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Carcinogenesis: the cancer cell–mast cell connection. Inflamm Res 2018; 68:103-116. [DOI: 10.1007/s00011-018-1201-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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Yoo BY, Kim BH, Lee JS, Shin BH, Kwon H, Koh WG, Heo CY. Dual surface modification of PDMS-based silicone implants to suppress capsular contracture. Acta Biomater 2018; 76:56-70. [PMID: 29908334 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2018.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Revised: 05/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we report a new physicochemical surface on poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS)-based silicone implants in an effort to minimize capsular contracture. Two different surface modification strategies, namely, microtexturing as a physical cue and multilayer coating as a chemical cue, were combined to achieve synergistic effects. The deposition of uniformly sized microparticles onto uncured PDMS surfaces and the subsequent removal after curing generated microtextured surfaces with concave hemisphere micropatterns. The size of the individual micropattern was controlled by the microparticle size. Micropatterns of three different sizes (37.16, 70.22, and 97.64 μm) smaller than 100 μm were produced for potential application to smooth and round-shaped breast implants. The PDMS surface was further chemically modified by layer-by-layer (LbL) deposition of poly-l-lysine and hyaluronic acid. Short-term in vitro experiments demonstrated that all the PDMS samples were cytocompatible. However, lower expression of TGF-β and α-SMA, the major profibrotic cytokine and myofibroblast marker, respectively, was observed in only multilayer-coated PDMS samples with larger size micropatterns (70.22 and 97.64 μm), thereby confirming the synergistic effects of physical and chemical cues. An in vivo study conducted for 8 weeks after implantation in rats also indicated that PDMS samples with larger size micropatterns and multilayer coating most effectively inhibited capsular contracture based on analyses of tissue inflammation, number of macrophage, fibroblast and myofibroblast, TGF-β expression, collagen density, and capsule thickness. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE Although poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS)-based silicone implants have been widely used for various applications including breast implants, they usually cause typical side effects called as capsular contracture. Prior studies have shown that microtexturing and surface coating could reduce capsular contracture. However, previous methods are limited in their scope for application, and it is difficult to obtain FDA approval because of the large and nonuniform size of the microtexture as well as the use of toxic chemical components. Herein, those issues could be addressed by creating a microtexture of size less than 100 m, with a narrow size distribution and using layer-by-layer deposition of a biocompatible polymer without using any toxic compounds. Furthermore, this is the first attempt to combine microtexture with multilayer coating to obtain synergetic effects in minimizing the capsular contracture.
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12
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Zhang D, Yu K, Yang Z, Li Y, Ma X, Bian X, Liu F, Li L, Liu X, Wu W. Silencing Ubc9 expression suppresses osteosarcoma tumorigenesis and enhances chemosensitivity to HSV-TK/GCV by regulating connexin 43 SUMOylation. Int J Oncol 2018; 53:1323-1331. [PMID: 29956745 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2018.4448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase/ganciclovir (HSV-TK/GCV) systems to kill tumor cells is partially dependent on the integrity of gap junction intercellular communication (GJIC) of targeted tumor cells. Recent studies have suggested that connexin 43 (Cx43), which serves a role in gap junction-mediated intercellular communication, is regulated by small ubiquitin-like modifiers (SUMOs). However, the roles of these post-translational modifications remain to be elucidated. The present study demonstrated overexpression of SUMO‑conjugating enzyme Ubc9 (Ubc9) protein in osteosarcoma. Silencing Ubc9 by siRNA inhibited osteosarcoma cell proliferation and migration, and significantly increased the sensitivity of cells to HSV-TK/GCV systems both in vitro and in vivo. Further experimentation demonstrated that silencing Ubc9 induced decoupling of SUMO1 from Cx43, generating increased free Cx43 levels, which is important for reconstructing GJIC and recovering cellular functions. In conclusion, the present study revealed a novel method for the effective restoration of GJIC in osteosarcoma cells, which may increase their sensitivity to conventional chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dianying Zhang
- Department of Trauma and Orthopedics, Beijing University People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, P.R. China
| | - Kai Yu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Fifth Central Hospital of Tianjin, Tianjin 300450, P.R. China
| | - Zhong Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Fifth Central Hospital of Tianjin, Tianjin 300450, P.R. China
| | - Yanxia Li
- Central Laboratory, The Fifth Central Hospital of Tianjin, Tianjin 300450, P.R. China
| | - Xiaofang Ma
- Central Laboratory, The Fifth Central Hospital of Tianjin, Tianjin 300450, P.R. China
| | - Xiyun Bian
- Central Laboratory, The Fifth Central Hospital of Tianjin, Tianjin 300450, P.R. China
| | - Fengting Liu
- Department of Bone and Soft Tissue Tumors, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin 300060, P.R. China
| | - Lili Li
- Department of Bone and Soft Tissue Tumors, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin 300060, P.R. China
| | - Xiaozhi Liu
- Central Laboratory, The Fifth Central Hospital of Tianjin, Tianjin 300450, P.R. China
| | - Wenhan Wu
- Department of General Surgery, Beijing University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, P.R. China
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Brennan TA, Lindborg CM, Bergbauer CR, Wang H, Kaplan FS, Pignolo RJ. Mast cell inhibition as a therapeutic approach in fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP). Bone 2018; 109:259-266. [PMID: 28851540 PMCID: PMC7805128 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2017.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Episodic flare-ups of fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP) are characterized clinically by severe, often posttraumatic, connective tissue swelling and intramuscular edema, followed histologically by an intense and highly angiogenic fibroproliferative reaction. This early inflammatory and angiogenic fibroproliferative response is accompanied by the presence of abundant mast cells far in excess of other reported myopathies. RESULTS Using an injury-induced, constitutively-active transgenic mouse model of FOP we show that mast cell inhibition by cromolyn, but not aprepitant, results in a dramatic reduction of heterotopic ossification. Cromolyn, but not aprepitant, significantly decreases the total number of mast cells in FOP lesions. Furthermore, cromolyn specifically diminishes the number of degranulating and resting degranulated mast cells in pre-osseous lesions. CONCLUSIONS This work demonstrates that consideration of FOP as a type of localized mastocytosis may offer new therapeutic interventions for treatment of this devastating condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy A Brennan
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States.
| | - Carter M Lindborg
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States.
| | - Christian R Bergbauer
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Haitao Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States; The Center for Research in FOP and Related Disorders, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Frederick S Kaplan
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States; The Center for Research in FOP and Related Disorders, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States.
| | - Robert J Pignolo
- Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States.
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Varela-Eirin M, Loureiro J, Fonseca E, Corrochano S, Caeiro JR, Collado M, Mayan MD. Cartilage regeneration and ageing: Targeting cellular plasticity in osteoarthritis. Ageing Res Rev 2018; 42:56-71. [PMID: 29258883 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2017.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Ageing processes play a major contributing role for the development of Osteoarthritis (OA). This prototypic degenerative condition of ageing is the most common form of arthritis and is accompanied by a general decline, chronic pain and mobility deficits. The disease is primarily characterized by articular cartilage degradation, followed by subchondral bone thickening, osteophyte formation, synovial inflammation and joint degeneration. In the early stages, osteoarthritic chondrocytes undergo phenotypic changes that increase cell proliferation and cluster formation and enhance the production of matrix-remodelling enzymes. In fact, chondrocytes exhibit differentiation plasticity and undergo phenotypic changes during the healing process. Current studies are focusing on unravelling whether OA is a consequence of an abnormal wound healing response. Recent investigations suggest that alterations in different proteins, such as TGF-ß/BMPs, NF-Kß, Wnt, and Cx43, or SASP factors involved in signalling pathways in wound healing response, could be directly implicated in the initiation of OA. Several findings suggest that osteoarthritic chondrocytes remain in an immature state expressing stemness-associated cell surface markers. In fact, the efficacy of new disease-modifying OA drugs that promote chondrogenic differentiation in animal models indicates that this may be a drug-sensible state. In this review, we highlight the current knowledge regarding cellular plasticity in chondrocytes and OA. A better comprehension of the mechanisms involved in these processes may enable us to understand the molecular pathways that promote abnormal repair and cartilage degradation in OA. This understanding would be advantageous in identifying novel targets and designing therapies to promote effective cartilage repair and successful joint ageing by preventing functional limitations and disability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Varela-Eirin
- CellCOM research group, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), Servizo Galego de Saúde (SERGAS), Universidade da Coruña (UDC), Xubias de Arriba, 84, 15006 A Coruña, Spain
| | - Jesus Loureiro
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (CHUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela (USC), Choupana s/n, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Eduardo Fonseca
- CellCOM research group, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), Servizo Galego de Saúde (SERGAS), Universidade da Coruña (UDC), Xubias de Arriba, 84, 15006 A Coruña, Spain
| | | | - Jose R Caeiro
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (CHUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela (USC), Choupana s/n, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Manuel Collado
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (CHUS), SERGAS, Choupana s/n, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Maria D Mayan
- CellCOM research group, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), Servizo Galego de Saúde (SERGAS), Universidade da Coruña (UDC), Xubias de Arriba, 84, 15006 A Coruña, Spain.
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15
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Teo Z, Chan JSK, Chong HC, Sng MK, Choo CC, Phua GZM, Teo DJR, Zhu P, Choong C, Wong MTC, Tan NS. Angiopoietin-like 4 induces a β-catenin-mediated upregulation of ID3 in fibroblasts to reduce scar collagen expression. Sci Rep 2017; 7:6303. [PMID: 28740178 PMCID: PMC5524754 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-05869-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In adult skin wounds, collagen expression rapidly re-establishes the skin barrier, although the resultant scar is aesthetically and functionally inferior to unwounded tissue. Although TGFβ signaling and fibroblasts are known to be responsible for scar-associated collagen production, there are currently no prophylactic treatments for scar management. Fibroblasts in crosstalk with wound keratinocytes orchestrate collagen expression, although the precise paracrine pathways involved remain poorly understood. Herein, we showed that the matricellular protein, angiopoietin-like 4 (ANGPTL4), accelerated wound closure and reduced collagen expression in diabetic and ANGPTL4-knockout mice. Similar observations were made in wild-type rat wounds. Using human fibroblasts as a preclinical model for mechanistic studies, we systematically elucidated that ANGPTL4 binds to cadherin-11, releasing membrane-bound β-catenin which translocate to the nucleus and transcriptionally upregulate the expression of Inhibitor of DNA-binding/differentiation protein 3 (ID3). ID3 interacts with scleraxis, a basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor, to inhibit scar-associated collagen types 1α2 and 3α1 production by fibroblasts. We also showed ANGPTL4 interaction with cadherin-11 in human scar tissue. Our findings highlight a central role for matricellular proteins such as ANGPTL4 in the attenuation of collagen expression and may have a broader implication for other fibrotic pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziqiang Teo
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637551, Singapore.
| | - Jeremy Soon Kiat Chan
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637551, Singapore.
| | - Han Chung Chong
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637551, Singapore.,Denova Sciences Pte. Ltd., Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ming Keat Sng
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637551, Singapore
| | - Chee Chong Choo
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637551, Singapore
| | - Glendon Zhi Ming Phua
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637551, Singapore
| | - Daniel Jin Rong Teo
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637551, Singapore
| | - Pengcheng Zhu
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637551, Singapore
| | - Cleo Choong
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | | | - Nguan Soon Tan
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637551, Singapore. .,Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Experimental Medicine Building, 59 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 636921, Singapore. .,Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos, A*STAR, Singapore, 138673, Singapore. .,KK Research Centre, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, 100 Bukit Timah Road, Singapore, 229899, Singapore.
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16
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Souza HR, de Azevedo LR, Possebon L, Costa SDS, Iyomasa-Pilon MM, Oliani SM, Girol AP. Heterogeneity of mast cells and expression of Annexin A1 protein in a second degree burn model with silver sulfadiazine treatment. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0173417. [PMID: 28278234 PMCID: PMC5344483 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0173417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 02/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast cells (MCs) participate in all stages of skin healing and one of their mediators is the Annexin A1 protein (AnxA1), linked to inflammation, proliferation, migration and apoptosis processes, but not studied in thermal burns yet. Therefore, our objectives were to evaluate the behavior of MCs and AnxA1 in a second degree burn model, treated or not with silver sulfadiazine 1% (SDP 1%) and associated to macrophages quantification and cytokines dosages. MCs counts showed few cells in the early stages of repair but increased MCs in the final phases in the untreated group. The normal skin presented numerous tryptase-positive MCs that were reduced after burning in all analyzed periods. Differently, few chymase-positive MCs were observed in the early stages of healing, however, increased chymase-positive MCs were found at the final phase in the untreated group. MCs also showed high immunoreactivity for AnxA1 on day 3 in both groups. In the tissue there was a strong protein expression in the early stages of healing, but in the final phases only in the SDP treated animals. TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10 and MCP-1 levels and macrophages quantification were increased in inflammation and reepithelialization phases. Reduced IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-10 levels and numerous macrophages occurred in the treated animals during tissue repair. Our results indicate modulation in the profile of MCs and AnxA1expression during healing by the treatment with SDP 1%, pointing them as targets for therapeutic interventions on skin burns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Ribeiro Souza
- Integrated College Padre Albino Foundation (FIPA), Catanduva, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Biology, Laboratory of Immunomorphology, São Paulo State University, (UNESP), São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lucas Ribeiro de Azevedo
- Department of Biology, Laboratory of Immunomorphology, São Paulo State University, (UNESP), São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lucas Possebon
- Department of Biology, Laboratory of Immunomorphology, São Paulo State University, (UNESP), São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sara de Souza Costa
- Department of Biology, Laboratory of Immunomorphology, São Paulo State University, (UNESP), São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Sonia Maria Oliani
- Department of Biology, Laboratory of Immunomorphology, São Paulo State University, (UNESP), São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Girol
- Integrated College Padre Albino Foundation (FIPA), Catanduva, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Biology, Laboratory of Immunomorphology, São Paulo State University, (UNESP), São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
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17
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Fang S, Xu C, Zhang Y, Xue C, Yang C, Bi H, Qian X, Wu M, Ji K, Zhao Y, Wang Y, Liu H, Xing X. Umbilical Cord-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosomal MicroRNAs Suppress Myofibroblast Differentiation by Inhibiting the Transforming Growth Factor-β/SMAD2 Pathway During Wound Healing. Stem Cells Transl Med 2016; 5:1425-1439. [PMID: 27388239 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2015-0367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 378] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
: Excessive scar formation caused by myofibroblast aggregations is of great clinical importance during skin wound healing. Studies have shown that mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can promote skin regeneration, but whether MSCs contribute to scar formation remains undefined. We found that umbilical cord-derived MSCs (uMSCs) reduced scar formation and myofibroblast accumulation in a skin-defect mouse model. We found that these functions were mainly dependent on uMSC-derived exosomes (uMSC-Exos) and especially exosomal microRNAs. Through high-throughput RNA sequencing and functional analysis, we demonstrated that a group of uMSC-Exos enriched in specific microRNAs (miR-21, -23a, -125b, and -145) played key roles in suppressing myofibroblast formation by inhibiting the transforming growth factor-β2/SMAD2 pathway. Finally, using the strategy we established to block miRNAs inside the exosomes, we showed that these specific exosomal miRNAs were essential for the myofibroblast-suppressing and anti-scarring functions of uMSCs both in vitro and in vivo. Our study revealed a novel role of exosomal miRNAs in uMSC-mediated therapy, suggesting that the clinical application of uMSC-derived exosomes might represent a strategy to prevent scar formation during wound healing. SIGNIFICANCE Exosomes have been identified as a new type of major paracrine factor released by umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells (uMSCs). They have been reported to be an important mediator of cell-to-cell communication. However, it is still unclear precisely which molecule or group of molecules carried within MSC-derived exosomes can mediate myofibroblast functions, especially in the process of wound repair. The present study explored the functional roles of uMSC-exosomal microRNAs in the process of myofibroblast formation, which can cause excessive scarring. This is an unreported function of uMSC exosomes. Also, for the first time, the uMSC-exosomal microRNAs were examined by high-throughput sequencing, with a group of specific microRNAs (miR-21, miR-23a, miR-125b, and miR-145) found to play key roles in suppressing myofibroblast formation by inhibiting excess α-smooth muscle actin and collagen deposition associated with activity of the transforming growth factor-β/SMAD2 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Fang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstruction, Shanghai Changhai Hospital Affiliated to Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Xu
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Changzheng Hospital Affiliated to Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuntong Zhang
- Department of Emergency and Trauma, Shanghai Changhai Hospital Affiliated to Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunyu Xue
- Department of Plastic and Reconstruction, Shanghai Changhai Hospital Affiliated to Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Yang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstruction, Shanghai Changhai Hospital Affiliated to Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongda Bi
- Department of Plastic and Reconstruction, Shanghai Changhai Hospital Affiliated to Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xijing Qian
- Department of Microbiology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Biodefense, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Minjuan Wu
- Research Center of Developmental Biology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Kaihong Ji
- Research Center of Developmental Biology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China Translational Medicine Center, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunpeng Zhao
- Research Center of Developmental Biology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China Translational Medicine Center, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Wang
- Research Center of Developmental Biology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China Translational Medicine Center, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Houqi Liu
- Research Center of Developmental Biology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China Translational Medicine Center, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Xing
- Department of Plastic and Reconstruction, Shanghai Changhai Hospital Affiliated to Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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18
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Convente MR, Wang H, Pignolo RJ, Kaplan FS, Shore EM. The immunological contribution to heterotopic ossification disorders. Curr Osteoporos Rep 2015; 13:116-24. [PMID: 25687936 PMCID: PMC4417939 DOI: 10.1007/s11914-015-0258-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The formation of bone outside the endogenous skeleton is a significant clinical event, rendering affected individuals with immobility and a diminished quality of life. This bone, termed heterotopic ossification (HO), can appear in patients following invasive surgeries and traumatic injuries, as well as progressively manifest in several congenital disorders. A unifying feature of both genetic and nongenetic episodes of HO is immune system involvement at the early stages of disease. Activation of the immune system sets the stage for the downstream anabolic events that eventually result in ectopic bone formation, rendering the immune system a particularly appealing site of early therapeutic intervention for optimal management of disease. In this review, we will discuss the immunological contributions to HO disorders, with specific focus on contributing cell types, signaling pathways, relevant in vivo animal models, and potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Convente
- Center for Research in FOP and Related Disorders, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 424 Stemmler Hall, 36th Street and Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA,
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19
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Tarzemany R, Jiang G, Larjava H, Häkkinen L. Expression and function of connexin 43 in human gingival wound healing and fibroblasts. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0115524. [PMID: 25584940 PMCID: PMC4293150 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Connexins (C×s) are a family of transmembrane proteins that form hemichannels and gap junctions (GJs) on the cell membranes, and transfer small signaling molecules between the cytoplasm and extracellular space and between connecting cells, respectively. Among C×s, suppressing C×43 expression or function promotes skin wound closure and granulation tissue formation, and may alleviate scarring, but the mechanisms are not well understood. Oral mucosal gingiva is characterized by faster wound closure and scarless wound healing outcome as compared to skin wounds. Therefore, we hypothesized that C×43 function is down regulated during human gingival wound healing, which in fibroblasts promotes expression of genes conducive for fast and scarless wound healing. Cultured gingival fibroblasts expressed C×43 as their major connexin. Immunostaining of unwounded human gingiva showed that C×43 was abundantly present in the epithelium, and in connective tissue formed large C×43 plaques in fibroblasts. At the early stages of wound healing, C×43 was strongly down regulated in wound epithelial cells and fibroblasts, returning to the level of normal tissue by day 60 post-wounding. Blocking of C×43 function by C×43 mimetic peptide Gap27 suppressed GJ-mediated dye transfer, promoted migration, and caused significant changes in the expression of wound healing-associated genes in gingival fibroblasts. In particular, out of 54 genes analyzed, several MMPs and TGF-β1, involved in regulation of inflammation and extracellular matrix (ECM) turnover, and VEGF-A, involved in angiogenesis, were significantly upregulated while pro-fibrotic ECM molecules, including Collagen type I, and cell contractility-related molecules were significantly down regulated. These responses involved MAPK, GSK3α/β and TGF-β signaling pathways, and AP1 and SP1 transcription factors. Thus, suppressed function of C×43 in fibroblasts promotes their migration, and regulates expression of wound healing-associated genes via AP1, SP1, MAPK, GSK3α/β and TGF-β signaling pathways, and may promote fast and scarless wound healing in human gingiva.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rana Tarzemany
- Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Guoqiao Jiang
- Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Hannu Larjava
- Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Lari Häkkinen
- Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- * E-mail:
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20
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Brücher BL, Jamall IS. Epistemology of the origin of cancer: a new paradigm. BMC Cancer 2014; 14:331. [PMID: 24885752 PMCID: PMC4026115 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-14-331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Carcinogenesis is widely thought to originate from somatic mutations and an inhibition of growth suppressors, followed by cell proliferation, tissue invasion, and risk of metastasis. Fewer than 10% of all cancers are hereditary; the ratio in gastric (1%), colorectal (3-5%) and breast (8%) cancers is even less. Cancers caused by infection are thought to constitute some 15% of the non-hereditary cancers. Those remaining, 70 to 80%, are called “sporadic,” because they are essentially of unknown etiology. We propose a new paradigm for the origin of the majority of cancers. Presentation of hypothesis Our paradigm postulates that cancer originates following a sequence of events that include (1) a pathogenic stimulus (biological or chemical) followed by (2) chronic inflammation, from which develops (3) fibrosis with associated changes in the cellular microenvironment. From these changes a (4) pre-cancerous niche develops, which triggers the deployment of (5) a chronic stress escape strategy, and when this fails to resolve, (6) a transition of a normal cell to a cancer cell occurs. If we are correct, this paradigm would suggest that the majority of the findings in cancer genetics so far reported are either late events or are epiphenomena that occur after the appearance of the pre-cancerous niche. Testing the hypothesis If, based on experimental and clinical findings presented here, this hypothesis is plausible, then the majority of findings in the genetics of cancer so far reported in the literature are late events or epiphenomena that could have occurred after the development of a PCN. Our model would make clear the need to establish preventive measures long before a cancer becomes clinically apparent. Future research should focus on the intermediate steps of our proposed sequence of events, which will enhance our understanding of the nature of carcinogenesis. Findings on inflammation and fibrosis would be given their warranted importance, with research in anticancer therapies focusing on suppressing the PCN state with very early intervention to detect and quantify any subclinical inflammatory change and to treat all levels of chronic inflammation and prevent fibrotic changes, and so avoid the transition from a normal cell to a cancer cell. Implication of the hypothesis The paradigm proposed here, if proven, spells out a sequence of steps, one or more of which could be interdicted or modulated early in carcinogenesis to prevent or, at a minimum, slow down the progression of many cancers.
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